Acid-test ratio

The Acid test - ratio or Quick ratio also called the acid test ratio, compares current assets and current liabilities similarly to the current ratio. The quick ratio removes inventory because it is typically the least liquid asset for a corporation and losses typically arise when selling such assets, which is the primary distinction between these two ratios. Short-term prepayments made by the business are also not included in this computation (Brigham, Houston 2007). Given that inventory have been removed from this calculation because they may not be immediately realizable, the quick ratio measures the company's liquidity more strictly than the current ratio (Niskanen, Niskanen 2003) The quick ratio calculates how much current assets are compared to current liabilities. We can argue that the liquidity is good if the current assets can meet the current liabilities. The more crucial liquidity a company has, the lower its current assets to current liabilities ratio is (Leppiniemi, Kyykkänen 2013).

Quick ratio

Quick ratio = (Current Assets – Inventory)/Current Liabilities.

• Quick assets refer to current assets less inventory & prepaid expenses.
• Current assets refer to cash and cash equivalents, Marketable securities and accounts receivable.
• Current liabilities refer to Accounts payable, short term debts and other short-term liabilities

Quick ratio guidelines

Leppiniemi, Kyykkänen (2013, 171)

Quick ratio	Valuation
Over 1	good
0,5-1	Satisfying
Under0.1	Weak

The acid-test ratio, is a numerical indicator of a company's capacity to pay short-term obligations by selling off its assets. It is computed by dividing current liabilities by the total of all assets less inventories. A ratio score of one or higher is typically regarded as favorable because it suggests that the company can meet its short-term liabilities. A company is penalized if its ACID-test ratio is less than one since it means that it will be unable to pay its debts because there are fewer assets than liabilities. However, a very high acid-test ratio can also indicate that there is cash or unused inventory on the balance sheet. These ratings aren't uniform across industries, though. Depending on the business environment and the industry, acid-test ratios can be favorable or harmful. For instance, a retail giant like Walmart might be able to work out favorable payment terms with vendors who don't need immediate payment. These words will be converted to liabilities and additional inventory on the balance sheet. The ratio's denominator will be larger for the quick ratio. As a result, the business can have a low rating and unused inventory. However, such need not be detrimental to its business. Another example is the low fixed inventory quantities of technology companies. They also generate healthy profits that might not always be invested back into the company because of their high margins. One example is Apple, which, under former CEO Steve Jobs, had significant cash available. Under Jobs, its quick ratio almost reached 3. It was still regarded as a desirable investment, though. Since the business started paying dividends to investors, its quick ratio has largely steadied at typical levels of about 1.

Analysis for Quick Ratio

Quick ratio can be a useful tool for determining a company's ability to meet its short-term obligations. However, it's crucial to keep in mind that they only serve as a rapid analytical tool in a certain context and do not accurately reflect the state of a firm's financial obligations. The company's debt obligations can be evaluated more accurately with a cash flow budget. Although ratios of one or more are regarded as healthy for quick ratios, they can differ depending on the sector. Since the retail sector often holds more inventory than other sectors, as was already said, acid-test ratios for this sector tend to be lower than usual. The amount of inventory held might vary depending on the size of the business, even within the retail sector. For example, large retailers like Walmart, Target, and Costco are able to negotiate advantageous supplier terms that do not compel them to pay their vendors right away or in accordance with industry standards. As a result, their quick ratios may be below average and their balance sheet inventory statistics may be excessive. Compared to small shops, who need to move product as rapidly as possible to produce cash flow to operate their business, this position is similar. Acid-test ratios at these stores will be close to or equal to one.

Importance of Acid Test Ratio

Acid-test ratios are a quick indicator of a company's ability to survive and a function of how quickly it can produce cash under pressure. The current ratio is a different ratio that assesses the liquidity of an organization. However, regardless of duration or maturity date, it considers all current assets and liabilities. As a result, it is not a particularly useful statistic for determining whether the business can survive if and when its creditors make a claim. The quick ratio sets a deadline and limits the amount of assets that can be considered in calculations.

Improvements Companies might take action to raise their asset count or decrease their liabilities in order to improve their fast ratios. For instance, they could relocate inventory to decrease the effect it has on the ratio as a whole. Another tactic is to invoice pending orders and goods so that they can be added to current assets as accounts receivables in accounting books. In a similar vein, firm expenditures that may have increased liabilities and account payable numbers can be postponed to the following quarter or fiscal year to improve quick ratios.

References

• Alver,J.(2015),[1] financial statement analysis: the case of Estonia
• Horngren,C.T.,Harrison Jr,W.T.,Oliver, M.S.,(2012) [2]Accounting.7th ed.New Jersey:Pearson Prentice Hall
• The Institute of Chartered Accountant of India(ICAI).,(2021)[3]Chapter-3:Financial Analysis and Planning-Ratio Analysis

Author: Billa Nalini