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'''Unity of direction''' principle is expressed as: one head and one plan for a group of activities having the same objective. It is the condition essential to unity of [[action]], co-ordination of strength and focusing of effort. A body with two heads is in the social as in the animal sphere a monster, and has difficulty in surviving. Unity of direction (one head one plan) must not be confused with unity of command (one employee to have orders from one superior only). 
Unity of direction is provided for by sound [[organization]] of the body corporate, unity of command turns on the functioning of the personel. Unity of command cannot exist without unity of direction, but does not flow from it (H. Fayol, 1949, 25-26).

This principle is often associated with the work of Henri Fayol, one of the founders of modern [[management theory]], who believed that coordination and cooperation are essential for the efficient and effective functioning of an organization. In practice, unity of direction can be achieved through clear [[communication]], shared vision and values, and the alignment of individual and departmental goals with the overall [[objectives of the organization]].

==Examples of unity of direction application==
There are a variety of ways that unity of direction can be achieved in practice, but some examples include:
* '''Clear communication of [[organizational goals]]''': By clearly communicating the [[goals and objectives]] of the organization to all employees, everyone is aware of what they are working towards and can make decisions and take actions that align with these goals.
* '''Shared vision and values''': By creating a shared vision and set of values, organizations can ensure that all employees understand the culture and direction of the organization, and can act in accordance with these values.
* '''Alignment of departmental goals''': By aligning the goals of individual departments with the overall objectives of the organization, all departments can work towards a common purpose and be more efficient and effective.
* '''Collaboration and cross-functional teams''': By fostering collaboration and cross-functional teams, organizations can break down silos and ensure that all employees are working together towards the same goal.
* '''Leadership''': A good leader can set the direction for the organization and inspire employees to work towards a common goal.
* '''Strategic Planning''': A well-defined [[strategy]] that aligns all the activities of an organization towards a common goal.
* Use of Key [[performance indicators]] (KPIs) that align with the overall goals of the organization.
* Regularly review and adjust the direction based on feedback and performance metrics.

==Rules for implementing unity of direction==
There are several rules or guidelines that organizations can follow when implementing unity of direction:
* '''Clearly define and communicate organizational goals''': Organizations should clearly define and communicate their goals and objectives to all employees, so that everyone is aware of what they are working towards.
* '''Align individual and departmental goals''': Organizations should align the goals of individual employees and departments with the overall objectives of the organization, so that everyone is working towards the same common goal.
* '''Establish a shared vision and values''': Organizations should establish a shared vision and set of values that guide the culture and direction of the organization, so that all employees understand the direction and purpose of the organization.
* '''Foster collaboration and cross-functional teams''': Organizations should foster collaboration and cross-functional teams to break down silos and ensure that all employees are working together towards the same goal.
* Use of [[Key performance indicators]] (KPIs) that align with the overall goals of the organization.
* Regularly review and adjust the direction based on feedback and performance metrics.
* Implement a [[system]] of accountability, so that everyone is aware of their role and responsibilities in achieving the organizational goals.
* Encourage open communication to ensure that everyone is aware of the progress made towards achieving the organizational goals.
* Provide necessary resources and support to employees to help them achieve their goals and contribute to the organization's overall direction
* Empower employees to take actions and make decisions that align with the overall goals of the organization.

==Responsibilities of employees and unity of direction==
'''Unity of direction''' is a concept in team [[management]] that assumes that all the team members should share the same objectives in order to [[work]] toward common results, using one [[plan]].

Every person has own objectives. Every [[employee]] is asked to adopt [[company]] objectives. Every team member is asked to adopt team objectives. Every person can have own objectives related to involvement in the team. These groups of objectives usually are not fully compatible. In case of clash, individual has to choose which objectives should be achieved.

The unity of direction assumes that in case of clash, every team member will choose team objectives as the most important. In order to achieve unity of direction the team should be properly created (team is more than group of random people) and trained.

==Unity of Command Vs. Unity of direction==
[[File:unity_of_command_vs_direction.png|400px|right|thumb|Fig.1. Unity of command vs. unity of direction]]
Unity of command and unity of direction are two principles of management that are often discussed together, but they refer to different concepts.

'''Unity of command''' refers to the principle that each employee should have one and only one direct supervisor. This is to ensure that employees receive clear and consistent instructions and that there is no confusion about who is responsible for different tasks or decisions. This principle is important to maintain a clear chain of command and to prevent conflicts of authority.

'''Unity of direction''', on the other hand, refers to the principle that all efforts and actions within an organization should be directed towards a common goal or set of goals. This principle is important to ensure that everyone is working towards the same objectives and that resources are being used effectively.

Both principles are important for the efficient and effective functioning of an organization. Unity of command ensures that employees receive clear and consistent instructions, while unity of direction ensures that all efforts are directed towards a common goal. Together, they help organizations to be more efficient, effective and well-coordinated (R.J.Reddy, 2004, 5).

==Other principles of management proposed by Henri Fayol==
The founder of classical mamagement theory is generally regarded as being Henri Fayol. According to him, management consisted of five elements, namely: [[forecasting]] and [[planning]], organising, commanding, coordinating, [[controlling]]. 

