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...l Reserve Banks expand and contract the monetary supply, provide credit as a lender of last resort, clear checks during times of insolvency. While natio The [[Board]] of Governors, consisting of 7 member called for a 14-year term, is the governing body of the FED count rate in addition to in

'''Deming wheel''' is also known as '''PDCA cycle'''. It is a basic tool that helps to [[continuous improvement|continuously improve]] th ...ult in effective [[action]], and must move on again to careful planning in a continuous cycle.

...he waste created by actions that don't add value to the customer. There is a list of 7 wastes in production and another list for services. ...hole enterprise can require sub-optimization of its parts. It shouldn't be a surprise.

...h new, yet unknown. Sometimes investment is necessary, but it shouldn't be a first solution to choose. The Kaizen means: ...for uncovering improvement opportunities and making small changes. This is a low [[cost]] approach, that uses simple [[quality control]] tools: Pareto,

...in connection with [[Kaizen]], [[Lean manufacturing]]. However, 5S can be a stand-alone program. The 5S stand for the five first letters of the Japanes ...Seiso, Seiketsu. Later, a fifth rule was added - Shitsuke (discipline) (T. A. Fabrizio, D. Tapping 2006, p. 2). As the popularity of 5S [[System]] has g

...called ''"Pareto Optimum"'', which explains allocation of the resources of a society.'' ...title of engineer, he was employed by a large ironworks and also worked as a director of an Italian railway. In later years Vilfredo studied Walras's wo

...th years the "social ecology" was started, including natural population as a whole in studies. ...pollution, deforestation, and climate change. Additionally, ecology plays a crucial role in conservation efforts by providing the knowledge needed to p

...as legally introduced as a state policy. Apartheid collapsed in 1994 after a long time of struggles of the opposition with Nelson Mandela at the vanguar ...[workplace]], disable whites received annually more than disable blacks in a lump sum payment. Apart of the huge earning gap, which for example in 1969

...The money reform usually lowers denomination of existing currency which is a result of high [[inflation]] which result in emission notes about high deno ...e stabilization of currency, liquidation of excessive quantity of money as a result of high inflation,

...claiming false deductions, or using other illegal methods. Tax evasion is a criminal offense and can result in fines, penalties, and even imprisonment. ...s an illegal practice opposing a tax law. Its is defined as a crime and as a result it is punishable in accordance with the law of the given country. Ta

'''Strategic HRM''' is a part of Human [[resource]] [[management]] (HRM), concept which discusses th '''SHRM''' takes a long-term perspective and it is concerned with issues such as [[corporate c

* monitoring of the system with the aid of internal audits and a management review. * a description of the scope of the standard,

...by the head of the office. In the event whereby errors have been found in a decision it is the office that is held responsible, not the civil servant w ...ry obligation]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Adverse Action]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Accreditation]]}} }}

* preparation of a statement of applicability, * development of a risk treatment [[plan]],

'''Primary [[market]]''' is a subset of '''financial market''', where surplus funds are invested in new c .... The players in this market can be both corporations and individuals with a surplus of funds, who are interested in the purchase of issued securities.

...gher [[quality]] can mean lower costs. When he returned to USA, he founded a [[consulting]] [[company]]. ...as a highly influential statistician and business consultant who developed a [[system]] of Total Quality Management. He developed the "Deming Cycle," wh

...an independent consultant and lecturer. In 1954 he was invited to deliver a series of lectures for Japanese engineers. They proved to be very successfu Joseph M. Juran was a prominent business [[management]] theorist, who is best known for his contr

'''Tax haven''' or fiscal paradise are terms used to refer to a jurisdiction which enables its foreign residents or companies to reduce the ...iversal tax haven is a country's offer to entrepreneurs and investors with a wide range of financial and tax benefits. Such havens include colonial terr

'''Venture capital (VC)''' is a modern type of raising funds for the inwestments and projects. Venture capi ...ertise, connections, and mentorship to the table, which can be helpful for a [[startup]] trying to navigate the early stages of business.

...d shock]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Over-valued currency]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[David Ricardo]]}} }} * Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). ''[https://cambridgeforecast.wordpress.com/2007/12/page/7/ The the

...a patent, copyright or [[exclusive right to sell]] a given [[product]] in a given [[market]]. ...rmined in relation to the size of the existing [[demand]].. In the case of a [[pure monopoly]], product has no substitutes, which means that elasticity

'''Individualism''' is a [[national culture]] attribute describing the degree to which people prefer ...ce been updated, the original data are from 30 years ago and were based on a single [[company]] (IBM). Second, few researchers have read the details of

* A man only increases effort because of influence of economic incentives (posi * Man acts as a machine (of particular strength, speed, endurance)

...ar cultural dimension. This measure reflect extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have beliefs ...ce been updated, the original data are from 30 years ago and were based on a single [[company]] (IBM). Second, few researchers have read the details of

'''Laissez-faire government''' is a doctrine stating that a [[government]] should not directly interfere with economic affairs but rath ...alth care, which the private enterprises would not be able to. At present, a doctrine which is close to the discussed one is the economic liberalism, wh

...at power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. It is a range of expectations and acquiescence on the unequal distribution of power ...lass or caste [[system]] that discourages upward mobility of its citizens. A low-power-distance ranking indicates the culture discourages differences be

...e the possibility of lending to each other their liquid assets. It is also a closed market as the transactions in financial instruments can be carried o ...eceipt or grant of one bank to another of a specified amount of cash, with a pre-determined date and [[interest]] rate. There are two kinds of interbank

...ally has increased the [[need]] to ensure that laboratories can operate to a [[quality]] management [[system]] that is seen as compliant with ISO 9001 a ...s specifying the technical requirements for [[technical competence]]. When a laboratory does not undertake one or more of the activities covered by ISO/

...rojects]] (it uses common [[knowledge]] of methods and techniques), but to a large extent is influenced by the impact of organizational culture of [[com ...g a [[competitive advantage]] requires competences and skills to implement a long-term strategy of [[continuous improvement]]. They can take many forms.

