Ergonomics

Ergonomics is a comprehensive empirical study, aimed at understanding the multi-faceted man-technique system and develop a set of propositions which are scientific basis for the mutual adaptation of the members of this system, and for the permanent regulation of mutual relations between the members in accordance with the expected development of man as product user and the technical requirements, enabling reliable operation of the system

Ergonomics is etymologically derived from the Greek words: ergon - work, nomos - law, which means science dealing with the laws that govern the work process.

The classical definition of ergonomics: science of adapting work to the human body in various psycho-physical and physical properties.

Modern ergonomics complements the classic definition:... with particular emphasis on the principles of creating optimal conditions for mutual adjustment, in order to increase productivity and contribute to the well-being of the employee. So ergonomics is an applied science that deals with the adaptation of work to the physical and mental human capabilities to ensure efficient operation possible, without posing health risks and pursuing cost optimization.

Ergonomics research achievements

• First generation (human-machine interface technology) focused on the issues of anthropometric, process of perception and simple system design.
• Second generation - system designs related to the man - computer interaction. It extended the scope of research of understanding the nature of human decision-making process.
• Third generation was formed as a discipline concerned with the design of wider complex system in terms of both technical and organizational, and environmental considerations.

The characteristics of ergonomics as both theoretical and applied science, we can start from the following generalizations:

• The chief goal of ergonomics is to improve the "quality" of human life, the formation of such conditions, which may be a source of satisfaction, comfort and safety,
• Overriding task of ergonomics is to improve (optimize) the human-technology, process, shaped by technological advances, the development of human needs, change in managerial knowledge.
• The main subject of study of ergonomics is to analyze the relationship between humans, technology, and organization in different aspects of life..

Ergonomics in management science

Ergonomics is an interdisciplinary science, since it contains a comprehensive solution of problems impossible to solve in terms of isolated actions of individual sciences, namely:

• Physiology is the study of work and body's response to working, work-induced environmental conditions.
• Engineering psychology examines the activities and characteristics of human adaptation in terms of technical equipment and working conditions for its mental properties in terms of reception, processing of information, and decision making.
• Anthropometry of work involves measuring of the parameters of the human body (leg dimensions, arm ranges, body position, etc.) and gives guidance as to the proper dimensions of appliances, etc.
• Occupational health tackles the negative impacts of environmental conditions using measures against the negative effects of job performance, such as the organization of the rest.
• Occupational safety and health (OSH) is responsible for the total resources (equipment, methods, rules) by which risks can be eliminated completely or reduced to the limits of tolerance of any risks (accidents, occupational diseases) occurring in the workplace.

Ergonomics and work

Above disciplines provide the complete data about human organism, and ergonomics synthesizes them into practical implementation. Ergonomics deals with human behaviour in terms of work, and more specifically examines the points of contact between the body and the work environment. Ergonomics place among other sciences:

• technique and technology,
• work methods testing,
• measuring and standardizing of work
• qualification of work.

From the point of view of the development trends, ergonomics can be divided in general and specialized departments such as: industrial ergonomics, ergonomics of transport, construction ergonomics, ergonomics of products for everyday use, ergonomics of the man - machine, ergonomics of information systems.

Over time body's ability to continue working is dropping. It is a natural reaction of the body's defense against harmful biological equilibrium violation. In industrial environments the negative phenomena in the system can be aggravated by improper organization of work. Typical issues solved in the organization are: the length of the working day, compliance rhythms: biological and work schedule breaks, the degree of intensification of work, monotony.

Tasks of ergonomics

The main tasks of ergonomics are:

• Customize the material factors to human capabilities
• Working to protect the body against threats
• Optimization of the interaction between man, machine and environment conditions
• Striving to create conditions for comfort.

