Full service leasing: Difference between revisions

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{{infobox4
'''Full [[Service]] Leasing''' - it is a full long-term rental of vehicles usually between two or five years, in which mechanical service and different non-financial services are included. It contains service costs for maintenance and technical repair, replacement vehicle during maintenance and also tyres for the lease period, [[insurance]], assistance etc<ref>Nemi R. (2016), Operations [[management]] in a full service leasing [[company]]</ref>.It is therefore an extension of operating leasing, but beyond the basic [[financing]] it has a whole package of services<ref>Diehlmann J. (2013). Automotive Management</ref>.
|list1=
<ul>
<li>[[Service lease]]</li>
<li>[[Long term lease]]</li>
<li>[[Direct lease]]</li>
<li>[[Contract hire]]</li>
<li>[[Lump-sum contract]]</li>
<li>[[Demand loan]]</li>
<li>[[True lease]]</li>
<li>[[Swingline loan]]</li>
<li>[[Ijarah]]</li>
</ul>
}}
 
 
'''Full [[Service]] Leasing''' – it is a full long-term rental of vehicles usually between two or five years, in which mechanical service and different non-financial services are included. It contains service costs for maintenance and technical repair, replacement vehicle during maintenance and also tyres for the lease period, [[insurance]], assistance etc.<ref>Nemi R. (2016), Operations [[management]] in a full service leasing [[company]]</ref>.It is therefore an extension of operating leasing, but beyond the basic financing it has a whole package of services<ref>Diehlmann J. (2013). Automotive Management</ref>.


==Characteristics of full service leasing==
==Characteristics of full service leasing==
'''Under the Polish Civil Code, legal status as at August 2011<ref>The Civil Code of 23 April 1964 – Polish and English (2011)</ref>:'''
'''Under the Polish Civil Code, legal status as at August 2011<ref>The Civil Code of 23 April 1964 - Polish and English (2011)</ref>:'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| Expiration ||  
| Expiration ||  
* performance of the contract
* [[performance of the contract]]
   
   
* late payment of liabilities
* late payment of liabilities
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* returning items in a non-deteriorated condition, i.e. excluding normal wear and tear
* returning items in a non-deteriorated condition, i.e. excluding normal wear and tear
|}
|}
'''On the basis of Polish tax law, legal status as at May 2011<ref>The Corporate Income Tax Act of 15 Febraury 1992 – bilingual edition (2011)</ref>:'''
'''On the basis of Polish tax law, legal status as at May 2011<ref>The Corporate Income Tax Act of 15 Febraury 1992 - bilingual edition (2011)</ref>:'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 72: Line 56:
| Tenant's income tax || tax deductible [[cost]]: rent, and in the case of a passenger car also a part of non-deductible VAT
| Tenant's income tax || tax deductible [[cost]]: rent, and in the case of a passenger car also a part of non-deductible VAT
|-
|-
| Buyout || if there is such an option is at the [[market]] [[price]]  
| Buyout || if there is such an [[option]] is at the [[market]] [[price]]  
|}
|}


==Advantages of the full service leasing for tenants==
==Advantages of the full service leasing for tenants==
'''Among the benefits we can distinguish<ref>Bierman H. (2010), An introduction to accounting and managerial finance</ref><ref>Nemi R. (2016), Operations management in a full service leasing company</ref>:'''
'''Among the benefits we can distinguish<ref>Bierman H. (2010), An introduction to accounting and managerial finance</ref><ref>Nemi R. (2016), [[Operations management]] in a full service leasing company</ref>:'''
* Debt financing without any share of the tenant's own resources, there is no pre-payment, balloon installment or buyout option in this case, so it's could be a cheaper option than traditional leasing
* Debt financing without any share of the tenant's own resources, there is no pre-payment, balloon installment or buyout option in this case, so it's could be a cheaper option than traditional leasing
* It's easier to justify [[investments]], because of higher return on investment in case of zero or a small investment
* It's easier to justify [[investments]], because of higher return on [[investment]] in case of zero or a small investment
* The linear nature of expenditure, costs of fleet maintenance are fixed and predictable; monthly fee is influenced by a number of factors, such as the car's make and model, equipment, rental time and mileage limit
* The linear nature of expenditure, costs of fleet maintenance are fixed and predictable; monthly fee is influenced by a number of factors, such as the car's make and model, equipment, rental time and mileage limit
* Flexibility, the possibility of equipping fleet with cars of various purpose and type,
* Flexibility, the possibility of equipping fleet with cars of various purpose and type,
Line 96: Line 80:
* Lack of correct calculation of the total financing cost of the vehicle
* Lack of correct calculation of the total financing cost of the vehicle
* Convincing entrepreneurs that choosing a lease builds [[goodwill]]
* Convincing entrepreneurs that choosing a lease builds [[goodwill]]
==Examples of Full service leasing==
* '''Corporate Leasing''': This is a type of full service leasing that allows businesses to rent vehicles for a long period of time, usually two to five years, in which all services, maintenance, and repair costs are included in the lease. The company will also be responsible for providing replacement vehicles when necessary, providing new tires, and providing insurance and assistance. This type of leasing is beneficial to businesses who do not want to purchase vehicles outright, as all costs are covered in the lease.
* '''Personal Leasing''': This type of full service leasing is targeted towards individuals who do not own vehicles and do not wish to purchase one outright. This type of lease usually lasts for two to five years and includes all of the services, maintenance, and repair costs. In addition, personal leasing also includes replacement vehicles when necessary, new tires, insurance, and assistance. This type of leasing is beneficial to individuals who do not want to purchase a vehicle outright and do not have the [[financial resources]] to do so.
* '''Fleet Leasing''': This type of full service leasing is usually utilized by businesses or organizations that require multiple vehicles for their operations. The lease usually lasts for two to five years and includes all of the services, maintenance, and repair costs. In addition, fleet leasing includes replacement vehicles when necessary, new tires, insurance, and assistance. This type of leasing is beneficial to businesses or organizations that [[need]] multiple vehicles for their operations but do not want to purchase them outright.
==Other approaches related to Full service leasing==
A Full Service Leasing is an alternate approach to vehicle ownership, which offers numerous benefits and services. Other approaches related to Full Service Leasing include:
* '''Short-Term Leasing''': This leasing option usually lasts between one and six months, and offers the same services as Full Service Leasing.
* '''Lease-to-Own''': This is a hybrid approach to vehicle leasing and ownership, where the [[customer]] pays a lower initial cost but is then required to purchase the vehicle at the end of the lease period.
* '''Car Subscription''': This is a new approach to vehicle ownership which allows customers to pay a monthly subscription fee to access a vehicle for a set period of time.
In conclusion, Full Service Leasing offers an affordable and convenient way for customers to access vehicles, while other approaches such as Short-Term Leasing, Lease-to-Own, and Car Subscription offer alternative methods for customers to access vehicles.


