Risk based capital: Difference between revisions
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'''[[Risk]] based capital''' (RBC) is a main point in the world of banking regulation. RBC is approproated to improve the [[identification]] of the risk inherent in a bank's operations. Risk based capital refers capital as evaluated in '''Basel's standards''' to therisk-weighted assets called RWA <ref> Salami A.A, 2018, p.540</ref>.</p> | '''[[Risk]] based capital''' (RBC) is a main point in the world of banking regulation. RBC is approproated to improve the [[identification]] of the risk inherent in a bank's operations. Risk based capital refers capital as evaluated in '''Basel's standards''' to therisk-weighted assets called RWA <ref> Salami A.A, 2018, p.540</ref>.</p> | ||
Very important is to assign one of four risk weights (0, 20, 50, 100 percent) off-balance sheet items on the basis of broad judgments of relative credit risk and assets. These classes are used to calculate a risk-based capital ratio. The risk based capital focuses only on credit risk. It is not take into account another factors like liquidity and funding that affect an organization's financial condition. They also ignored factors such as interest rate risk, concentrations of [[investments]] and loans, [[quality]] and level of earnings, problem and classified assets, and quality of [[management]] <ref> Alfriend M.C, (1988), p.30 </ref>.</p> | Very important is to assign one of four risk weights (0, 20, 50, 100 percent) off-balance sheet items on the basis of broad judgments of relative credit risk and assets. These classes are used to calculate a risk-based capital ratio. The risk based capital focuses only on credit risk. It is not take into account another factors like liquidity and funding that affect an [[organization]]'s financial condition. They also ignored factors such as [[interest]] rate risk, concentrations of [[investments]] and loans, [[quality]] and level of earnings, problem and classified assets, and quality of [[management]] <ref> Alfriend M.C, (1988), p.30 </ref>.</p> | ||
==Tier 1 and Tier 2 capitals== | ==Tier 1 and Tier 2 capitals== | ||
Capital, in the Basel standards, embraces | Capital, in the Basel standards, embraces Tier 1 and Tier 2 capitals <ref>Salami A.A, 2018, p.540</ref> : | ||
* Tier 1 capital is the bank core capital, | * Tier 1 capital is the bank core capital, | ||
* Tier 2 capital includes complimentary funds, that is, liabilities other than core capital like subordinated debts, | * Tier 2 capital includes complimentary funds, that is, liabilities other than core capital like subordinated debts, | ||
* Addition of Tier 1 to Tier 2 capital as a proportion of RWA (TCAR) also called total regulatory or total riskbased capital ratio. | * Addition of Tier 1 to Tier 2 capital as a proportion of RWA (TCAR) also called total regulatory or total riskbased capital ratio. | ||
== Risk based capital in insurance companies == | ==Risk based capital in insurance companies== | ||
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) attested risk-based capital rules for life insurance companies in 1992. These policies are planned to measure exposure to four main categories of risk exploited by the insurance industry <ref> Cluff L.D, 1998, p.10 </ref>: | The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) attested risk-based capital rules for life insurance companies in 1992. These policies are planned to measure exposure to four main categories of risk exploited by the insurance industry <ref> Cluff L.D, 1998, p.10 </ref>: | ||
* interest rate, | * interest rate, | ||
| Line 34: | Line 17: | ||
Life insurance regulators believe the major strength of the life [[insurance risk]]-based capital policies is that the rules allow regulators to close a falling [[company]] more easily and quickly that they could in the past. | Life insurance regulators believe the major strength of the life [[insurance risk]]-based capital policies is that the rules allow regulators to close a falling [[company]] more easily and quickly that they could in the past. | ||
== Footnotes == | ==Footnotes== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
== References == | {{infobox5|list1={{i5link|a=[[Altman Z score]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Cash Flow Plans]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Risk-weighted assets]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Capitalization ratio]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Debt management ratio]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Asset equity ratio]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Borrowing capacity]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Bank examination]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Debt capacity]]}} }} | ||
==References== | |||
* Albrecht P., (2003) ''[https://ub-madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de/2778/1/dp03_02.pdf Risk based capital allocation]'', Papers 03-02, Sonderforschungsbreich 504 | * Albrecht P., (2003) ''[https://ub-madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de/2778/1/dp03_02.pdf Risk based capital allocation]'', Papers 03-02, Sonderforschungsbreich 504 | ||
* Alfriend M.C, (1988) ''[https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/frbrichreview/rev_frbrich198811.pdf International risk-based capital standard: history and explanation]'', Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, issue Nov. | * Alfriend M.C, (1988) ''[https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/frbrichreview/rev_frbrich198811.pdf International risk-based capital standard: history and explanation]'', Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, issue Nov. | ||
Latest revision as of 04:54, 18 November 2023
Risk based capital (RBC) is a main point in the world of banking regulation. RBC is approproated to improve the identification of the risk inherent in a bank's operations. Risk based capital refers capital as evaluated in Basel's standards to therisk-weighted assets called RWA [1].
Very important is to assign one of four risk weights (0, 20, 50, 100 percent) off-balance sheet items on the basis of broad judgments of relative credit risk and assets. These classes are used to calculate a risk-based capital ratio. The risk based capital focuses only on credit risk. It is not take into account another factors like liquidity and funding that affect an organization's financial condition. They also ignored factors such as interest rate risk, concentrations of investments and loans, quality and level of earnings, problem and classified assets, and quality of management [2].
Tier 1 and Tier 2 capitals
Capital, in the Basel standards, embraces Tier 1 and Tier 2 capitals [3] :
- Tier 1 capital is the bank core capital,
- Tier 2 capital includes complimentary funds, that is, liabilities other than core capital like subordinated debts,
- Addition of Tier 1 to Tier 2 capital as a proportion of RWA (TCAR) also called total regulatory or total riskbased capital ratio.
Risk based capital in insurance companies
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) attested risk-based capital rules for life insurance companies in 1992. These policies are planned to measure exposure to four main categories of risk exploited by the insurance industry [4]:
- interest rate,
- insurance,
- asset,
- all other business risk.
Life insurance regulators believe the major strength of the life insurance risk-based capital policies is that the rules allow regulators to close a falling company more easily and quickly that they could in the past.
Footnotes
| Risk based capital — recommended articles |
| Altman Z score — Cash Flow Plans — Risk-weighted assets — Capitalization ratio — Debt management ratio — Asset equity ratio — Borrowing capacity — Bank examination — Debt capacity |
References
- Albrecht P., (2003) Risk based capital allocation, Papers 03-02, Sonderforschungsbreich 504
- Alfriend M.C, (1988) International risk-based capital standard: history and explanation, Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, issue Nov.
- Avery R.B, Berger A.N, (1990) Risk-based capital and deposit insurance reform, Working Papers (Old Series) 9101, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.
- Balog D., (2010) Risk based capital allocation, Proceedings of Fikusz 2010, László Áron Kóczy, Proceedings of Fikusz 2010, pages 17-26 Óbuda University, Keleti Faculty of Business and Management
- Cluff L.D, (1998) Risk-Based Capital: Regulatory and Industry Approaches to Capital and Risk, United States General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C.
- Djayadi H., Judi Adrianto H., Arifian D.,(2018) The Model of Insurance Companies Risk Based Capital, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 8(6)
- Nielsen C.Y, (2016) Banks' Credit-Portfolio Choices and Risk-Based Capital Regulation, Working Papers 2016:9, Lund University, Department of Economics
Author: Agnieszka Bednarek
