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• Walter A. Shewhart
  [[Image:Shewhart.gif|right|frame|Walter A. Shewhart]] ...ievement was inventing the [[control chart]], which was ''a formulation of a scientific basis for securing economic control''.
  8 KB (1,225 words) - 05:48, 18 November 2023
• A-B Trust
  '''A-[[B trust|B Trust]]''' is a way to avoid property taxes (if you have a fairly large building) for married couples. The AB Trust [[system]] allows ...erred to as marital trust (L. Rush Hunt, Lara Rae Hunt 2004, p. 48). Trust A must belong to the federal subtraction of marriage property tax (L. Rush Hu
  4 KB (749 words) - 17:05, 17 November 2023
• Starting a project
  '''Starting a [[project]]''' can be a daunting task but it is important to have an organized [[plan]] of attack. ==Example of Starting a project==
  5 KB (774 words) - 05:59, 18 November 2023
• Class a shares
  55 bytes (6 words) - 14:36, 18 February 2023
• Type a personality
  58 bytes (6 words) - 14:54, 18 February 2023
• Budget of a project
  The preparation of the budget because of its significance is a complex [[process]] and usually consists of several stages. ...the system is developed and how much decision-making levels must pass such a project, depends on the size of the company.
  4 KB (559 words) - 18:35, 17 November 2023
• Economic profile of a sector
  ...ment]], which determines the conditions for all firms in the sector. It is a [[method]] of assessing the reality in which the [[company]] operates. * The rate of growth of the market as a percentage of annual sales volume changes,
  3 KB (390 words) - 21:37, 17 November 2023
• Ability to work in a team
  ...ob. It involves the ability to work collaboratively with others to achieve a common goal. This includes the [[ability to communicate]] effectively, dele .... In the first place among these competences is the ability to [[work]] in a team.
  14 KB (2,204 words) - 17:07, 17 November 2023

Page text matches

• Main Page
  ...related to [[management]], business, and [[economics]]. The website offers a wealth of [[knowledge]] and resources that can be used by students, manager ...tures articles, case studies, and other resources that can help users gain a better understanding of different aspects of management and business. These
  3 KB (434 words) - 07:50, 18 November 2023
• Quality
  ...[[evaluation]] (good ~, bad ~, high ~, low ~). Today we define quality as a group of [[product]] characteristics (features) that guarantee fulfilment o D.A. Garvin in his paper<ref>Garvin D.A.: What does [[product quality]] really mean, Sloan [[Management]] Review, 1
  12 KB (1,806 words) - 04:13, 18 November 2023
• Slawomir Wawak
  Sławomir Wawak is a management consultant since 2001. He cooperates with [[consulting]] firms l ...sponsor]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Innovative research]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Project support office]]}} }}
  2 KB (330 words) - 05:38, 18 November 2023
• Kaoru Ishikawa
  A [[quality circle]] is a group of workers that meet regularly in order to analyse and solve [[work]] [[Fish diagram]] is a cause and effect diagram, which shows causes of specific event (problem). T
  8 KB (1,112 words) - 22:19, 17 November 2023
• Genichi Taguchi
  ...titutes. In 50-ties he worked in Indian Statistics Institute with [[Walter A. Shewhart]]. Design of experiments is the [[method]] of designing tasks in a way that allows find explanations of variation. Origins of systematic trial
  9 KB (1,327 words) - 22:57, 17 November 2023
• Knowledge management
  ...ng, tagging), [[organizing]], using and development of knowledge assets of a given [[organization]]. The goal of Knowledge Management is to give access ...en knowledge developed by an organization is not used or is forgotten, and a problem is solved once more, absorbing time ([[project]] takes longer than
  3 KB (419 words) - 00:33, 18 November 2023
• Business Intelligence
  Business Intelligence systems are used primarily as a support in [[management]] of two groups of problems. ...re: decision on entering a new [[market]] or development of a prototype of a new, ground-breaking [[service]] or [[product]].
  3 KB (398 words) - 18:39, 17 November 2023
• Options
  ...wner the right * not an obligation * to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specified [[price]] (strike/ exercise price) at some point in the future. W And the buyer/holder - the party that holds option. The buyer pays a writer (or the seller) the premium, which is kept by the writer whether the
  8 KB (1,332 words) - 02:40, 18 November 2023
• Futures
  ...instrument]] at a price established now, but payment and delivery occur at a specified future date. The commodities can be: gold, oil, cattle, frozen or ...They usually constitute small percentage of the value of underlying asset. A typical margin can be anywhere from 10 to 20 percent of the price of the co
  7 KB (1,035 words) - 22:53, 17 November 2023
• Interest rate swaps
  '''[[Interest]] rate swap''' is a type of derivative, so its value depends on underlying assets, for example, ...period of time. Usually, interest rate swaps exchange a fixed payment for a floating payment - often linked to an interest rate (ex.LIBOR).
