Autonomous Investment

Autonomous investments cause cyclical fluctuations in the economy through induction and multiplier using the accelerator. Autonomous investments together with induced investments are classified as New investments. What are the differences between these two types of investments? The neo-classic investment function can show this difference. The investment function in the general form is presented as follows :

I = f(Y,i); f(Y)>0 and f(i)<0

where:

I = investment

Y = income

i = interest rate

Investments, which were initiated by raising the level of income and lowering the level of interest rates, are induced investments. Speculating that the income will remain unchanged in a short time, the investment function is definition in this way :

I = f(i)

In the case of autonomous investments, the interest rate and the level of income are not basic factors influencing this investment. Factors that mainly cause autonomous investments are called exogenous factors. Changes in the economy affected by these factors include, inter alia:

• inventing of new products,
• invention of discovery of new raw materials,
• innovation in production technology,
• discovering of new markets,
• inventing of new production process,
• growth of population and its spending power,
• emergence of new entrepreneurs,
• expansion plan of the business firms,
• future expectations
• increase in public expenditure.

In general, the exogenous element is the result of public investment, a growing population or technological change. An autonomous investment is an aspect independent of the economic conditions, such as income and consumption, which currently exist.

This confirm by economist John Richard Hicks from Great Britain, for whom an autonomous investment presents growth factors related to technology development and population growth. It is an autonomous investment whose strength is expressed in the multiplier and which starts to increase production and employment. These investments grow with a constant percentage rate - that is assumes Hicks .

The economist John Maynard Keynes, in his theory admits that "autonomous investment is driven by the entrepreneurial "animal spirits" , comparing the expected returns the capital investment to the rate of interest. Induced investment is instead the response in terms of capacity creation to the expansion of output. The combination of the multiplier and the accelerator determines the investment output-relationship" ( D. Gualerzi 2009 s, 140).

Summing up the Definitions

Investments are a consequence of previous changes that have occurred at the level of consumption or income and which respond to an increase or decrease in total consumption demand. The reaction to changes, which occurring through an autonomous investment is an endogenous factor and the accelerator expresses this force . We assume that there is an equivalent system, disrupted as a result of the emergent growth of an autonomous investment. Then the outpoll and income goes up to the level determined by the multiplier, This increase in employment and increase in income will cause, thanks to the accelerator, induced Investments, which will then contribute to further induced investments, i.e. the accelerator and income growth, i.e. the multiplier and so on.

Simply put, the rise in autonomous investment is caused by increasing the growth of induced investments using interactions with the multiplier accelerator. This action will be continuous until it reaches the peak, which will be full employment. When the expansion changes to the highest level, the speed of this extension slows down to a normal pace. In this case, the rate of induced investments becomes smaller, because the factor of the autonomous investment was short-lived. Then the accelerator mechanism, as well as the multiplier mechanism, became the opposite. "falling investments that cut revenues, reduced revenues, reduced investments, and so on " (N. B. Ghodke, 1985, p. 577). However, it is not beneficial for the accelerator to drop down because it is not as energetic as when it increases. The accelerator is losing strength at the time.

Examples of Autonomous Investment

• Business investment in new technology, such as robotics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning.
• Governments investing in infrastructure projects such as building roads, bridges, and airports.
• Investing in research and development (R&D) for a new product or service.

Examples of Induced Investment

Give elaborated, expanded, expert description of examples. Give real life examples. Give more than one example. Use * as a bullet. Prioritize more elaborate examples.

• Investing in public education, such as building schools and providing scholarships.
• Investing in healthcare services, such as hospitals and clinics.
• Investing in energy efficiency improvements, such as installing solar panels.

Advantages of Autonomous Investment

Autonomous investments are investments that are done without external influences and are decided by the investor themselves. They have several advantages:

• Autonomous investments provide more control over decisions and investments, allowing the investor to make decisions according to their own risk appetite.
• They can help to diversify a portfolio and reduce the risk of market volatility.
• Autonomous investments provide more liquidity to the investor, as they can be sold quickly and easily.
• Autonomous investments can help to reduce the costs of investment, as the investor does not have to pay for financial advisors or brokers.
• Autonomous investments also provide more flexibility, allowing the investor to make changes to their investments as the market changes.

Limitations of Autonomous Investment

Autonomous investment is an investment that does not require an external stimulus or an external change in order to occur. However, it does have its limitations. These limitations can be categorized as follows:

• Autonomous investment is limited by the availability of resources. Since it does not require an external stimulus, it relies on internal sources of capital such as savings and equity. As a result, if there is not enough capital available, autonomous investment may not be able to occur.
• Autonomous investment is also limited by its own rate of return. If the rate of return is not high enough to justify the cost of the investment, then the investment may not occur.
• Autonomous investments may also be affected by the volatility of the economy. During times of economic uncertainty, investors may be unwilling to make autonomous investments, as the risks may be too great.
• Autonomous investments may also be hampered by the lack of reliable information about future economic conditions. Without reliable information, it may be difficult for investors to make informed decisions about their investments.

Other approaches related to Autonomous Investment

Autonomous investment is an important factor in the economy and it has been studied in various ways. The following are other approaches related to autonomous investment:

• The neoclassical investment function is an approach which highlights the role of autonomous investment on the economy. It explains the relationship between autonomous investment and induced investment, and their contribution to economic growth.
• The Accelerator model is another approach which explains the relationship between autonomous investment and induced investment. It states that induced investment is a result of autonomous investment and that the latter accelerates the growth of the economy.
• The Inductive Approach is another approach which suggests that autonomous investment has a direct impact on economic growth. It states that autonomous investment is the first step in the economy, and induces investment further increases economic growth.

In summary, the various approaches related to autonomous investment demonstrate the importance of autonomous investment for economic growth. They explain the relationship between autonomous and induced investment and the contribution of autonomous investment to economic growth.

Autonomous Investment — recommended articles

Austrian business cycle theory — Demand shock — Endogenous growth theory — Crowding out effect — Alfred Marshall — Interventionism — John Richard Hicks — Global demand — David Ricardo

References

• Dwivedi, D. N. (2015) Macroeconomics: Theory and Policy,"Tata McGraw-Hill Education, - 603."
• Forrest, J. (2014). A Systems Perspective on Financial Systems, "CRC Press, - 570."
• Gottheil, F. M. (2014). Study Guide for Gottheil's Principles of Macroeconomics, 7th, "Cengage Learning, - 384."
• Gualerzi, D. (2009). Coming of Age of Information Technologies and the Path of Transformational Growth.: A long run perspective on the 2000s recession A Long Run Perspective on the 2000s Recession, "Routledge, - 176."
• Ghodke, N. B. (1985). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Economics, "Tom 1, Mittal Publications, - 494."

Author: Katarzyna Turek