View source for Offshoring and outsourcing

{{infobox4
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<li>[[Global value chains]]</li>
<li>[[Transaction cost theory]]</li>
<li>[[Business to business]]</li>
<li>[[Resource dependence theory]]</li>
<li>[[International joint venture]]</li>
<li>[[Supply chain integration]]</li>
<li>[[Capacity management]]</li>
<li>[[Downstream supply chain]]</li>
<li>[[Support process]]</li>
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'''Offshoring and outsourcing''' are business processes that involve transferring work or services to another company or entity outside of the company's home country. It is a strategic decision that can be used to reduce costs, increase efficiency, and gain access to new markets or specialized skills and knowledge. Offshoring and outsourcing require careful consideration of the legal and cultural implications, and involve a careful evaluation of the costs and benefits to the company. Ultimately, it is a decision that should be carefully considered and weighed to ensure the best outcome for the company.

==Example of offshoring and outsourcing==
* '''Offshoring''': A company may decide to move some of their operations to a different country for the purpose of reducing labor costs. For example, a company based in the United States may move their manufacturing operations to China or Mexico to take advantage of cheaper labor costs.
* '''Outsourcing''': A company may outsource some of their operations to a third-party provider. For example, a company may outsource their customer service operations to a call center in India in order to reduce costs.
* '''Cloud Computing''': A company may outsource their IT operations to a cloud computing provider instead of having to maintain their own IT infrastructure. For example, a company may use Amazon Web Services to host their website and applications instead of having to manage their own servers.
* '''Supply Chain Management''': A company may outsource their supply chain management to a third-party provider. For example, a company may outsource their inventory management to a third-party logistics firm to reduce costs and increase efficiency.

==When to use offshoring and outsourcing==
Offshoring and outsourcing can be a useful tool for companies looking to reduce costs, increase efficiency, and gain access to new markets or specialized skills. Companies should carefully evaluate the costs and benefits before making a decision to offshore or outsource. Some of the most common applications of offshoring and outsourcing include: 
* '''Manufacturing and production''': Companies can outsource production to a third party in a different country, allowing them to access lower labor costs, access to specialized skills or expertise, and access to new markets.
* '''Information technology and services''': Companies can outsource IT services such as software development, web services, and other digital services, allowing them to access specialized skills and technology at a lower cost.
* '''Business process outsourcing''': Companies can outsource certain business processes such as customer service, payroll, accounting, and other tasks, which can help reduce costs and increase efficiency.
* '''Research and development''': Companies can outsource R&D activities to third parties in different countries, allowing them to access specialized skills and expertise.
* '''Human resources''': Companies can outsource certain HR activities such as recruitment and payroll to a third party in a different country, helping to reduce costs and increase efficiency.

==Types of offshoring and outsourcing==
Offshoring and outsourcing are strategic business decisions that involve transferring work or services to another company or entity outside of the company's home country. There are several types of offshoring and outsourcing, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. These include:
* Offshoring - This involves transferring all or part of the company's operations, services, or production processes to another country. It can be used to reduce costs, increase efficiency, and gain access to new markets or specialized skills and knowledge.
* Outsourcing - This involves transferring parts of the company's operations, services, or production processes to an outside entity. This can be used to reduce costs and increase efficiency, as well as to access specialized skills and knowledge.
* Nearshoring - This involves transferring all or part of the company's operations, services, or production processes to a location near the company's home country. It can be used to reduce costs and improve efficiency, as well as to access specialized skills and knowledge.
* Contract Manufacturing - This involves transferring all or part of the company's production processes to an outside entity. It can be used to reduce costs and improve efficiency, as well as to access specialized skills and knowledge.
* Strategic Alliances - This involves forming a strategic alliance with another company or entity to share resources and skills. This can be used to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and gain access to new markets or specialized skills and knowledge.

==Advantages of offshoring and outsourcing==
Offshoring and outsourcing can provide businesses with a number of advantages. These include:
* '''Cost savings''': By outsourcing specific tasks and activities to external parties, companies can reduce labor costs and other overhead expenses.
* '''Efficiency gains''': Companies can benefit from the specialized knowledge and skills of external parties, allowing them to focus more time and resources on core activities.
* '''Increased scalability''': Companies can more easily expand their operations and reach new markets by outsourcing specific activities and tasks.
* '''Access to new technology''': Companies can benefit from the latest technologies and processes by outsourcing activities to external parties.
* '''Reduced risk''': Companies can reduce their exposure to risk by outsourcing tasks and activities to external parties.
* '''Improved customer service''': By outsourcing customer service activities, companies can provide customers with better service and support.

==Limitations of offshoring and outsourcing==
Offshoring and outsourcing can be useful strategies for businesses, but there are a number of limitations to consider before making the decision to pursue these strategies. The key limitations of offshoring and outsourcing include: 
* '''Loss of control''': Companies that outsource or offshore work are often unable to maintain the same level of control over the quality of the services or products being produced as if they were produced in-house. 
* '''Cultural differences''': Companies may face difficulties in dealing with different cultural and legal environments, which can be difficult to navigate and may lead to misunderstandings or miscommunication. 
* '''Cost''': There are often hidden costs associated with offshoring or outsourcing, such as additional fees for communication, transportation, and taxes. 
* '''Reputation''': Companies may risk damage to their reputation if they are perceived to be taking jobs away from their home country or exploiting workers in foreign countries. 
* '''Security''': Offshoring or outsourcing may involve transmitting sensitive data or intellectual property over long distances, which can leave companies vulnerable to security breaches.


==Suggested literature==
* Olsen, K. B. (2006). ''[http://www.cercetareservicii.ase.ro/resurse/Documente/36231337.pdf Productivity impacts of offshoring and outsourcing: A review]''.
* Mudambi, R., & Venzin, M. (2010). ''[https://www.academia.edu/download/32798318/Mudambi_Venzin_JMS-2010.pdf The strategic nexus of offshoring and outsourcing decisions]''. Journal of Management Studies, 47(8), 1510-1533.

[[Category:Strategic management]]