View source for Gold-silver ratio

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<ul>
<li>[[Short run equilibrium]]</li>
<li>[[Forward points]]</li>
<li>[[Cyclic variation]]</li>
<li>[[Equity Risk Premium]]</li>
<li>[[Going price]]</li>
<li>[[Inflation expected]]</li>
<li>[[Market rents]]</li>
<li>[[Neoclassical economics]]</li>
<li>[[Austrian theory of money]]</li>
</ul>
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'''Gold-silver ratio''' is the relation between the [[price]] of gold and silver, therefore it is the result of several factors: 
* The silver ratio is the ratio of the price of gold to silver, thus expressing the resultant existence of several factors: the [[money]] supply associated with gold; 
* The silver ratio is the ratio of the price of gold to silver, thus expressing the results of the existence of several factors: the money supply linked to silver; 
* the amount of available gold; 
* the amount of silver available.

The first two are related to [[demand]], i.e. people and entities that buy and do not want to buy. Volume speaks about the strength of demand, i.e. the amount of capital exchanged on bullion. It is not right to take into account all available money, because only a part of it goes to the metal [[market]]. Gold-silver ratio expressing how many ounces of silver is worth one ounce of net gold on the market is a secondary indicator. It does not give buy or sell signals, it does not reflect moods directly and it is not related to the trading volume. It is the quotient of the price of a raw material which is subject to certain inflows and the price of another raw material which, to a large extent, is subject to completely different laws <ref>(S. Vigne, et al. 2017, pp. 28 - 30)</ref>.
The established gold-silver ratio was based on bimetallism - and ore monetary [[system]] based on two precious metals: silver and gold. Both metals participated equally in the money circulation. However, if the market relation between gold and silver differed from the statutory relation between gold and silver coins, then the relatively more expensive money ("better") was thesauruses (saved, put aside), and the relatively cheaper money ("worse") remained in circulation <ref>(P. Arendas 2015, p. 285)</ref>.

==The value of gold and silver==
Gold is mainly the metal of central banks and jewellers. Silver is mainly the metal of many branches of [[industry]]. The common ground is of course investment in metals, but silver is far from being gold in this role. The tonnage of silver in the role of investment products exceeds the tonnage of gold by a mere 4-5 times. The investment value of the gold market is at least several dozen times higher than that of silver. Gold-silver ratio is, therefore, a comparison of two different markets <ref>(J. A. Batten, et al. 2012, p. 12 - 14)</ref>.

==Decrease in gold-silver ratio==
A drop in the price of gold to silver can mean one of two things<ref>(S. Vigne, et al. 2017, p. 32)</ref>:
* '''The price of gold is falling''', while the price of silver is falling more slowly or is standing still (which is not possible in practice because it means there are no market participants). In the case of the first option, the purchase of silver will not bring any profits. It will even expose you to losses.
* '''The price of silver goes up''' and the price of gold goes up, while the price of gold goes up slower, goes down or stands still (which in practice is impossible because no price changes mean no market participants). Increase of silver price does not mean [[profit]] yet. Due to the VAT tax, which covers silver (it does the margin on the physically purchased gold at the level of about 25% in many European countries), the profitability of the investment only makes an increase by no less than just about 25%.

==The reliability of gold-silver ratio==
Gold-silver ratio does not give certainty of any growth. Generally speaking, it is about an increase in the price of the metal, not a decrease in the ratio. Even if the ratio drops to 1:50, it does not generate a profit if an ounce of silver is bought at a lower price than on the day of purchase from a dealer. Hence, the price of silver cannot primarily go down <ref>(P. Arendas 2015, p. 285)</ref>.

==The gold-silver ratio in history==
The gold relationship is currently unstable. It changes from one day to the next.
In the old days, things were a little bit different, or even completely different. The index of precious metals was largely determined by their quantitative ratio, according to many sources. Although the rulers arbitrarily set the relationship at a certain level, it is said that it had much in common with the real available resources of precious metals. When a given economy/civilization was aware of an influx or escape of one of the metals, it affected their mutual relationship <ref>(S. McGuire 2013, pp. 75 - 86)</ref>. Observing this led to the formulation of Copernicus-Gresham's law. People kept the metal, which was growing in value towards the other. History knows many of these cases.

Historical analysis proves that the further back the closer the relationship between Au:Ag and 1:1, the closer the relationship between Au:Ag 1:1. Such a relationship was present in Egypt a few thousand years ago (about 5-6 thousand). With time, in the country on the Nile, this relationship began to change. However, it was not a jumping change. Initially, this value took the form of 1:2,5. Slightly later and a bit further east, in such areas as Jerusalem, Mesopotamia and Persia our ratio grew. It had different indicators, 1:7, 1:7,5, finally 1:15.
In ancient Greece, the norm was 1:13 and 1:14. This had its roots in beliefs - the Moon was tied to silver, the Sun to gold. And since the annual cycle of the Sun is 13 cycles of the Moon, the ratio of gold to silver is 1:13. In Rome, the relation of gold to silver, which we know from the notes on aureus and denarii, oscillated around 1:12. So for thousands of years (about 5-6 thousand years), the relation of gold to silver has been '''steadily increasing every few centuries''' <ref>(S. McGuire 2013, pp. 75 - 86)</ref>. 

