Monetary system

International monetary system could be a set of rules and establishments outlined by international treaties or conventions between taking part countries that regulate international payments, exchange rates between currencies, and ways of forming and victimisation international reserves. A well-functioning international measure ensures AN adequate offer of international means that of payment by supporting international trade, promoting charge per unit stability, and equalization balance-of-payments imbalances among countries, particularly below traditional circumstances, like in times of recession or crisis.

Origins and evolution of the international monetary system

The international measure has evolved over time below the influence of various economic wants and political conditions, still as incorporating new information and technological advances. the utilization of valuables or metals as a medium of exchange replaced barter. This latter custom inextricably links coin management with political power, that in most places and historical periods has had the right of deciding the content of the dear metal "(gold or silver)". because of numerous reasons, once the long-run use crisis of silver, nation government determined to adopt gold because the reference price of the pound at the top of the warfare, parturition the muse for a world measure supported gold.The gold commonplace, good between 1870 and 1914 and improved shortly between the 2 world wars, thought of by several to be the sole historical example of a well-functioning international measure, was supported a couple of basic rules accepted informally by the taking part countries : the mutual interchangeability and acceptableness of the several currencies by all components; the setting of a gold parity every|for every} national currency; the regulation by each state of the cash offer per the supply of gold reserves (John, 2018, p. 352) (Francesco, 2019, p. 118).

The international monetary system in the contemporary age

After the first world war, Britain and other countries decided to re-pegg their coins to gold, briefly reviving the international monetary system in hopes of restoring the stable growth conditions of the decades before the conflict. But the attempt failed, and in fact the system helped identify the imbalances and rigidities in the international economy that would lead to the Great Depression after the 1929 crisis. After World War II, at the Woods Conference in 1944, the victorious powers of the conflict decided to create a gold swap system in which the U.S. dollar, the main reserve currency, would remain pegged to gold and other countries would be able to trade at fixed rates Exchange dollar reserves for gold in the United States.This mechanism, although threatened by the growing external imbalances of the american economy, lasted until august 15, 1971, when the Nixon administration suspended the gold convertibility of the dollar. Since then the exchange rates between the main currencies have fluctuated freely, apart from some regional exchange agreements, such as the european monetary system.The U.S. dollar is still pretty much the only reserve currency. Since a single country creates the means of payment and thus is not subject to external constraints, the asymmetry of the international monetary system becomes more pronounced as the gold parity discipline, albeit weak, disappears. In 1971, to facilitate the transition to a more balanced system, the International Monetary Fund created a new international payment instrument, the Special Drawing Right, although it remained a marginal player in the system. Beginning in the late 1990s, new developments in the architecture of the international monetary system became apparent. Since its launch in 1999, the euro has played an important role as an international reserve currency following the US dollar. The widening imbalances in the balance of payments between large emerging countries, eager to please their exports with a weak exchange rate, and the United States, interested in keeping domestic demand high even to the detriment of the external balance, accentuated the weakness of the dollar and the diversification of international reserves (Leena, 2021, p. 158).

The function of money

From an "economic" point of view, money has three functions:

1. Unit of account. Money is used to facilitate economic decision-making and contractual agreements by making homogeneous comparisons of the value of very different products and services.
2. Store of value. Money can transfer over time that portion of income that is not immediately spent on goods and services. In other words, it allows you to keep (save) a portion of your current income for future consumption.
3. Means of payment. Money can be exchanged instantly for goods and services: the buyer delivers the money to the seller, thereby releasing him from any obligation to the latter, who acknowledges its value by accepting it.

References

• Francesco P., (2019), International monetary system New economy and history, 5-122
• John T., (2018), International monetary system International monetary system, 347-359
• Leena A., Azhar A., (2021), Monetary system revolution changes Monetary system revolution changes, 156-160

Author: Chiara Di Miscio