==Footnotes==
==Footnotes==
<references />
<references />


== References ==
{{infobox5|list1={{i5link|a=[[Contract hire]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Novated lease]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Direct lease]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Service lease]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Residual payment]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Guaranteed renewable]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Indemnity bond]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Demand loan]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Floater policy]]}} }}
 
==References==
* Bierman H. (2010), [https://books.google.pl/books?id=9q7ctBxmO5IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=An+Introduction+to+Accounting+and+Managerial+Finance:+A+Merger+of+Equals&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikn8rd4YjhAhUIjosKHdCrCnsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=An%20Introduction%20to%20Accounting%20and%20Managerial%20Finance%3A%20A%20Merger%20of%20Equals&f=false ''An introduction to accounting and managerial finance''], World Scientific Publishing
* Bierman H. (2010), [https://books.google.pl/books?id=9q7ctBxmO5IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=An+Introduction+to+Accounting+and+Managerial+Finance:+A+Merger+of+Equals&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikn8rd4YjhAhUIjosKHdCrCnsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=An%20Introduction%20to%20Accounting%20and%20Managerial%20Finance%3A%20A%20Merger%20of%20Equals&f=false ''An introduction to accounting and managerial finance''], World Scientific Publishing
* Diehlmann J. (2013), [https://books.google.pl/books?id=KUvpBQAAQBAJ&lpg=PR1&hl=pl&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Automotive Management''], Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag
* Diehlmann J. (2013), [https://books.google.pl/books?id=KUvpBQAAQBAJ&lpg=PR1&hl=pl&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Automotive Management''], Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag
* Nemi R.(2016), [https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/119596/Niemi_Riku.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ''Operations management in a full service leasing company''], Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences  
* Nemi R.(2016), [https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/119596/Niemi_Riku.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ''Operations management in a full service leasing company''], Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences  
* ''The Civil Code of 23 April 1964 – polish and english'' (2011), Wolters Kluwer, Poland, legal status as at August 2011
* ''The Civil Code of 23 April 1964 - polish and english'' (2011), Wolters Kluwer, Poland, legal status as at August 2011
* ''The Corporate Income Tax Act of 15 Febraury 1992 – bilingual edition'' (2011), publishing house C.H. Beck, Poland, legal status as at May 2011
* ''The Corporate Income Tax Act of 15 Febraury 1992 - bilingual edition'' (2011), publishing house C.H. Beck, Poland, legal status as at May 2011
{{a|Sławomir Maciejowski}}
{{a|Sławomir Maciejowski}}
[[Category:Methods and techniques]]
[[Category:Methods and techniques]]

Latest revision as of 22:48, 17 November 2023

Full Service Leasing - it is a full long-term rental of vehicles usually between two or five years, in which mechanical service and different non-financial services are included. It contains service costs for maintenance and technical repair, replacement vehicle during maintenance and also tyres for the lease period, insurance, assistance etc[1].It is therefore an extension of operating leasing, but beyond the basic financing it has a whole package of services[2].

