Price discrimination: Difference between revisions
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= | {{infobox4 | ||
|list1= | |||
<ul> | |||
<li>[[Price war]]</li> | |||
<li>[[Bilateral monopoly]]</li> | |||
<li>[[Composite demand]]</li> | |||
<li>[[Fragmented market]]</li> | |||
<li>[[Price setting]]</li> | |||
<li>[[Everyday low prices]]</li> | |||
<li>[[Distribution strategy]]</li> | |||
<li>[[Tying arrangement]]</li> | |||
<li>[[Monopolistic competition]]</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
}} | |||
'''Price discrimination''' is a pricing strategy that involves charging different prices for the same product or service to different customers. This type of pricing strategy is used to maximize the profits of producers by charging customers the maximum amount they are willing to pay. This is done by segmenting the market into different groups based on factors such as income, age, location, and more, and then targeting each group with different pricing. For example, a company may charge a lower price in rural areas than in urban areas where they can get higher profits. | |||
Price discrimination can take several forms, such as: | |||
* '''First-degree price discrimination''': This is when a company charges each customer the maximum amount they are willing to pay for the product or service. | |||
* '''Second-degree price discrimination''': This is when a company charges different prices based on the quantity purchased. For example, a company may offer a discount for buying in bulk. | |||
* '''Third-degree price discrimination''': This is when a company charges different prices based on different market segments. For example, a company may offer a discount for students or senior citizens. | |||
* '''Fourth-degree price discrimination''': This is when a company charges different prices based on the customer’s location. For example, a company may charge higher prices in a city than in the countryside. | |||
In conclusion, price discrimination is a pricing strategy used to maximize profits by charging different prices for the same product or service to different customers. It can involve charging the maximum amount a customer is willing to pay, offering discounts based on quantity purchased, targeting different market segments with different pricing, or charging different prices based on location. | |||
==Example of Price discrimination== | ==Example of Price discrimination== | ||
Price discrimination can be seen in many different industries. For example, airlines often price discriminate by charging different prices for the same flight depending on the date and time of travel. Hotels may also price discriminate by charging different rates for the same room depending on the season or day of the week. Movie theaters may also practice price discrimination by charging different prices for the same movie depending on the time of day or day of the week. | |||
In conclusion, price discrimination is a common pricing strategy used in many different industries, such as airlines, hotels, and movie theaters. Companies use this strategy to maximize profits by charging different prices for the same product or service depending on the customer or the time and day of purchase. | |||
==Price discrimination | ==Formula of Price discrimination== | ||
The formula for price discrimination is: | |||
== | <math>\begin{equation} | ||
P_i=\frac{MR_i}{1+\epsilon_i} | |||
\end{equation}</math> | |||
Where $P_i$ is the price charged to the i<sup>th</sup> market segment, MR<sub>i</sub> is the marginal revenue of the i<sup>th</sup> market segment, and &epsilon<sub>i</sub> is the elasticity of demand for the i<sup>th</sup> market segment. This formula shows how price discrimination is used to maximize profits by charging different prices to different market segments based on the demand elasticity. | |||
==When to use Price discrimination== | |||
Price discrimination can be used in a variety of circumstances. It is often used to target different customer segments such as students, seniors, and low-income individuals. It can also be used to target specific geographic regions where the company can get higher profits. Additionally, it can be used to incentivize customers to purchase in bulk by offering discounts for larger purchases. Price discrimination can also be used to increase the overall demand for a product or service by offering different prices to different customers. | |||
==Types of Price discrimination== | ==Types of Price discrimination== | ||
Price discrimination can take several forms, such as first-degree, second-degree, third-degree, and fourth-degree price discrimination. First-degree price discrimination involves charging each customer the maximum amount they are willing to pay for the product or service. Second-degree price discrimination involves offering discounts based on the quantity purchased. Third-degree price discrimination involves targeting different market segments with different pricing. Fourth-degree price discrimination involves charging different prices based on the customer’s location. In conclusion, price discrimination is a pricing strategy used to maximize profits by charging different prices for the same product or service to different customers. | |||
==Advantages of Price discrimination== | ==Advantages of Price discrimination== | ||
Price discrimination can be beneficial for both producers and consumers. For producers, it can result in increased profits as customers are willing to pay more for certain products. For consumers, it can result in lower prices as companies are willing to offer discounts to certain market segments. Additionally, price discrimination can increase competition in the market, as companies can use it to attract new customers. Finally, it can also result in increased product availability, as companies are able to expand their market and reach more customers. | |||
==Limitations of Price discrimination== | ==Limitations of Price discrimination== | ||
Price discrimination also has some drawbacks. For example, it can lead to higher prices overall, as customers may be charged more than they would otherwise be willing to pay. It can also lead to a lack of competition, as the company can choose to target customers who are less price-sensitive and more likely to buy the product or service. Finally, it can be difficult to implement and maintain, as it requires the company to segment the market and keep track of different prices. | |||
==Other approaches related to Price discrimination== | ==Other approaches related to Price discrimination== | ||
Other approaches related to price discrimination include: | |||
* '''Bundling''': This is when a company offers two or more products or services together at a discounted price. | |||
* '''Dynamic pricing''': This is when a company changes prices in response to changes in supply or demand. | |||
* '''Loss leader pricing''': This is when a company sets a price below its cost to attract customers. | |||
* '''Penetration pricing''': This is when a company sets a low price to attract customers and increase market share. | |||
In conclusion, there are a variety of other approaches related to price discrimination, such as bundling, dynamic pricing, loss leader pricing, and penetration pricing. All of these strategies are used to maximize profits by targeting different customers and market segments with different pricing strategies. | |||
==Suggested literature== | ==Suggested literature== | ||
* | * Varian, H. R. (1989). ''[https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/101032/ECON469.pdf?sequenc Price discrimination]''. Handbook of industrial organization, 1, 597-654. | ||
* | * Stole, L. A. (2007). ''[https://ftp.idu.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/ebook/ip/BUKU%20INDUSTRIAL%20ENGINEERING/epdf.pub_handbook-of-industrial-organization.pdf#page=690 Price discrimination and competition]''. Handbook of industrial organization, 3, 2221-2299. | ||
* | * Armstrong, M. (2006). ''[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/14558/1/14558.pdf Recent developments in the economics of price discrimination]''. | ||
[[Category:]] | [[Category:Macroeconomics]] | ||
Revision as of 03:02, 10 February 2023
| Price discrimination |
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| See also |
Price discrimination is a pricing strategy that involves charging different prices for the same product or service to different customers. This type of pricing strategy is used to maximize the profits of producers by charging customers the maximum amount they are willing to pay. This is done by segmenting the market into different groups based on factors such as income, age, location, and more, and then targeting each group with different pricing. For example, a company may charge a lower price in rural areas than in urban areas where they can get higher profits.
