Home bias

Home bias
See also
Hot money Primary and secondary market Capital outflow Basket trade Speculative risk Capital flight Offshore banking Equity capital market Conservative investing

Home bias is an investment strategy whereby investors prefer domestic assets over foreign assets. It is the tendency of individuals and investors to place a greater portion of their investments in local markets. This is due to familiarity with the assets in their home market and a lack of knowledge and understanding of the foreign markets. Home bias has been found to be particularly strong in the equity markets, where investors prefer to invest in their home markets rather than in foreign markets. This bias can lead to sub-optimal portfolio diversification and lower returns on investment.

Example of home bias

• Home country bias can be seen when investors choose to invest primarily in their home country's stock market, ignoring opportunities in foreign markets. This preference for domestic investments is driven by a familiarity with the companies and a greater knowledge of the political and economic environment in the home country. This may also lead to a failure to take advantage of diversification benefits that can be achieved by investing across multiple markets.
• Another example of home bias is when investors choose to invest only in their home currency. This is often driven by a desire to hedge against foreign exchange risks, as well as a lack of knowledge and understanding of foreign currencies. However, this can lead to sub-optimal returns on investment due to the limited investment opportunities available when only investing in one currency.
• Individuals may also exhibit home bias when it comes to real estate investments. This is often driven by a desire to invest in a familiar market, as well as a lack of knowledge and understanding of foreign real estate markets. This can lead to a failure to take advantage of diversification benefits that can be achieved by investing across multiple markets.

When to use home bias

Home bias can be used in the following situations:

• When an investor is familiar with the local market and has a good understanding of the assets and their performance.
• When an investor has limited resources and needs to focus on a smaller number of investments.
• When an investor wants to diversify their portfolio but has limited access to foreign markets.
• When an investor has a preference for investments that are close to home and that have a local focus.
• When an investor is concerned about political and economic risks in foreign markets.
• When an investor wants to minimize the costs associated with cross-border investments.
• When an investor is looking for a low-risk investment strategy.

Types of home bias

Home bias can take different forms, depending on the investment strategy. These include:

• Portfolio Home Bias: This is the tendency of investors to invest in the domestic markets instead of international markets. It is driven by familiarity with the assets in the home market and a lack of knowledge and understanding of the foreign markets.
• Asset Home Bias: This is the tendency of investors to invest heavily in domestic assets, such as stocks and bonds, rather than foreign assets such as foreign bonds and currencies. This is due to the lack of information and expertise in foreign markets.
• Geographic Home Bias: This is the tendency of investors to invest in domestic markets rather than international markets due to familiarity and comfort.
• Industry Home Bias: This is the tendency of investors to invest in domestic industries rather than foreign industries. This is due to the lack of information and expertise in foreign industries.

Advantages of home bias

Home bias is an investment strategy whereby investors prefer domestic assets over foreign assets. It can be beneficial for investors in a number of ways:

• Home bias can lead to increased diversification of the portfolio, as investors can spread their investments across a wider range of assets than they would be able to do if they only invested in foreign markets.
• Investing in domestic assets can reduce exchange-rate risk, as changes in the exchange rate will not affect the value of the asset in the same way as it would in a foreign market.
• Investing in domestic assets can also provide investors with a greater degree of control over their investments, as they will be familiar with the local regulations and tax laws.
• Home bias can also provide investors with a greater degree of liquidity, as it will be easier to buy and sell domestic assets than it would be to buy and sell foreign assets.

Limitations of home bias

Home bias can lead to sub-optimal portfolio diversification and lower returns on investment. The limitations of home bias include:

• Poor diversification of investments across different countries and asset classes, which can lead to an exposure to higher risk and reduced returns.
• An inability to capitalize on the potentially higher returns of foreign markets.
• An increased concentration of investments in a single country or region, which can lead to increased exposure to country or regional specific risks.
• A lack of global knowledge and understanding of the markets, which can lead to a suboptimal investment decision making process.
• A lack of access to foreign markets, which can lead to higher transaction costs.

Suggested literature

• Coval, J. D., & Moskowitz, T. J. (1999). Home bias at home: Local equity preference in domestic portfolios. The Journal of Finance, 54(6), 2045-2073.
• Tesar, L. L., & Werner, I. M. (1995). Home bias and high turnover. Journal of international Money and Finance, 14(4), 467-492.
• Bekaert, G., & Wang, X. S. (2009). Home bias revisited. Available at SSRN 1344880.