Knowledge and information

Knowledge and information
See also
Concept of knowledge Functions of research Learning from experience Knowledge and understanding Case study analysis Analysis of information Knowledge management processes Innovation and creativity Knowledge and skills

Knowledge is the understanding of facts, concepts and principles acquired through experience, study and research. It is the cognitive understanding of a subject, which can include facts, information, skills, values, beliefs and experience.

Information is data or facts that can be converted into knowledge. It is the raw material used to create knowledge and is often presented in a structured form such as text, numbers or images. Information helps us to make decisions, solve problems and advance our understanding. In the field of management, knowledge and information are essential components of decision-making and problem-solving. It is through the acquisition, analysis and application of knowledge and information that managers are able to make informed decisions and develop strategies that lead to successful outcomes.

Example of knowledge and information

• Knowledge about the stock market is information about the performance of investment securities, the fluctuations in the market and the strategies to maximize a portfolio’s return.
• Knowledge about customer behaviour is information about how customers interact with the company, their buying habits and the factors that influence their choices.
• Knowledge about the accounting process is information about the principles and practices used to record and report financial transactions.
• Knowledge about marketing is information about the process of analyzing, targeting and communicating with potential customers to promote a product or service.
• Knowledge about human resources is information about recruiting, hiring, training and managing employees.
• Knowledge about organizational structure is information about the hierarchy of roles, responsibilities and decision-making authority within a company.

When to use knowledge and information

Knowledge and information can be used to inform decision-making and problem-solving in many different contexts. Knowledge and information can be used to:

• Make decisions: Knowledge and information can be used to inform decisions by providing managers with a better understanding of the situation and the available options. It can help to identify trends and patterns, understand the root causes of problems and identify opportunities.
• Develop strategies: Knowledge and information can be used to develop strategies for achieving desired outcomes. It can help to identify the resources needed and the risks associated with different courses of action.
• Monitor and measure performance: Knowledge and information can be used to monitor and measure performance in order to assess the effectiveness of strategies and processes. It can help to identify areas for improvement and ensure that resources are being used efficiently.
• Analyze data: Knowledge and information can be used to analyze data in order to gain insights and improve understanding. It can help to identify trends and patterns, predict future outcomes and determine the best course of action.
• Solve problems: Knowledge and information can be used to solve problems by providing a better understanding of the situation and identifying possible solutions. It can help to identify the root causes of problems and identify potential solutions.

Types of knowledge and information

• Explicit knowledge: Explicit knowledge is information that is objective, easily shared and can be codified in the form of documents, books or other media. Examples of explicit knowledge include scientific theories, instructions, facts, rules, laws and regulations.
• Tacit knowledge: Tacit knowledge, on the other hand, is subjective and difficult to articulate. It is based on experience, intuition and judgment and is difficult to codify. Examples of tacit knowledge include personal skills, values, beliefs and attitudes.
• Structured knowledge: Structured knowledge is information that is organized in a logical or systematic way. Examples of structured knowledge include databases, processes and procedures.
• Unstructured knowledge: Unstructured knowledge is information that is not organized in a logical or systematic way. Examples of unstructured knowledge include conversations, emails and videos.
• Creative knowledge: Creative knowledge is information that is used to create new ideas or solve problems. Examples of creative knowledge include brainstorming sessions, design thinking and innovation.
• Contextual knowledge: Contextual knowledge is information that is specific to a particular context or situation. Examples of contextual knowledge include local customs, cultural norms and industry trends.

Advantages of knowledge and information

Knowledge and information are essential components of any business and are key to achieving success. Knowledge and information provide managers with the tools to make informed decisions, develop strategies, and gain a competitive edge in the industry. There are several advantages to having knowledge and information at hand:

• Increased Efficiency: Having access to knowledge and information allows managers to quickly identify problems and find solutions. This results in more efficient decision-making and quicker problem solving.
• Improved Performance: Having access to knowledge and information allows managers to make better decisions and develop better strategies. This leads to improved performance and increased success.
• Reduced Risk: Having access to knowledge and information allows managers to identify potential risks and take steps to mitigate them. This helps to reduce the risk of failure and ensure the success of the project or venture.
• Improved Communication: Having access to knowledge and information allows managers to better communicate their ideas, plans and strategies. This leads to better collaboration and team performance.
• Increased Innovation: Having access to knowledge and information allows managers to be more creative and innovative. This helps to drive businesses forward and stay ahead of the competition.

Limitations of knowledge and information

Knowledge and information are essential components of decision-making and problem-solving, but they can also have certain limitations. These include:

• Limited Scope: Knowledge and information are limited by the scope of the data available. If the data is incomplete or inaccurate, the conclusions drawn from it may be flawed.
• Subjectivity: Human beings can be biased when interpreting information, which can lead to inaccurate conclusions.
• Outdated Information: Knowledge and information can become outdated quickly as the world changes. It is important to keep up to date with developments in order to make informed decisions.
• Overload: Too much information can be overwhelming and can lead to confusion and poor decision-making.
• Cost: Acquiring the necessary knowledge and information can be costly in terms of time and money.
• Accessibility: Access to knowledge and information may be restricted due to geographical location or security measures, which can limit decision-making.

Other approaches related to knowledge and information

Knowledge and information are essential components of successful decision-making and problem-solving. There are other approaches that can be used to facilitate the acquisition, analysis and application of knowledge and information. These approaches include:

• Systems Thinking: This approach involves understanding the interconnections between different parts of a system and their impact on the whole. It is based on the idea that any changes made to one part of the system can have a ripple effect throughout the entire system.
• Knowledge Sharing: This approach involves sharing information and knowledge among different individuals and teams in order to increase understanding and collaboration.
• Data Mining: This approach involves extracting knowledge from large datasets by applying algorithms and statistical techniques.
• Knowledge Management: This approach involves the collection, organization, and dissemination of knowledge and information within an organization in order to improve decision-making and problem-solving.

Overall, these approaches can be used to facilitate the acquisition, analysis and application of knowledge and information, helping managers make informed decisions and develop strategies that lead to successful outcomes.

Suggested literature

• Keller, T., & Tergan, S. O. (2005). Visualizing knowledge and information: An introduction. Knowledge and information visualization: Searching for synergies, 1-23.