View source for Waste stream

The '''waste stream''' focuses on proper waste [[management]]. It deals with reducing waste generation and, if this is not possible, indicates how to manage it appropriately<ref> Healthcare Waste Management (2016), ''[http://www.eurasia.undp.org/content/dam/rbec/docs/UNDP%20Waste%20Toolkit%20Part%20B_web.pdf Healthcare Waste Management Toolkit for Global Fund Practitioners and Policy Makers Waste]''</ref>. 
Waste stream means the flows of scraps, which arise from various reasons from the source of waste through to '''recycling''' or other [[action]] like '''recovery or disposal'''. It is estimated that only in the European Union in 2012 one person has produced 4,6 tonnes<ref>Bourguignon D.(2015), [[Service]], ''[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/EPRS-Briefing-564398-Understanding-waste-streams-FINAL.pdf Understanding Waste Streams European Parliamentary Research]''</ref> .
We can distinguish between two types of waste<ref> South Africa State (2019), ''[http://sawic.environment.gov.za/documents/8641.pdf South Africa State of Waste Reports. First Draft Report.]'' </ref>:
* ''general waste'' - waste which is in no way life-threatening or environmentally harmful,
* ''hazardous waste'' - any waste containing compounds or elements which, because of its properties, are hazardous to life and the [[environment]].

==Hazardous waste==
"'''Hazardous waste''' poses a greater risk to human health and the environment than nonhazardous waste. Therefore, greater attention [[needs]] to be given to hazardous waste and its proper management"<ref> Global Waste Management Outlook(2015), ''[https://www.uncclearn.org/sites/default/files/inventory/unep23092015.pdf Global Waste Management Outlook]'' </ref>. There are 4 types of hazardous or life-threatening materials in the literature. These are<ref> LaGrega D.M., Buckingham L.P, Evans C.J.(2001), ''Hazardous [[waste management]]'', pg. 13, [[Waste management|Waste Management]][https://books.google.pl/books?hl=pl&lr=&id=NdYYAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=waste+management&ots=EaQ_J1lU-u&sig=ul2F_vG4h8JwZKTJt3-N4kMShLw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=waste%20management&f=false ''Hazardous waste management''] </ref>:
* materials at [[risk]] of corrosion,
* flammable materials,
* materials showing reactivity,
* toxic materials.

==Waste hierarchy==
'''Waste [[hierarchy]]''' illustrates what actions should be taken first. At the beginning we should try to stop ''producing waste'', if we are not able to do this next step which is preparing to re-use. If it is not possible to use something again the waste should be ''recycled''. Next level of waste hierarchy contains ''anaerobic digestion'' to produce energy. If none of the operations listed above is possible, the waste is ''stored and subsequently incinerated'' without obtaining energy from it <ref> Deprtment of Environment (2011), ''[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69403/pb13530-waste-hierarchy-guidance.pdf Guidance on applying the Waste Hierarchy]'' </ref>.

==Material waste stream==
'''Material streams''' include metals, glass, paper and cardboard, plastic, wood waste and bio-waste. The first group of materials, which are '''metals''', is divided into two types, i.e. ferrous and non-ferrous metals. This type of waste comes mainly from factories, households or car parts not suitable for further use. Another group is '''glass''', which usually comes from packaging. Approximately 70 percent of this raw material is recycled. '''Paper and cardboard''' are other materials that are highly recyclable. Half of this type of waste comes from [[industry]], one in ten from offices and the rest from households<ref>Bourguignon D.(2015), European Parliamentary Research [[Service]],''[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/EPRS-Briefing-564398-Understanding-waste-streams-FINAL.pdf Understanding Waste Streams]''</ref>.

==Product waste stream==
The second group, i.e. [[product]]-related flows, includes 
* '''packaging''' (four out of ten packages are made of paper, one out of five is made of glass, the rest are made of plastic, wood or metal)
* '''electrical and electronic waste''', which is to a large extent household and IT equipment
* '''batteries and accumulators''' (1.6 million tonnes of this type of waste was created in the European Union in 2012)

==Footnotes==
<references />

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==References==
* Bourguignon D.(2015), [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/EPRS-Briefing-564398-Understanding-waste-streams-FINAL.pdf ''Understanding Waste Stream'']
* Clark L.A.(2018), [https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6343&context=dissertations ''Waste Management Minimization Strategies in Hospitals''] Walden University
* Deprtment of Environment (2011), [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69403/pb13530-waste-hierarchy-guidance.pdf ''Guidance on applying the Waste Hierarchy'']
* Global Waste Management Outlook(2015), [https://books.google.pl/books?hl=pl&lr=&id=NdYYAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=waste+management&ots=EaQ_J1lU-u&sig=ul2F_vG4h8JwZKTJt3-N4kMShLw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=waste%20management&f=false ''Global Waste Management Outlook'']
* Healthcare Waste Management (2016), [http://www.eurasia.undp.org/content/dam/rbec/docs/UNDP%20Waste%20Toolkit%20Part%20B_web.pdf ''Healthcare Waste Management Toolkit for Global Fund Practitioners and Policy Makers Waste'']
* LaGrega D.M., Buckingham L.P, Evans C.J. (2001),[https://books.google.pl/books?hl=pl&lr=&id=NdYYAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=waste+management&ots=EaQ_J1lU-u&sig=ul2F_vG4h8JwZKTJt3-N4kMShLw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=waste%20management&f=false ''Hazardous waste management'']
* South Africa State (2019), [http://sawic.environment.gov.za/documents/8641.pdf ''South Africa State of Waste Reports. First Draft Report.'']

{{a|Julia Kręcioch}}
[[Category:Environmental management]]