Acquiring bank
| Acquiring bank |
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An Acquiring bank is the financial institution in charge of processing credit and debit card payments on behalf of the merchant (Bansal A.2017,p.5). Every time a cardholder uses his card in a purchase, the Acquiring bank is responsible for authorizing or rejecting the transaction based on the data received from the issuing bank and the card network. If the purchase or payment has been approved, the funds will be deposited into the merchant's account (this usually happens within regular intervals).
How does it works?
1) When the customer arrives at checkout to finalize his purchase, the transaction process is first initiated by a payment gateway such as MYMOID which is responsible for acquiring transaction authorization and data encryption to ensure the safe transmission of data along the red.
2) Once the process has been initiated by the gateway, the acquiring bank takes the transaction data from the merchant and passes it on to the card association (VISA, Mastercard, Discover, American Express, etc.).
3) The card association, along with the issuing bank (the bank of the customer), verify this information and establish the authenticity of the transaction by confirming that the card is valid and has sufficient funds.
4) Once the transaction has been approved, the card association and the issuing bank send their approval to the Acquiring bank to credit the funds to the merchant. The settlement of the funds between accounts usually happens at a regular frequency.
Risks
Acquiring banks are exposed to certain risks when it comes to processing transactions on the merchant's website. In the case of a transaction reversal, a refund or a chargeback, they will be the ones responsible for returning the fund to the issuing bank and the cardholder. This means that they will be out of funds until the amount is recovered from the merchant, and this often comes with its additional costs.The reversal of funds can be triggered in 3 different ways(Kjos A.2007,p.10):
- When the return of funds to the customer is voluntarily initiated by the merchant;
- When the merchant cancels the transaction after it has been authorized (but not yet settled);
- In the case of a chargeback where the validity of the transaction is questioned by the customer.
Chargebacks and out-of-fund situations usually translate to additional costs for the acquiring bank. And last but not least, one of the biggest risks for acquirers is fraud. Because they are the ones responsible for sending the transaction to the issuing bank and the card association, the risk is on them to verify with precision that transactions are genuine. For this reason, taking the necessary security measures during all steps of the transaction process is crucial for the reduction and prevention of fraud. This means that both merchants and acquirers need to be in compliance with the official security standard PCI-DSS.
Acquiring bank vs. Issuing bank
Differences beetween acquiring bank and issuing bank :
- The acquiring bank (also merchant bank or acquirer) is the financial institution that maintains the merchant's bank account. The contract with the acquirer enables merchants to process credit and debit card transactions. The acquiring bank passes the merchant's transactions along to the applicable issuing banks to receive payment.
- The issuing bank is the financial institution that issues credit cards to consumers on behalf of the card networks (Visa, MasterCard). The issuer acts as the middle-man for the consumer and the card network by contracting with the cardholders for the terms of the repayment of transactions (Marchi A.2011,p.14).
References
- Bansal A.(2017), Challenges & Opportunities for Merchant Acquirers, Capgemini, Paris.
- Kjos A.(2007), The Merchant-Acquiring Side of the Payment Card Industry: Structure, Operations, and Challenges,Federal Reserve Bank,Philadelphia.
- Marchi A.,Gal G.(2011), Payment cards: Visa debit card fees go down,Competition Policy Newsletter,Brussel.
- Murdoch S.J.(2014), Online Payment Methods,University of Cambridge,Cambridge.
Author: Zofia Rey
