Agroforestry
Agroforestry
Agroforestry is a collective name for land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately used on the same land-management units as agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence. The ecological and profitable sustainability of the agrarian and forestry systems of numerous countries, advanced and not, is explosively hovered by the adding preface of fantastic factory pests. This composition offers an examination of the main causes behind similar irruptions. Some important conditions convinced Beynon-native phytopathogens are reported, the appearance of which in the last century had a disastrous impact on the terrain and the frugality of vast pastoral areas of our country. There are also reports of some redoubtable arising pathogens, which are literally ruinous entire homes in colourful corridor of the earth, with serious damage to agrarian product, the geography, the frugality and original tourism. Biological irruptions, as mentioned over, are natural events. still, they've increased so constantly in recent times that they're now considered real extremities. At the root of these disasters there are two crunches in the history not foreseeable, and in any case not fluently governable the climate changes on a planetary scale (Global change); and the social, profitable and political changes that passed in ultramodern society. The ongoing global warming of the earth, caused by the massive release of hothouse feasts (CO2) into the atmosphere, is leading to a" globalization" of climate. The consequences are multiple homogenization of biomes; breaking of those biogeographic walls that in the course of elaboration have allowed a separate elaboration of foliage and fauna (including, of course, microflora and entomofauna) on Earth; loss of current biodiversity. In our authorizations the miracle involves an increase in average temperatures and an revision in the governance of periodic downfall. Similar variations, in addition to causing physiological stress to the shops, also significantly alter the life cycles of factory spongers. Raising the downtime minimum increases its survival rate. The propagation cycles and the reduplication rate are increased independently in frequency and intensity. This means high biomass released into the terrain, thus strong inoculum pressure, thus lesser possibility of dissipation. thus, it's more likely that introduced agents will settle in new areas preliminarily infelicitous for their natural requirements. The metamorphosis of society, on the other hand, with the dizzying increase in transport, trade, tourism, and thus the general mobility of men, goods and goods, has made the problem exponentially grow. transnational trade in seeds, slices, seedlings, timber, vegetables for consumption, etc., offers those unwanted" hitchers" who are phytopathogenic agents more and more openings to transfer to new homes. But all the conduct of anthropic disturbance to natural systems (road construction, power lines, structures, crop transformations, deforestation, etc.) promote natural irruptions. Everything that we call maybe inaptly" progress" changes the structure of ecosystems, communities, populations, relations between species, induces the release of coffers, alters the substrates and the physical terrain. Timbers, civic and per urban green, cultivated green, and that mound of natural and anthropic rudiments that form the so- called" mongrel geography" in which rudiments of the country (forestland, walls, fields, dikes, rows, etc.) combine with civic and productive agreements, and with the results of the metamorphoses of a literal and social nature (abandonment of the country, intensification of agrarian systems, urbanization, etc.), they bear the egregious signs. The changes to the pastoral terrain by fantastic spongers are repeated, on the other hand, since biblical times, occasionally accompanied by profitable heads, hunger, shortage, mass emigration. It suffices to recall the desolation of the wheat fields, in the classical period, by the agent of rust or, in more recent times, starting from 1870, the destruction of the coffee colonies by rust Hemileia Vastatrix. In our country the ecological, profitable and geography damage deduced to the agroforestry terrain by the accidental preface of fantastic pests is well comprehendible on the home. The appearance, around the twenties of the last century, of the agent of the graphitises of the Elm has led nearly to the exposure of this species from metropolises and country. A tree, symbol of pastoral areas, formerly abundant in walls, in rows, at the edges of the thoroughfares, in crossroads, in places, solitary guardian of churches and monuments, has been in the space of about a century reduced by the backcountry complaint. In fact, it's now infrequently present in adult samples, whilst it's more constantly set up in bushy form as it shows, in juvenile phase, a however deciduous resistance to the gryphosis. Some decades latterly, around 1940, the Chestnut cancer agent Cryphonectria parasitica appeared in epidemic form in our groaner groves, ruinous cedars and fruit shops. The spread of cancer modified the vegetation belt of the Castanetum favouring other species (for illustration, the lemon oak), thus altering in part the hilly geography. Among other effects, he brought to its knees a thriving groaner- growing, also important source of food, as well as profitable, for the pastoral populations of numerous underprivileged areas. The styles of analysis and monitoring of the spatial structure of the agroforestry geography are now multitudinous and consolidated; still, only lately the results of these studies have begun to support and guide spatial planning programs for the expression of spatial development strategies discerned in relation to the requirements of niche conservation and biodiversity and geography conservation calibrated according to the particularity of individual homes. In particular, the theme of ecological networks has come a specific object of planning within the wide area tools.
1)ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF THE USE OF LABOUR AND MACHINERY IN THE AGRO-FORESTRY SECTOR BLANC, SIMONE 2010 [2]
2) A. BARBATI - G. CHIRICI SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND AGRO-FORESTRY LANDSCAPE PLANNING: PROSPECTS FOR INTEGRATION [3]
3) The agro-forestry system of the regional space. Territorial guidelines on agricultural and forestry areas (vol. i, Agricultural activities in the regional economy and space, pp. 298; vol. II/1, II/2, Land use and economic development in the regional agro-forestry system, pp. 343 + 788; vol. III, The rural density areas for the government of the regional agro-forestry system, pp. 343). PAOLILLO, PIER LUIGI; [4]
Author: Chiara Di Miscio
