Bank efficiency ratio

Bank efficiency ratio
See also
Capital gearing Return on net assets Liquidity management Degree of financial leverage Capacity analysis Cost-income ratio Return on sales Profit Effective demand

The bank efficiency ratio is tools used to measure profitability and economic efficiency, i.e. the overall efficiency of a bank's operations, both of a qualitative and quantitative nature. One of the simplest techniques of effectiveness measurement is the indicator analysis based on data from financial statements . Although these measures are often criticized because of their low information value and lack of links with microeconomic theory, they are most often used, mainly because of their simplicity and clarity. The most useful is the classification of indicators from their origin, including :

• balance sheet indicators,
• indicators of the profit and loss account,
• mixed indicators, where one component comes from the balance sheet and the other from the profit and loss account.

Efficiency

Efficiency is a state where a change in the satisfaction of one entity will not negatively affect the level of satisfaction of another holder. Also, efficiency is achieved when the incremental costs of meeting a particular objective are equated with the incremental benefits of meeting that objective. The higher the relationship is, in other words, the greater the difference between the effects and the inputs, the higher the efficiency of the facility is considered to be. Effectiveness can be identified with profitability. Efficiency is the result of two factors, i.e. efficiency and economy . What is effective, however, is an action that produces a result - a result equal to the assumed one. On the other hand, economic is an action that allows achieving the assumed result at the lowest cost .

Types of bank efficiency

The effectiveness of banks is measured using tools of the following nature both qualitative and quantitative. One of the simplest techniques for measuring effectiveness is indicator analysis. Three types of bank effectiveness can be distinguished, namely :

• Organizational effectiveness about the organization's objectives, its resources, and conditions inside and outside the organization and the time at which the concept is evaluated.
• Financial effectiveness, which relates to the assessment of the financial performance and financial position of a bank based on financial statements, and is based on financial ratios.
• Cost-effectiveness, which is the assessment of whether a given production volume was achieved with an appropriate volume and structure of inputs.

The efficiency of banks is measured using the following indicators :

• NIM (Net Interest Margin)
• COR(Cost Of Risk)
• ROA (Return On Assets)
• ROE (Return On Equity)
• ROI (Return On Investment)

NIM (net interest margin)

One of the most important measures for banks is the net interest margin (NIM). Jet is the ratio of the net interest margin to the average assets less the interest accrued on non-performing receivables. It is obtained by dividing the interest income (the most important source of the sector's earnings, accounting for two-thirds of its revenues) by the average value of interest assets in a given period. The NIM is determined by how much interest income the bank manages to "squeeze out" at a given size of assets (interest income is the difference between interest income and interest expenses, to put it simply - it is the difference between interest collected and paid by the bank). NIM measures the bank's profitability obtained from its core business, which is - in simpler terms - financial market intermediation. The level of this ratio depends on many factors, including the level of interest rates, the bank's willingness to finance more risky customers (then it hedges itself with a higher margin), the structure of its loan portfolio or liquidity in the sector, the demand for money and the degree of consolidation and competition in the banking sector .

COR (cost of risk)

The COR is the resultant of the bank's vulnerability to risk and its ability to properly assess the risk. The COR is calculated by dividing the result on loan write-offs by the average value of the net loan portfolio in a given period .

ROA (return on assets)

Return on Assets (ROA) is the ratio of a company's net profit to the value of its assets; it can also be calculated as the product of return on sales and the ratio of turnover in assets . It indicates the company's ability to generate profits and the effectiveness of managing its assets. The higher the ROA, the better the financial condition of the company. This indicator is important, among others, for financial institutions that are considering granting a loan and studying the possibility of its repayment.

ROE (return on equity)

Return on Equity (ROE) is a profitability indicator which means how much profit the company managed to generate from the contributed equity. When calculating ROE, the profit for a given period counts towards the equity at the beginning of the given period.

Net profit through equity expressed in % = ROE

The higher the value of this indicator, the more favorable the situation of the company. Higher efficiency of equity capital is connected with the possibility of obtaining a higher financial surplus and, consequently, higher dividends .

ROI (return on investment)

Return on Investment (ROI) is a profitability indicator used to measure the efficiency of a company, regardless of the structure of its assets or extraordinary factors . ROI method is used to measure absolute profitability for all providers of capital and can be interpreted economically as a rate of return on investment incurred for the implementation of the investment. It belongs to a group of simple methods, which assume that the excess net benefit from the investment is measured by the accrual profit and the time value of money is constant . The method is often used to assess the profitability of IT, marketing and training projects. It is also used to assess the social profitability of projects. In the last example, ROI is referred to as SROI, i.e. Social Return on Investment.

References

• Akomea-Frimpong I. (2017), Review of empirical studies on bank efficiency in developing economies, „Empirical Review of Literature on Bank Efficiency In Ghana”, pp. 21 -23
• Bos J. W., Kool, C. J. (2006), Bank efficiency: The role of bank strategy and local market conditions, „Journal of Banking & Finance”, 30(7), pp. 1953 - 1955
• Hughes J. P., Jagtiani J., Mester L. J. (2016), „Is bigger necessarily better in community banking?”, Clevelant, pp. 12 - 14
• Jamil S.A., Alshubiri F., Fattouh I. (2016), The Effect of CAMELS Model on Bank Efficiency Ratio: An Empirical Evidence of Banking Sector Listed on Muscat Security Market, „Il Ponte”, 72(5), pp. 15 - 17
• Memić D., Škaljić-Memić S. (2013), Performance Analysis and Benchmarking of Commercial Banks Operating in Bosnia and Herzegovina: a DEA Approach, „Business Systems Research”, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 126 - 128 & 132
• Ohene-Asare K., Asmild M. (2012), Banking efficiency analysis under corporate social responsibilities, „International Journal of Banking, Accounting and Finance”, 4(2), pp. 146 & 171
• Sillah B.M.S., Khokhar I., Khan N. (2014), The Performance of Saudi Banking Industry 2000 -2011: Have the Banks Distinguished Themselves from One Another?, „International Journal of Financial Research”, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 233 - 234

Author: Hubert Olech