Price discrimination can take several forms, such as:
- First-degree price discrimination: This is when a company charges each customer the maximum amount they are willing to pay for the product or service.
- Second-degree price discrimination: This is when a company charges different prices based on the quantity purchased. For example, a company may offer a discount for buying in bulk.
- Third-degree price discrimination: This is when a company charges different prices based on different market segments. For example, a company may offer a discount for students or senior citizens.
- Fourth-degree price discrimination: This is when a company charges different prices based on the customer’s location. For example, a company may charge higher prices in a city than in the countryside.
In conclusion, price discrimination is a pricing strategy used to maximize profits by charging different prices for the same product or service to different customers. It can involve charging the maximum amount a customer is willing to pay, offering discounts based on quantity purchased, targeting different market segments with different pricing, or charging different prices based on location.
Example of Price discrimination
Price discrimination can be seen in many different industries. For example, airlines often price discriminate by charging different prices for the same flight depending on the date and time of travel. Hotels may also price discriminate by charging different rates for the same room depending on the season or day of the week. Movie theaters may also practice price discrimination by charging different prices for the same movie depending on the time of day or day of the week.
In conclusion, price discrimination is a common pricing strategy used in many different industries, such as airlines, hotels, and movie theaters. Companies use this strategy to maximize profits by charging different prices for the same product or service depending on the customer or the time and day of purchase.
Formula of Price discrimination
The formula for price discrimination is:
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{equation} P_i=\frac{MR_i}{1+\epsilon_i} \end{equation}}
Where $P_i$ is the price charged to the ith market segment, MRi is the marginal revenue of the ith market segment, and &epsiloni is the elasticity of demand for the ith market segment. This formula shows how price discrimination is used to maximize profits by charging different prices to different market segments based on the demand elasticity.
When to use Price discrimination
Price discrimination can be used in a variety of circumstances. It is often used to target different customer segments such as students, seniors, and low-income individuals. It can also be used to target specific geographic regions where the company can get higher profits. Additionally, it can be used to incentivize customers to purchase in bulk by offering discounts for larger purchases. Price discrimination can also be used to increase the overall demand for a product or service by offering different prices to different customers.
Types of Price discrimination
Price discrimination can take several forms, such as first-degree, second-degree, third-degree, and fourth-degree price discrimination. First-degree price discrimination involves charging each customer the maximum amount they are willing to pay for the product or service. Second-degree price discrimination involves offering discounts based on the quantity purchased. Third-degree price discrimination involves targeting different market segments with different pricing. Fourth-degree price discrimination involves charging different prices based on the customer’s location. In conclusion, price discrimination is a pricing strategy used to maximize profits by charging different prices for the same product or service to different customers.
Advantages of Price discrimination
Price discrimination can be beneficial for both producers and consumers. For producers, it can result in increased profits as customers are willing to pay more for certain products. For consumers, it can result in lower prices as companies are willing to offer discounts to certain market segments. Additionally, price discrimination can increase competition in the market, as companies can use it to attract new customers. Finally, it can also result in increased product availability, as companies are able to expand their market and reach more customers.
Limitations of Price discrimination
Price discrimination also has some drawbacks. For example, it can lead to higher prices overall, as customers may be charged more than they would otherwise be willing to pay. It can also lead to a lack of competition, as the company can choose to target customers who are less price-sensitive and more likely to buy the product or service. Finally, it can be difficult to implement and maintain, as it requires the company to segment the market and keep track of different prices.
Other approaches related to price discrimination include:
- Bundling: This is when a company offers two or more products or services together at a discounted price.
- Dynamic pricing: This is when a company changes prices in response to changes in supply or demand.
- Loss leader pricing: This is when a company sets a price below its cost to attract customers.
- Penetration pricing: This is when a company sets a low price to attract customers and increase market share.
In conclusion, there are a variety of other approaches related to price discrimination, such as bundling, dynamic pricing, loss leader pricing, and penetration pricing. All of these strategies are used to maximize profits by targeting different customers and market segments with different pricing strategies.
Suggested literature
- Varian, H. R. (1989). Price discrimination. Handbook of industrial organization, 1, 597-654.
- Stole, L. A. (2007). Price discrimination and competition. Handbook of industrial organization, 3, 2221-2299.
- Armstrong, M. (2006). Recent developments in the economics of price discrimination.
