Availability bias: Difference between revisions
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'''Availability bias''' can be defined as a misjudgment of [[risk]]. An assessment based on false assumptions. When a person thinks something is more likely than it actually is because they have heard, read, or talked about it a disproportionate number of times. In addition, it may be a situation that happened to someone earlier - and that person therefore projects it into the present or future. The mental availability of corresponding examples is therefore decisive for our judgment or our assessment. For this purpose, the actual question is unconsciously replaced by a heuristic question that is easier to answer. | '''Availability bias''' can be defined as a misjudgment of [[risk]]. An assessment based on false assumptions. When a person thinks something is more likely than it actually is because they have heard, read, or talked about it a disproportionate number of times. In addition, it may be a situation that happened to someone earlier - and that person therefore projects it into the present or future. The mental availability of corresponding examples is therefore decisive for our judgment or our assessment. For this purpose, the actual question is unconsciously replaced by a heuristic question that is easier to answer. | ||
The term availability bias goes back to psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, who coined it in 1973. In their [[work]] at the time, they showed that people tend to overestimate the likelihood of a scenario occurring if they could easily imagine or remember it<ref>Cheng, Li, Liu, 2020, pp. 3141-3143</ref>. | The term availability bias goes back to psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, who coined it in 1973. In their [[work]] at the time, they showed that people tend to overestimate the likelihood of a scenario occurring if they could easily imagine or remember it<ref>Cheng, Li, Liu, 2020, pp. 3141-3143</ref>. | ||
== Applications of the concept == | ==Applications of the concept== | ||
In the following scenarios one is confronted with the availability bias in everyday life<ref>Fox, 2006, pp. 86-89</ref><ref>Asl, Gholipour, Gholipour, Rostami, Sadi, 2010, pp. 234-237</ref><ref>Ruscio, 2000, pp. 22-26</ref><ref>Hertwig, Pachur, Steinmann, 2012, pp. 314-316</ref>: | In the following scenarios one is confronted with the availability bias in everyday life<ref>Fox, 2006, pp. 86-89</ref><ref>Asl, Gholipour, Gholipour, Rostami, Sadi, 2010, pp. 234-237</ref><ref>Ruscio, 2000, pp. 22-26</ref><ref>Hertwig, Pachur, Steinmann, 2012, pp. 314-316</ref>: | ||
* '''[[Education]]''': A study by Fox looks at whether memory impairment affects judgment. In his study, two groups filled out a course [[evaluation]] form. One of the two test groups had to note two positive aspects about the course and two additional suggestions for improvement. In contrast, the second group had to write down 10 suggestions for improvement and two positive comments about the course. Both groups were then asked to rate the course on a scale from 1 to 7. The students who had more suggestions for improvement rated the course better as they found the [[information]] more difficult to remember. Most of the students in the group given 10 suggestions did not write more than 2 because they could not recall any other instances of dissatisfaction with the class. The students who were asked to give the easier rating with only two complaints rated the course more rigorously because they had less trouble remembering the information. | * '''[[Education]]''': A study by Fox looks at whether memory impairment affects judgment. In his study, two groups filled out a course [[evaluation]] form. One of the two test groups had to note two positive aspects about the course and two additional suggestions for improvement. In contrast, the second group had to write down 10 suggestions for improvement and two positive comments about the course. Both groups were then asked to rate the course on a scale from 1 to 7. The students who had more suggestions for improvement rated the course better as they found the [[information]] more difficult to remember. Most of the students in the group given 10 suggestions did not write more than 2 because they could not recall any other instances of dissatisfaction with the class. The students who were asked to give the easier rating with only two complaints rated the course more rigorously because they had less trouble remembering the information. | ||
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==Footnotes== | ==Footnotes== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
{{infobox5|list1={{i5link|a=[[Diffusion of innovation]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Behavioral theory]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Central traits]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Analysis paralysis]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Level of awareness]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Social desirability bias]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Selective perception]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Attitudes and behaviour]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Theory of expectations]]}} }} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
* Asl, H. G., Gholipour, A., Gholipour, F., Rostami, M. R., Sadi, R. (2010). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammad-Rostami/publication/265071384_Behavioral_Finance_The_Explanation_of_Investors'_Personality_and_Perceptual_Biases_Effects_on_Financial_Decisions/links/5e9fe21792851c2f52ba64ec/Behavioral-Finance-The-Explanation-of-Investors-Personality-and-Perceptual-Biases-Effects-on-Financial-Decisions.pdf ''Behavioral Finance: The Explanation of Investors’ Personality andPerceptual Biases Effects on Financial Decisions'']. "International Journal of [[Economics]] and Finance", 3(5), pp. 234-241. | * Asl, H. G., Gholipour, A., Gholipour, F., Rostami, M. R., Sadi, R. (2010). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammad-Rostami/publication/265071384_Behavioral_Finance_The_Explanation_of_Investors'_Personality_and_Perceptual_Biases_Effects_on_Financial_Decisions/links/5e9fe21792851c2f52ba64ec/Behavioral-Finance-The-Explanation-of-Investors-Personality-and-Perceptual-Biases-Effects-on-Financial-Decisions.pdf ''Behavioral Finance: The Explanation of Investors’ Personality andPerceptual Biases Effects on Financial Decisions'']. "International Journal of [[Economics]] and Finance", 3(5), pp. 234-241. | ||
* Cheng, Z.y., Li, P. and Liu, G.I. (2020). ''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7807127/pdf/1349-7235-59-3141.pdf Availability Bias Causes Misdiagnoses by Physicians: Direct Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial]''. "Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan)", 59(24), pp. | * Cheng, Z.y., Li, P. and Liu, G.I. (2020). ''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7807127/pdf/1349-7235-59-3141.pdf Availability Bias Causes Misdiagnoses by Physicians: Direct Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial]''. "Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan)", 59(24), pp. 3141-3146. | ||