The history of 13th century France proves that the relationship there was from 1:12 to 1:16. During the centennial war, there was a real imbalance, as evidenced by historians' notes that in 1419 Au: Ag ratio was 1:4,1. It was, however, temporary. With time, the relationship returned to a level between 1:10 and 1:12.
In the days of Louis - XIV and XV - silver-gold ratio was at the levels of 1:17, 1:16,3 and 1:14,5. The time of their reign was the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the nineteenth century, it turned out that at some point the existence of bimetallism seemed to [[work]], and the relationship of both metals on the markets fluctuated between 1:15 and 1:16. In the United States, where the money was both metals in 1873, the relationship was 1:16. In 1886 it was already 1:20 <ref>(S. McGuire 2013, pp. 75 - 86)</ref>.

The parity started to increase dramatically in the 20th century - the average value from that period is about 50. The first important impulse for the increase was '''the costs associated with the First World War''', which caused havoc in the US [[monetary system]]. The relation between the price of gold and the price of silver at that time ranged from 30-40.
The biggest leap, however, was the crash on the stock exchange in 1929. The great crisis led to such a large drop in the price of silver that in 1932 the parity exceeded the level of 80. After the devaluation of the dollar and raising the price of gold to US$35 in 1934, the ratio of the prices of both metals was set at a slightly lower level. The historical record was reached in 1939 and amounted to 98.
After the end of World War II, the price of silver started to rise steadily. As a result, in the years 1963-1966, the parity remained at the level of about 27. Then, in the years 1967-1970, its average value was 20 <ref>(S. McGuire 2013, pp. 75 - 86)</ref>.

==The gold-silver ratio nowadays==
The record high parity of gold and silver means that silver is extremely underestimated. Such a situation cannot last forever, so in the past, there was always an explosion after the hole period. An example is the recession in 2008 when the price of grey ounce fell to US$9.73 per ounce. After its completion, in April 2011, the quotations reached the level of US$49.82 per ounce. This means that in less than 3 years investors in silver could earn over 500%. Many experts suggest that we are currently facing a similar situation and that silver will be a source of income again. Of course, we will see whether they are right or not in time - and probably not for months, but rather for years <ref>(J. Novotný, J. Polách 2016, p.6)</ref>.

The most interesting thing, however, is that under-estimation of silver usually accompanies serious crashes. The fears are all the greater because this is only one of many signals that could indicate the upcoming crisis. The boom on the American stock exchange has been going on for over 9 years, while the public debt there has already exceeded US$20 trillion. This record-breaking combination raises serious concerns to the dollar, which is regularly exchanged for gold by Russia and China. One should also not forget about the property bubble or crypto vault.

Silver can be called the metal of the future. This bullion is used not only in jewellery but also in the medical and technological industry, which is currently the fastest growing industries. No wonder that according to forecasts, the demand for silver in the coming years should be constantly growing - of course, attracting its quotations <ref>(D. Passoja 2015, pp. 4 - 5)</ref>.

==Footnotes==
<references/> 

==References==
* Arendas P. (2015), [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289365111_Gold-Silver_Ratio_and_Its_Utilisation_in_Long_Term_Silver_Investing ''Gold-Silver Ratio and Its Utilisation in Long Term Silver Investing''], „Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences”, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 285
* Batten J. A., Ciner C., Lucey B. M., Szilagyi P. G. (2012), [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239801718_The_structure_of_gold_and_silver_spread_returns ''The structure of gold and silver spread returns''], „Quantitative Finance”, 13(4), pp. 1 - 10
* McGuire S. (2013), [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319608484_The_Gold-Silver_Ratio_a_3000-Year-Old_Exchange_Rate_is_Out_of_Historical_Balance ''„The Silver Bull Market: Investing in the Other Gold”''], New Jersey, pp.75-86
* Novotný J., Polách J. (2016), [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307852143_Real_Silver_and_Its_Investment_and_Business_Options ''Real Silver and Its Investment and Business Options''], „International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge”, p.6
* Passoja D. (2015), [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281060910_Reflections_on_the_Gold_Silver_and_Metallic_Ratios ''„Reflections on the Gold, Silver and Metallic Ratios”''], New York, pp.  4 -5
* Vigne S., Lucey B.M., O'Connor F.A, Yarovaya L. (2017), [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316142695_The_Financial_Economics_of_White_Precious_Metals_-_A_Survey ''The Financial Economics of White Precious Metals''], „SSRN Electronic Journal”, pp. 28 - 32

{{a|Aleksandra Morzywołek}}
[[Category:Economics]]