Characteristics of full service leasing

Under the Polish Civil Code, legal status as at August 2011[3]:

Criterion Description
Form of conclusion
  • written form
Obligations of the landlord
  • issue of things
  • keep in a usable condition
  • responsibility for defects of things
Obligations of the tenant
  • paying the agreed rent
  • using things as intended
The right of the lessor
  • a statutory right of pledge on movable property of the tenant
  • termination of the contract without keeping deadlines, when the item is used contrary to its intended purpose, the tenant delays the payment for at least two periods
Tenant rights
  • the possibility of reducing rent, when the usefulness of things due to defects is limited
  • the possibility of termination of the contract when the item is unusable due to defects
  • possibility of sublease or free use
Duration of the contract
  • marked or unmarked
Reward
  • paid in advance for the entire period or until the 10th day of each month, if the lease is for a period longer than one month or for an indefinite period
Expiration
  • late payment of liabilities
  • returning items in a non-deteriorated condition, i.e. excluding normal wear and tear

On the basis of Polish tax law, legal status as at May 2011[4]:

Criterion Description
Income tax on the landlord rental income
Tenant's income tax tax deductible cost: rent, and in the case of a passenger car also a part of non-deductible VAT
Buyout if there is such an option is at the market price

Advantages of the full service leasing for tenants

Among the benefits we can distinguish[5][6]:

  • Debt financing without any share of the tenant's own resources, there is no pre-payment, balloon installment or buyout option in this case, so it's could be a cheaper option than traditional leasing
  • It's easier to justify investments, because of higher return on investment in case of zero or a small investment
  • The linear nature of expenditure, costs of fleet maintenance are fixed and predictable; monthly fee is influenced by a number of factors, such as the car's make and model, equipment, rental time and mileage limit
  • Flexibility, the possibility of equipping fleet with cars of various purpose and type,
  • Maintenance could be cheaper than in case of purchased car, because most of these costs are borne by the landlord
  • It's off-balance-sheet financing
  • Easy and quick to obtain
  • Convenience and minimizing the time spent on management, because the landlord deals with service and car servicing,
  • Reducing the number of accounting documents
  • Tax savings
  • A vehicle prepared in accordance with the client's specificity
  • Monthly fee is influenced by a number of factors, such as the car's make and model, equipment, rental time and mileage limit

Disadvantages of the full service leasing for tenants

Although the full service leasing is a very advantageous solution, there are factors that may hinder the development of this sector. They include:

  • Lack of entrepreneurs' knowledge about FSL, low awareness of benefits
  • The conviction that traditional leasing is a better form of buying out, because in the lease at the very end of the contract you can buy a vehicle for a few percent
  • Lack of correct calculation of the total financing cost of the vehicle
  • Convincing entrepreneurs that choosing a lease builds goodwill

Examples of Full service leasing

  • Corporate Leasing: This is a type of full service leasing that allows businesses to rent vehicles for a long period of time, usually two to five years, in which all services, maintenance, and repair costs are included in the lease. The company will also be responsible for providing replacement vehicles when necessary, providing new tires, and providing insurance and assistance. This type of leasing is beneficial to businesses who do not want to purchase vehicles outright, as all costs are covered in the lease.
  • Personal Leasing: This type of full service leasing is targeted towards individuals who do not own vehicles and do not wish to purchase one outright. This type of lease usually lasts for two to five years and includes all of the services, maintenance, and repair costs. In addition, personal leasing also includes replacement vehicles when necessary, new tires, insurance, and assistance. This type of leasing is beneficial to individuals who do not want to purchase a vehicle outright and do not have the financial resources to do so.
  • Fleet Leasing: This type of full service leasing is usually utilized by businesses or organizations that require multiple vehicles for their operations. The lease usually lasts for two to five years and includes all of the services, maintenance, and repair costs. In addition, fleet leasing includes replacement vehicles when necessary, new tires, insurance, and assistance. This type of leasing is beneficial to businesses or organizations that need multiple vehicles for their operations but do not want to purchase them outright.

Other approaches related to Full service leasing

A Full Service Leasing is an alternate approach to vehicle ownership, which offers numerous benefits and services. Other approaches related to Full Service Leasing include:

  • Short-Term Leasing: This leasing option usually lasts between one and six months, and offers the same services as Full Service Leasing.
  • Lease-to-Own: This is a hybrid approach to vehicle leasing and ownership, where the customer pays a lower initial cost but is then required to purchase the vehicle at the end of the lease period.
  • Car Subscription: This is a new approach to vehicle ownership which allows customers to pay a monthly subscription fee to access a vehicle for a set period of time.

In conclusion, Full Service Leasing offers an affordable and convenient way for customers to access vehicles, while other approaches such as Short-Term Leasing, Lease-to-Own, and Car Subscription offer alternative methods for customers to access vehicles.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Nemi R. (2016), Operations management in a full service leasing company
  2. ↑ Diehlmann J. (2013). Automotive Management
  3. ↑ The Civil Code of 23 April 1964 - Polish and English (2011)
  4. ↑ The Corporate Income Tax Act of 15 Febraury 1992 - bilingual edition (2011)
  5. ↑ Bierman H. (2010), An introduction to accounting and managerial finance
  6. ↑ Nemi R. (2016), Operations management in a full service leasing company


Full service leasing — recommended articles
Contract hire — Novated lease — Direct lease — Service lease — Residual payment — Guaranteed renewable — Indemnity bond — Demand loan — Floater policy

References

Author: Sławomir Maciejowski

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