* Fox, C.R. (2006). [https://journal.sjdm.org/jdm06020.pdf ''The availability heuristic in the classroom: How soliciting more criticism can boost your course ratings'']. "Judgment and [[Decision making|Decision Making]]", Vol. 1, pp. 86-90. | * Fox, C.R. (2006). [https://journal.sjdm.org/jdm06020.pdf ''The availability heuristic in the classroom: How soliciting more criticism can boost your course ratings'']. "Judgment and [[Decision making|Decision Making]]", Vol. 1, pp. 86-90. | ||
* Hertwig, R., Pachur T. and Steinmann, F. (2012). [https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_2098897_5/component/file_2098896/content ''How do people judge risks: availability heuristic, affect heuristic, or both?'']. "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied", 18(3), pp. | * Hertwig, R., Pachur T. and Steinmann, F. (2012). [https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_2098897_5/component/file_2098896/content ''How do people judge risks: availability heuristic, affect heuristic, or both?'']. "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied", 18(3), pp. 314-330. | ||
* Ruscio, J. (2000). [https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2000/03/22164857/p22.pdf ''Risky Business. Vividness, Availability, and the Media Paradox'']. "Skeptical Inquirer", 24(2), pp. 22-26. | * Ruscio, J. (2000). [https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2000/03/22164857/p22.pdf ''Risky Business. Vividness, Availability, and the Media Paradox'']. "Skeptical Inquirer", 24(2), pp. 22-26. | ||
[[Category: Basic concepts]] | [[Category: Basic concepts]] | ||
{{a|Max Bachmann}} | {{a|Max Bachmann}} | ||
Latest revision as of 17:59, 17 November 2023
Availability bias can be defined as a misjudgment of risk. An assessment based on false assumptions. When a person thinks something is more likely than it actually is because they have heard, read, or talked about it a disproportionate number of times. In addition, it may be a situation that happened to someone earlier - and that person therefore projects it into the present or future. The mental availability of corresponding examples is therefore decisive for our judgment or our assessment. For this purpose, the actual question is unconsciously replaced by a heuristic question that is easier to answer.
The term availability bias goes back to psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, who coined it in 1973. In their work at the time, they showed that people tend to overestimate the likelihood of a scenario occurring if they could easily imagine or remember it[1].
Applications of the concept
In the following scenarios one is confronted with the availability bias in everyday life[2][3][4][5]:
- Education: A study by Fox looks at whether memory impairment affects judgment. In his study, two groups filled out a course evaluation form. One of the two test groups had to note two positive aspects about the course and two additional suggestions for improvement. In contrast, the second group had to write down 10 suggestions for improvement and two positive comments about the course. Both groups were then asked to rate the course on a scale from 1 to 7. The students who had more suggestions for improvement rated the course better as they found the information more difficult to remember. Most of the students in the group given 10 suggestions did not write more than 2 because they could not recall any other instances of dissatisfaction with the class. The students who were asked to give the easier rating with only two complaints rated the course more rigorously because they had less trouble remembering the information.
- Finance: When making a complex financial decision, there is a danger that categorizing information will oversimplify what is actually happening. Wrong decisions can be the result, as can investors who rely too much on their own, but often limited, wealth of experience. Finally, one speaks of resonance when decision-relevant information happens to apply to the investor's personal situation or coincides with his or her experience. Such information is usually perceived differently, usually more intensively, and can steer the intake and processing of information in a certain direction.
- Media: The frequency and likelihood of events are particularly skewed by the media coverage and emotional intensity of news stories to which we are exposed. This can lead to us grossly overestimating certain risks just because the media are reporting more about them. For example, public events such as politician corruption scandals or celebrity divorces draw a lot of attention, making them easy to recall. As a result, we overestimate the frequency of corruption scandals among politicians or celebrity divorces. Dramatic events such as plane crashes also increase the mental availability of an event or category. For example, if a plane crashes, the media coverage leads to a temporary high mental availability, which means that we grossly overestimate the frequency of plane crashes and the risk of air travel (although the extremely low statistical risk has not changed).
- Perceived risk: A hypothetical event makes an event appear more likely by establishing causal relationships. However, these effects could also be caused by the availability heuristic, since subjective likelihood is increased by making an event easier to imagine. Availability heuristics often lead to risk-averse human behavior. This means trying to avoid dangerous situations even when the danger seems unlikely.
Footnotes
| Availability bias — recommended articles |
| Diffusion of innovation — Behavioral theory — Central traits — Analysis paralysis — Level of awareness — Social desirability bias — Selective perception — Attitudes and behaviour — Theory of expectations |
References
- Asl, H. G., Gholipour, A., Gholipour, F., Rostami, M. R., Sadi, R. (2010). Behavioral Finance: The Explanation of Investors’ Personality andPerceptual Biases Effects on Financial Decisions. "International Journal of Economics and Finance", 3(5), pp. 234-241.
- Cheng, Z.y., Li, P. and Liu, G.I. (2020). Availability Bias Causes Misdiagnoses by Physicians: Direct Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial. "Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan)", 59(24), pp. 3141-3146.
- Fox, C.R. (2006). The availability heuristic in the classroom: How soliciting more criticism can boost your course ratings. "Judgment and Decision Making", Vol. 1, pp. 86-90.
- Hertwig, R., Pachur T. and Steinmann, F. (2012). How do people judge risks: availability heuristic, affect heuristic, or both?. "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied", 18(3), pp. 314-330.
- Ruscio, J. (2000). Risky Business. Vividness, Availability, and the Media Paradox. "Skeptical Inquirer", 24(2), pp. 22-26.
Author: Max Bachmann