The '''International Monetary Fund '''is a nearly global economic [[organization]]. It's goals, as it claims, are fost ...free float]], pegging to another currency or basket of currencies, forming a [[Monetary Union|monetary union]], etc.), except pegging them to gold. Afte

...ces - stocks, [[bonds]] and any other [[long-term debt]] - are included in a WACC calculation. ...r it finances. A firm's WACC is the overall required return on the firm as a whole and, as such, it is often used internally by company directors to det

...alue Added''' (SVA) is a value based [[management]] performance measure of a [[company]]'s worth to shareholders compared to the weighted average [[cost ...duce the operating [[profit]]. Value creation is virtually guaranteed when a company's return on capital exceeds its cost of capital. In sharp contrast,

...spin-off in the same context. But spin-off happens when a company creates a new company from one of the existing departments, subsidiaries, or subunits In contrast to the [[spin-off]], spin-out companies do not have a soft cushion in the parent company and are responsible for their finances,

Companies which want to be a sponsor might choose one of above mentioned type. ...an social fund]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Company image]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Types of stakeholders]]}} }}

...Laboratories in 1942. When he working at Bell Laboratories, he formulated a theory explaining the [[communication]] of information and worked on the pr ...eiving a master's degree and a doctorate. Shannon wrote a Master's thesis "A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits"on the use of Boole's alg

...onal Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) are known as a The World Bank Group. The Bank was established in 1944 during the Bretton W ...f the world is represented by 19 Directors. President of the World Bank is a chairman of [[Board of directors|Board of Directors]]. President is traditi

...customs house]] in some countries. It confirms that goods were produced in a country from which they were delivered. This document is obligatory in some ...or a long time can get this document. This [[information]] can be found on a certificate.

...t used to state help. The question which sectors will be protected is also a big problem. ...— {{i5link|a=[[New international economic order]]}} — {{i5link|a=[[Reflation]]}} }}

...ble to regulate the obligations (debts), can't be questioned, but there is a limiting sum, above which it is possible to refuse to regulate charges in c ..., they gained the possibility of an enlargement of the quantity of cash in a way similar to the purchase of ores. Above of all, this possibility influen

The theory assumes that [[business cycle]]s develop as a result of [[bank credit]] expansion, which is not accompanied by an increas ...milar increase of savings, since at any given moment in time there is only a limited supply of [[money]] on the market. Higher savings rate causes marke

...to sell the stock. Because of time value effects, tax paid immediately has a higher effective capital [[cost]] than the same tax paid in the future. ...cent of capital gains were taxed. At a taxation rate of 50%, this gives us a 50% tax rate on dividends and (0,4)(0,5) = 20% on long-term capital gains.

...gliani] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_Miller Merton Miller] in a famous seminal paper in 1961. The authors claimed that neither the [[price] * A company declares a dividend of $1 per share for the next quarter. According to the Dividend Ir

...his theory was developed by Myron Gordon (1963) and John Lintner (1964) as a response to Modigliani and Miller's [[dividend irrelevance theory]]. Gordon and Lintner claimed that Modigliani and Miller made a mistake assuming lack of impact of dividend policy on [[firm]]'s [[cost]] o

...income (or in other word - at given prices) in given period. In literature a shortcut - AD (aggregate demand) is used very often. Net export is a separate category (NX - Net eXport) and represents difference between natio

When analysing supply and [[demand]] for money, Mises uses a concept proposed by Philip Wicksteed: supply of money is the total stock of ...ay of quantities of all other goods and services that can be exchanged for a given amount of money.

...ransformation to the [[market]] - based economy. The document consisted of a set of instructions, policy guidelines and recommendations which should be * '''Privatization''' - emphasis of a superiority of the private sector above state - ownership

...t Jidoka implementation was made by Sakichi Toyoda in 1902. He constructed a utility that stopped the loom when the thread was broken. It is regarded as ...ne or some part of it (depending on used [[technology]]). Usually there is a time limit set by top [[management]], in which the problem must be solved.

'''Andon''' is a visual [[system]] that notifies managers and workers of a problem with [[production]] [[process]]. It can be in form of large [[board ...rested people. The large board with signal lights was usually installed in a place visible for everyone on the production floor. When the computer and i

...ds to imbalance of the [[process]]. Thus the fluctuation in performance is a cause of waste. The [[organization]] has to keep additional capacity, inven Let's assume the [[enterprise]] manufactures five [[types of products]]: A, B, C, D, E. Whole [[Lean manufacturing]] [[system]] is implemented, includ

...rience and observation of new engineers. However, this story might be only a part of Toyota legend. ...m time to time detach from their usual [[work]] and see whole process from a distance. Together with leaders they can discuss their observations and fin