International joint venture

International joint venture
See also
Transaction cost theory Industrial partner Small business owners Offshoring and outsourcing Direct foreign investment Transfer of knowledge Business to business Model of entrepreneurship Brown field investment

An international joint venture (IJV) is a type of business venture where two or more separate entities cooperate in a strategic alliance to achieve a common goal. The entities can be individuals, companies, or other organizations. All partners contribute resources such as capital, technology, expertise, and market access to the venture and share the risks and rewards of the business. This type of venture is especially beneficial for firms looking to expand into new markets or increase their presence in existing ones. The main advantages of IJVs include access to new markets, increased resources and knowledge, and increased competitive advantage.

Example of international joint venture

• Boeing and Embraer: In 2019, Boeing and Embraer, two of the world's leading aerospace companies, announced the formation of a joint venture called Boeing Brasil – Commercial. The new entity will bring together Boeing's commercial airplanes, services, and digital aviation capabilities with Embraer's commercial aviation business. The partnership will allow the companies to leverage their combined expertise and resources to create new opportunities in the commercial aviation industry.
• Apple and IBM: In 2014, Apple and IBM announced the formation of a joint venture to create enterprise solutions for businesses. The partnership focuses on developing apps and software for use in different industries, such as healthcare, retail, and finance. The venture also provides services such as mobile device management and analytics. By combining their expertise and resources, the companies have created a powerful platform for businesses to use.
• Nestle and Starbucks: In 2018, Nestle and Starbucks announced the formation of a joint venture to create new Starbucks products for Nestle's global markets. The partnership will allow Nestle to leverage Starbucks' expertise in coffee and tea to create products that meet the specific needs of customers in different countries. The joint venture will also provide Nestle with access to Starbucks' valuable consumer data, allowing them to better understand consumer preferences.

When to use international joint venture

An international joint venture (IJV) is a type of business venture where two or more separate entities cooperate in a strategic alliance to achieve a common goal. This type of venture is especially beneficial for firms looking to expand into new markets or increase their presence in existing ones. The following are some of the applications for an international joint venture:

• Expanding into new markets: An IJV can be used to gain access to new markets and customers, and to leverage the knowledge, resources, and technology of the other partner in order to increase sales and profits.
• Developing new products and services: IJVs can help to develop new products and services that can be sold in other markets.
• Sharing risks and rewards: By pooling resources, an IJV can help to spread the risk associated with new ventures and share any rewards among the partners.
• Acquiring new technology: IJVs can help to acquire new technology and expertise that can be used to develop new products and services.
• Developing strategic alliances: IJVs can be used to develop strategic alliances with other companies in order to gain market access and increase competitive advantage.

Types of international joint venture

An international joint venture (IJV) is a strategic alliance between two or more entities that cooperate to achieve a common goal. There are several types of IJVs, including:

• Equity Joint Ventures (EJV) – An EJV is a type of IJV where two or more partners contribute capital and share the ownership and profits of the venture. Each partner has a stake in the venture and is entitled to a portion of the profits.
• Contractual Joint Ventures (CJV) – A CJV is a type of IJV where two or more partners agree to cooperate without sharing ownership and profits. The partners typically make a contractual agreement detailing the scope of the venture, the responsibilities of each partner, and the duration of the venture.
• Consortium Joint Ventures (CJV) – A CJV is a type of IJV where a group of companies come together to form a business entity. The companies in the consortium typically have complementary skills, such as manufacturing and marketing, and collaborate to create a new product or service.
• Strategic Alliances – A strategic alliance is a type of IJV where two or more partners cooperate without forming a business entity. The partners typically have complementary resources and capabilities that they use to create new products or services or gain competitive advantage.
• Licensing Agreements – A licensing agreement is a type of IJV where one partner grants another partner the right to use its intellectual property, such as trademarks or patents, in exchange for a royalty.

Advantages of international joint venture

An international joint venture (IJV) offers a number of advantages for firms looking to expand into new markets or increase their presence in existing ones. These advantages include:

• Access to New Markets: IJVs allow firms to enter new markets without the risk of fully committing to them. This ensures that firms can enter without being exposed to too much risk, while still being able to benefit from the advantages that these markets offer.
• Increased Resources and Knowledge: IJVs provide access to resources and knowledge that may not be available to one firm alone. This can include access to technology, capital, expertise, and market access.
• Increased Competitive Advantage: IJVs can provide firms with a competitive advantage over other firms in the same industry. This is due to the increased access to resources and knowledge, as well as the ability to share risks and rewards.
• Cost Savings: IJVs can also result in cost savings, as the sharing of resources and knowledge can reduce the cost of production. This can lead to increased profits for the venture.
• Improved Access to Capital: IJVs can also provide firms with access to capital that may not have been available to them before. This can be beneficial for firms looking to expand their operations or enter new markets.

Limitations of international joint venture

An international joint venture (IJV) can be an effective business strategy for expanding a company's reach into new markets. However, there are some potential limitations to be aware of before entering into an IJV. These include:

• Cultural differences: Partners in an IJV may have different values and expectations, which can cause misunderstandings.
• Language barriers: Partners may come from different countries and speak different languages, which can lead to communication problems.
• Regulatory issues: Depending on the countries involved, the venture may be subject to a variety of laws, regulations, and taxes.
• Power imbalances: Partners may not have equal influence in decision-making, which can lead to disputes.
• Unclear roles and responsibilities: Without a clear division of roles and responsibilities, conflicts may arise.
• Financial costs: Setting up and running an IJV can be expensive, and partners must work together to ensure that costs are shared equitably.

Other approaches related to international joint venture

An international joint venture (IJV) is a type of business venture where two or more separate entities cooperate in a strategic alliance to achieve a common goal. Other approaches related to international joint venture include:

• Strategic alliance: A strategic alliance is when two or more firms come together to share resources, knowledge, and risks in pursuit of a common goal. This type of cooperation can be used to enter new markets or increase presence in existing ones.
• Merger: A merger is when two or more firms combine to form a new entity. This approach allows two or more firms to combine resources, knowledge, and market access in pursuit of mutual gains.
• Joint venture: A joint venture is when two or more firms come together to create a single legal entity. This allows the participating firms to share resources, knowledge, and risks in pursuit of a common goal.

In summary, international joint ventures, as well as strategic alliances, mergers, and joint ventures, are all approaches that two or more firms can use to collaborate in pursuit of a common goal. Each approach has its own benefits and drawbacks, so it is important to assess which one is best suited for a given situation.

Suggested literature

• Nippa, M., & Reuer, J. J. (2019). On the future of international joint venture research. Journal of International Business Studies, 50, 555-597.
• Pothukuchi, V., Damanpour, F., Choi, J., Chen, C. C., & Ho Park, S. (2002). National and organizational culture differences and international joint venture performance. Journal of international business studies, 33, 243-265.
• Boersma, M. F., Buckley, P. J., & Ghauri, P. N. (2003). Trust in international joint venture relationships. Journal of business research, 56(12), 1031-1042.