Long put
Long put is strategy oriented on downturn. Investor buys a put option with hope that price will fall. That would increase value of the option. Investor plans to hold the asset long. Sometimes long put is used to hedge long stock position.
The long put option can be held until it expires, which forces investor to buy stock at the market price, or can be sold short before expiration.
Long put has limited risk, therefore it is preferred by bears. Other method of achieving similar effect is shorting stock, but that strategy can be associated with high risk level. Moreover, options are more liquid than stocks, which allows investors to sell them quickly.
The stock price can fall even to almost zero. Therefore, the maximum profit in long put is limited to striking price of bought put take away option price (P. Christoffersen, et al. 2017)
Long put trade
In a long put trade you are not purchasing the obligation, but the right, to sell the stock until it's expiration at the put strike price. This strategy should be used right after the prediction of falling in price of underlying market.
Long put ensures unlimited profit potential with low risk of loss. The price of the option is the most you can lose, regardless of how high the stock rises. When the price of stock falls below the breakeven, profit occurs. Debit in your trading account will be the premium of your long put strategy. To offset a long put, you have to sell a put at the same strike price and expiration date to close out the option (G. A. Fontanills, T. Gentile 2001).
Long put payoff
The payoff related with a long put strategy is a function of whether the strategy exercises its right (Gottesman A. 2016):
- if the long put does not exercise, there is no transaction so the payoff is zero
- if the long put strategy exercises, the payoff is the difference between the price of the asset that it delivers and the price that the strategy receives.
By exercising your long put, you are choosing to go short the underlying stock at the srike price of the put option (G. A. Fontanills, T. Gentile 2001).
If the underlying asset price at expiration date is greater than or equal to strike price - the long put option will not exercise and long put payoff will be zero. However, when aseet price at expiration date is less than strike price - the long put option will be exercised and payoff of will be a difference between strike price and the underlying asset price. That difference is called intrinsic value.
An equation that describes the payoff to the long put strategy is (Gottesman A. 2016):
- Long put payoff = max(K - St, 0) where K stands for strike price and St stands for underlying asset price at expiration date
Long put profit and loss
To calculate strategy's P&L (profit and loss) we have to consider the premium that it pays at initiation. The exercise decision at expiration is the same as in long put payoff. Furthermore, when long put option will not be exercised, put premium paid at initiation becomes our loss. However, when long put strategy will be exercised, put premium will be the amount reducing our profit.
The long put's P&L at expiration can be expressed as (Gottesman A. 2016):
- Long put P&L = max(K - St, 0) - p0 where p0 stands for put premium paid by long put to the short put at initiation
A negative value of the long put's P&L represents loss and a positive value represents profit.
| Long put — recommended articles |
| Long Hedge — Gamma hedging — Short call option — Selling Into Strength — Short Call — Interest Rate Collar — Short Straddle — Options — Zero cost collar |
References
- Christoffersen P., et al. (2017). Illiquidity premia in the equity options market, The Review of Financial Studies, 31(3), 811-851.
- Fontanills G. A., Gentile T. (2001). The Stock Market Course, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York
- Gottesman A. (2016). Derivates Essentials An Introduction to Forwards, Futures, Options, and Swaps, Willey & Sons Inc, New York
Author: Sebastian Kopta