See also:

• Ergonomic system

Examples of Ergonomics

• Ergonomic office chairs: Ergonomic office chairs are designed to provide support and comfort to the user, reducing the risk of back pain and other similar issues. These chairs feature adjustable heights, armrests, and lumbar support, as well as adjustable backs, seats, and headrests.
• Ergonomic keyboards: Ergonomic keyboards are designed to minimize stress placed on the wrists and arms when typing. These keyboards feature split and angled keys, allowing the user to type at a more natural angle. They also have adjustable heights and padded wrist rests.
• Ergonomic mice: Ergonomic mice are designed to reduce the strain on the hands and wrists caused by traditional mice. These mice feature shapes and sizes that fit the user's hand comfortably and have adjustable settings for the sensitivity and speed of the cursor.
• Ergonomic tools and equipment: Ergonomic tools and equipment are designed to reduce the risk of injury and fatigue while working. These tools and equipment feature adjustable heights, handles, and grips, as well as ergonomically designed grips and handles. They also feature adjustable weights and sizes.

Advantages of Ergonomics

Ergonomics provides several advantages for humans and the environment. These include:

• Improved safety and comfort: Ergonomics helps to reduce the risk of injuries and improve the comfort of workers by designing workstations and equipment to better fit the human body.
• Increased productivity and efficiency: Ergonomic designs are often better suited to the task at hand, which can help to reduce wasted effort and increase efficiency.
• Reduced fatigue and stress: Ergonomics can help to reduce the physical and psychological stress of performing a task, leading to improved energy levels, wellbeing, and job satisfaction.
• Improved quality of life: Ergonomic principles can be applied to everyday items like chairs, keyboards, and telephones, helping to reduce the strain and fatigue associated with long-term use.
• Reduced costs: Ergonomics can help to reduce the costs associated with workplace injuries and lost productivity, allowing businesses to save money in the long run.

Limitations of Ergonomics

• Ergonomics is a relatively new field, and therefore the available research is limited.
• Ergonomics does not take into account the feelings and emotions of the user, so it can overlook important aspects of the user experience.
• Ergonomics is limited in its ability to quantify the user experience, as it relies mostly on qualitative data.
• Ergonomics cannot anticipate all potential scenarios in which a user might operate a product, so it is difficult to design a product that is suitable for all users.
• Ergonomics cannot easily account for changes in user behavior over time, which can affect the usability of a product.
• Ergonomics is often limited by budget and time constraints, which can lead to sub-optimal design solutions.

Other approaches related to Ergonomics

Ergonomics is a comprehensive empirical study, aimed at understanding the multi-faceted man-technique system and develop a set of propositions which are scientific basis for the mutual adaptation of the members of this system, and for the permanent regulation of mutual relations between the members in accordance with the expected development of man as product user and the technical requirements, enabling reliable operation of the system. In addition to the ergonomic approach to design, there are several other approaches that can be used to optimize the design process. These approaches include:

• Human Factors Engineering (HFE): HFE is an engineering discipline that focuses on designing product interfaces with the user in mind. This approach takes into account the physical and cognitive capabilities of the user, as well as the user's interaction with the product.
• Cognitive Engineering: This approach emphasizes the design of systems that are cognitively efficient and effective. It focuses on understanding how the user thinks and interacts with the system, and the design of systems that facilitate this interaction.
• Interaction Design: Interaction design is a design process that focuses on creating user interfaces that are intuitive and easy to use. It involves understanding the user's context and how they interact with the system.
• Usability Engineering: Usability engineering is an approach that focuses on making products easy to use and intuitive. It involves understanding the user's needs and designing the product to meet those needs.

In summary, there are several approaches to design that are related to ergonomics. These include Human Factors Engineering, Cognitive Engineering, Interaction Design, and Usability Engineering. Each approach has its own focus and can be used to optimize the design process.

Ergonomics — recommended articles

Ergonomic system — Work cycle — Frank Bunker Gilbreth — Work simplification — Perfect system — Organizational techniques — Technical competence — Cybernetic approach to management — Designed quality

References

• International Ergonomics Associacion, Ergonomics. Taylor & Francis, 1957.
• Hendrick, H. W. (1991). Ergonomics in organizational design and management. Ergonomics, 34(6), 743-756.
• Kroemer, K. H., Kroemer, H. B., & Kroemer-Elbert, K. E. (2001). Ergonomics: how to design for ease and efficiency. Pearson College Division.
• Human Factors and Ergonomics Society website