Based on those elementy, Henri Fayol developed '''14 principles of management and organization'''. These are:
# '''Division of labour''': Work is divided among individuals to increase [[efficiency]].
# '''Authority''': The right to give orders and the power to enforce them.
# '''Discipline''': Adhering to the rules and regulations of the organization.
# '''Unity of command''': Each employee should have one direct supervisor to avoid confusion and conflicts of authority.
# '''Unity of direction''': All efforts and actions within an organization should be directed towards a common goal or set of goals.
# '''Subordination of individual [[interest]] to the general interest''': The [[needs]] of the organization should take precedence over the needs of individual employees.
# '''Remuneration''': Employee compensation should be fair and equitable.
# '''Centralisation or decentralisation''': The degree to which [[decision making]] is centralized or decentralized in an organization.
# '''Scalar chain''': The hierarchical structure of an organization, from [[top management]] to front-line employees.
# '''Order''': Materials and people should be in the right place at the right time.
# '''Equity''': Treating employees fairly and with justice.
# '''Stability of tenure''': Maintaining a stable [[workforce]] through job security and [[career]] development.
# '''Initiative''': Encouraging employees to take initiative and be creative in their work.
# '''Esprit de corps''': Developing a sense of unity and team spirit among employees.

==Advantages of unity of direction==
There are several advantages to implementing unity of direction in an organization, including:
* '''Increased efficiency''': By aligning all efforts towards a common goal, organizations can be more efficient in achieving their objectives.
* '''Better coordination''': Unity of direction helps to coordinate the activities of different departments and employees, which can lead to improved overall performance.
* '''Clear direction''': By having a clear direction, organizations can make better decisions and take actions that are aligned with their goals.
* '''Better [[resource]] allocation''': Unity of direction can help organizations to allocate resources more effectively, which can lead to improved performance.
* '''Improved [[motivation]]''': When employees understand the goals and objectives of the organization, they are more likely to be motivated to work towards achieving them.
* '''Increased accountability''': Unity of direction helps to ensure that everyone is aware of their role and responsibilities in achieving the organizational goals.
* '''Greater adaptability''': Organizations that have a clear direction can adapt more easily to changing circumstances and capitalize on new opportunities.
* '''Stronger team''': Unity of direction helps to create a sense of shared purpose among employees, which can lead to better [[teamwork]] and collaboration.
* '''Better communication''': Organizations that have a clear direction can communicate more effectively with employees, customers, and other [[stakeholders]].
* '''Greater sense of purpose''': When employees understand the goals and objectives of the organization, they may feel a greater sense of purpose and be more committed to achieving them.

==Limitations of unity of direction principle==
While unity of direction is an important principle for the efficient and effective functioning of an organization, there are some limitations that organizations may encounter when implementing it:
* '''Inflexibility''': If an organization is overly focused on achieving a specific goal, it may become inflexible and unable to adapt to changing circumstances or new opportunities.
* '''Lack of [[creativity]] and [[innovation]]''': If all employees are focused solely on achieving a common goal, they may not be encouraged to think creatively or to take risks, which can limit the organization's ability to innovate.
* '''Limited employee involvement''': If employees are not actively involved in the goal-setting [[process]], they may not feel fully committed to achieving the goals, which can negatively impact their motivation and engagement.
* '''Over-simplification''': Unity of direction can be seen as over-simplifying the complex problems and issues that organizations face, which can lead to oversimplified solutions.
* '''Lack of diversity''': If an organization is solely focused on achieving a common goal, it may not take into account different perspectives and ideas, which can limit the organization's ability to be inclusive and diverse.
* '''Limited problem-solving''': Unity of direction can make it difficult for employees to address the specific problems, which may arise from various departments or team members.
* '''Unforeseen complications''': Organizations may encounter unforeseen complications that can impede progress towards achieving their goals.
* '''Lack of autonomy''': Unity of direction can lead to a lack of autonomy for employees, which can negatively impact employee engagement and morale.
* '''Limited resources''': Organizations may not have the necessary resources to achieve their goals, which can limit their ability to implement unity of direction.
* '''Resistance to change''': Employees may resist changes in direction if they perceive it as disruptive to their work.

It's important for organizations to be aware of these limitations and to be flexible and adaptable in order to overcome them.

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==References==
* Costa, A. C., (2015), ''[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ana_Cristina_Costa/publication/235260441_Work_Team_Trust_and_Effectiveness/links/55c8657408aebc967df89ce0/Work-Team-Trust-and-Effectiveness.pdf Work team trust and effectiveness]'', Personnel review, 32(5), 605-622.
* Fayol H., (1949), ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13518/page/n59 General And Industrial Management]'', Topcs C-DAC, 25-26.
* Fleming L., (2006), ''[https://books.google.pl/books?id=c_DsWIQ4QvoC&pg=PA9&dq=Unity+of+direction&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwialqqsr-veAhUE3iwKHa--AAkQ6AEIajAJ#v=onepage&q=Unity%20of%20direction&f=false Excel HSC Business Studies]'', Vivienne Petris Joannou, 9.
* Hambley, L. A., O’Neill, T. A., & Kline, T. J., (2007). ''[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.468.3696&rep=rep1&type=pdf Virtual team leadership: The effects of leadership style and communication medium on team interaction styles and outcomes]'', Organizational [[behavior]] and human decision processes, 103(1), 1-20.
* Opie, A. (2000). ''[http://foresttwpseniorcenter.com/8901200-thinking-teams-thinking-clients-knowledge-based-teamwork.pdf Thinking teams, thinking clients: Knowledge-based teamwork]'', New York: Columbia University Press, 305.
* Reddy R.J., (2004), ''[https://books.google.pl/books?id=FlwfcN5LqO4C&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=Unity+of+direction&source=bl&ots=rKCQgbi_cM&sig=-bqDQHSmfXfjvPICPXXA6jca-Vc&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiXzOC4qeveAhXSKCwKHW68AHs4ChDoATAJegQIBxAB#v=onepage&q=Unity%20of%20direction&f=false Management Process]'', APH Publishing Corporation, 5.

[[Category:Human resources management]]
{{a|Danuta Korzeniak}}