Levels of learning

From CEOpedia | Management online

Levels of learning - to the degree of skills and skills acquired by employees during training at a given workplace. One of the most common concepts describing different levels of learning was created by J.S. Bloom - known as taxonomy is the classification of learning objectives, which despite the fact that it was created in 1956 is still a very useful tool. It is perfect for setting measurable goals from the lowest to the highest level of teaching. These goals should be transparent, realistic and achievable for those who want to learn, understandable and clearly defined[1].

Bloom's taxonomy consists of three spheres of educational activities:

  1. The cognitive (cognitive) context in which intellectual knowledge and skills come into play is, for example, critical thinking.
  2. Affective (emotional) which allows us to see what emotional reactions people have. It focuses on feelings, emotions, motivation and values. This is, for example, social activity or ethics in business.
  3. A psychomotor which focuses on changes and development of behaviors and physical skills that require active muscle participation and mind coordination. They occur, for example, in the use of devices, in sport or in art, as well as in body language, and in the negotiation and delivery of training and presentations.

The cognitive sphere

  1. Knowledge - this is the basic category which focuses all of its attention on the recalling of various concepts, facts, events, ways relating to how we should act, as well as methods and models.
  2. Understanding - this is a very important skill because it consists in interpreting the meaning of concepts, as well as comparing these concepts and then drawing important conclusions from them, based on information recorded in the memory.
  3. Application - focuses on the use of information, their application to solve known problems, by choosing a solution from a closed list.
  4. Analysis - requires the ability to recognize components, as well as the relationships and relationships between elements of a structure, which leads to inference and problem solving by providing your own answer.
  5. Synthesis - is the ability to select and combine components in a new structure, allows you to create new information, new answers and unique solutions to problems.
  6. Evaluation - focuses on the evaluation and evaluation of information due to some criterion, whether the goal, as well as the creation of own assessment criteria and arguments[2].

The affective sphere

  1. Receiving / perception - this category is used to describe simple behaviors of acceptance on the part of the student, it is expressed by the desire to receive information in a passive way.
  2. Answering - it is used to describe the attitudes of the student who is interested in the subject and derives satisfaction from learning - we can achieve this by reacting and actively participating in learning, e.g. by answering the question, starting a discussion.
  3. Valuation - understanding the values that a student matches to information. This category is used to describe attitudes when someone appreciates or when we are negative or positive about something.
  4. Organizing - a description of the philosophy and style of being by comparing, comparing the values of different objects to your own scheme.
  5. Characterization - a combination of attitudes and beliefs that make the student act in a characteristic way - invariably in the value that he has acquired in the process of learning. Descriptions of attitudes resulting from personal patterns are made.

The psychomotor sphere

  1. Perception (perception) - it is the ability to use sensory stimuli to control motor activity. It involves detecting, with the help of the senses, such as eyesight and hearing what will happen and reacting to it.
  2. A state of readiness to act (attitude) - a mental, physical or emotional state that helps determine reactions to various situations in advance.
  3. Targeted guidance - these are the learning stages including imitation, trials and errors. In order to be effective in your actions, you need to practice it as often as possible.
  4. Mechanism - when we have already learned reactions, they become habits and our movements are performed more efficiently, without much effort.
  5. Comprehensive or explicit response - it is a quick performance of activities that require difficult, complex movements. This includes action without consideration, without hesitation.
  6. Adaptation (adaptation) - skills are developed at a good level and the learner can adapt his movements to special requirements
  7. Originality (creation) - it consists in creating new movement patterns to match the situation in which it is located or to the problem that concerns it. Creativity has the effect of education and means highly developed skills.

Examples of Levels of learning

  • Remembering: This is the most basic level and involves memorizing facts, concepts, and ideas. For example, students memorizing the definition of a word.
  • Understanding: This level involves comprehension of the material. For example, students being able to explain the meaning of a word in their own words.
  • Applying: This level involves the ability to use the material learned in a new situation. For example, students using the definition of a word to find other words with similar meanings.
  • Analyzing: This level involves breaking down material into its components and understanding how they fit together. For example, students analyzing a complex sentence and identifying the subject, verb, and object.
  • Evaluating: This level involves making judgments based on the material. For example, students evaluating a text to determine whether the author’s arguments are valid.
  • Creating: This level involves synthesizing material to produce something new. For example, students creating a story or poem based on a set of definitions.

Advantages of Levels of learning

  • Levels of learning give structure and clarity to the learning objectives of a course, allowing the learner to track their progress.
  • It helps the learner to understand the material better, and to apply it more effectively.
  • It helps ensure that all the topics are covered, and that each topic is covered adequately.
  • It encourages the learner to think critically and develop analytical thinking skills.
  • It provides the learner with the necessary tools to take control of their own learning and to become an independent learner.
  • It provides the instructor with a guide to design and implement effective learning activities and assessments.

Limitations of Levels of learning

  • Bloom's Taxonomy is a useful tool for setting learning goals, but it has its limitations.
  • It is limited in that it doesn't consider individual differences in learning styles, abilities, and preferences.
  • It also fails to consider the unique contexts in which learning takes place, which can vary from workplace to workplace and student to student.
  • The taxonomy also does not account for the fact that learning is a dynamic, continuous process.
  • It does not take into account the fact that learning is often a social process and is often best understood in terms of its various relationships and interactions with other elements of the environment.
  • The taxonomy also does not consider the fact that learners have different levels of motivation and commitment.
  • Finally, the taxonomy does not account for the fact that learning can be a messy process, with multiple learning pathways, and it is often difficult to map out the exact steps learners have taken in their learning journey.

Other approaches related to Levels of learning

  • The Kolb Learning Style Inventory (LSI) approaches learning by looking at four different learning styles: Converging, Diverging, Assimilating, and Accommodating. Converging style focuses on solving problems through analytical thinking and experimentation, Diverging style focuses on creative thinking, Assimilating style is focused on understanding and applying information, and Accommodating style focuses on applying existing knowledge to new situations.
  • Experiential Learning Theory (ELT) views learning as a process of active participation in real-life experiences. This approach is based on the idea that knowledge is acquired through direct experience rather than through passive observation. ELT focuses on the individual’s ability to gain knowledge, skills, and attitudes through reflection on their own experiences.
  • Transformative Learning Theory (TLT) is a cognitive approach to learning that emphasizes personal growth and transformation. This approach focuses on the individual’s ability to gain new perspectives and understanding through the process of reflection. TLT also encourages learners to take ownership of their own learning and to be open to learning from others.
  • Constructivist Learning Theory (CLT) is an approach to learning that is based on the idea that knowledge is constructed from the individual’s prior experiences and understanding. This approach is focused on helping learners develop their own understanding of a concept by actively engaging in the learning process.

In summary, there are a variety of approaches to learning, each of which emphasize different aspects of learning. These approaches can be used to help learners to gain knowledge, skills and attitudes, to take ownership of their learning, and to develop new perspectives and understanding.


Levels of learning — recommended articles
Double loop learning — Belbin team roles — Situated learning — Behavioral theory — Contingency leadership — Management styles — Integrative thinking — Levels of leadership — Social learning theory

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Bloom, B. S. (2006)
  2. ↑ Guskey, T. R. (2007)

Author: Izabela Palonek

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