  3 KB (552 words) - 00:07, 18 November 2023
• Bonds
  ...al instruments which are issued to raise capital. In other words, they are a loan made by investors to corporations, local or state governments. As ment There is a large variety of bonds, the most common one are:
  3 KB (472 words) - 18:25, 17 November 2023
• Project steering committee
  The '''[[project]] [[steering committee]]''' is a body supporting the [[management]] of the [[project]] in its activity durin The steering committee may designate to project manager a certain margin of financial discretion, so that spending small amount of [[
  9 KB (1,291 words) - 04:00, 18 November 2023
• Monetary union
  ...and economic policies, common authority which acts like a central bank and a common [[money]]. The Economic and [[Monetary Union]] (EMU) established in 1992 as a result of Maastricht Treaty is the best known example of [[Monetary Union|m
  3 KB (439 words) - 01:57, 18 November 2023
• Negotiation
  ...d offers in order to achieve common objectives that satisfies both side of a [[process]]. ...ation''' - Also known as win-lose or "fixed-pie" type of negotiation where a final result is often an agreement that is not equally satisfactory to both
  8 KB (1,192 words) - 02:12, 18 November 2023
• Six sigma
  ...d]] of [[production]] [[system]] improvement performed in order to achieve a [[product]] of perfect [[quality]]. The method base on [[statistical proces ...If you measure the thickness and draw a histogram you'll probably end with a bell curve. The most of slices will have thickness about the mean, and the
  11 KB (1,612 words) - 05:36, 18 November 2023
• Arthur Cecil Pigou
  ...e. He was a student of [[Alfred Marshall]] and in 1908 he succeeded him as a professor of political [[economics]] at University of Cambridge. He stayed ...become one of the bases of an analysis on [[government]] intervention with a relation to externality. In ''The Theory of [[Unemployment]]'' (1933) he ex
  4 KB (576 words) - 17:48, 17 November 2023
• Alban William Phillips
  ...e Rehunga, New Zealand, died 4 March 1975 in Auckland, New Zealand. He was a British [[economist]], adherent to Keynesian Theory. He is most well known ...ut soon switched his course to [[economics]] and within 11 years he became a professor of economics at the statistics department in LSE. 9 years later,
  7 KB (1,139 words) - 17:35, 17 November 2023
• Common consolidated corporate tax base
  ...ivide the aggregated tax base to particular member countries, according to a specific key. The key has to be agreed between member countries firstly. On ...oposes that member countries harmonize their corporate income tax rates to a uniform rate. This would help to reduce tax avoidance and evasion, as compa
  6 KB (949 words) - 19:30, 17 November 2023
• Tax principles by Adam Smith
  ...te budget the same percentage of income by every taxpayer - what is called a flat tax nowadays (this view was supported by Adam Smith) or diversifying t ...]] An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, provide a sound basis for taxation that is fair, efficient, and promotes economic gro
  7 KB (1,104 words) - 04:45, 18 November 2023
• Bancassurance
  ...ch the insurance products are being sold by a bank, by the same channel as a traditional bank's products. ...urance can have many positive effects on the bank. First of all, it can be a new and very successful source of the capital. Then, the [[risk]] of sellin
  7 KB (1,026 words) - 18:04, 17 November 2023
• Hedge fund
  ...to keep 20% of all investment gains. In the theory hedge funds should have a positive return when the [[market]] is up, down or even sideways. ...While mutual funds are designed to have stable investment [[strategy]] in a given class, hedge funds are much more flexible. Manager of hedge funds hav
  2 KB (376 words) - 21:02, 17 November 2023
• Meaning of synergy
  '''Synergy in business''' means a specific type of relation between factors, which results that final effect ...nt accounting. Synergies can be divided into those that can be achieved in a short time (e.g., by use of the basic management techniques, access to cash
  9 KB (1,349 words) - 23:35, 17 November 2023
• Sponsorship marketing
  ...sorship marketing''' is one of the fastest growing [[forms of promotion]]; a tool promoting products, companies or brands within the sponsored unit. It is a contract where a sponsor provides the sponsored unit with resources needed to achieve its go
  3 KB (491 words) - 05:54, 18 November 2023
• Jean Baptiste Say
  ...litteraire et politique". After fulfilling various public functions he was a lecturer in [[economics]], in particular in Conservatoire des Arts et Metie ...ur. However, what distinguished him from the classical English school, was a more optimistic vision of capital economy.
  3 KB (472 words) - 00:23, 18 November 2023
• John Maynard Keynes
  ...to the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance. In 1908 he became a lecturer at Cambridge University. Throughout all his life Keynes was seriou ...University of Cambridge, where Keynes worked as a lecturer, was a place of a serious theoretical reflexion.
  2 KB (362 words) - 00:27, 18 November 2023
• Milton Friedman
  '''Milton Friedman''' was born in Brooklyn on 31 July 1912. Being a leader of the Chicago School of [[Economics]], in the years 1965-1990 he ga ...rcent rule," which recommends that the money supply should be increased at a steady rate, regardless of the state of the economy.
  4 KB (589 words) - 01:51, 18 November 2023
• Alfred Marshall
  ...His [[work]] entitled "Principles of [[Economics]]" published in 1890, had a big influence on his generation. Even now the introduction to [[economics]] ...period. The [[market]] period is the amount of time for which the stock of a commodity is fixed. The short period is the time in which the supply can be
  7 KB (1,043 words) - 17:35, 17 November 2023
• John Stuart Mill
  ...estricted to the role of "state-policeman", it should fulfill some role at a point when the [[competition]] mechanisms seem to be insufficient to achiev John Stuart Mill was a highly influential thinker and writer during the 19th century. He made sign
  4 KB (587 words) - 00:27, 18 November 2023
• Mergers and acquisitions
  ...itions]] (abbr. M&A) are the financial transactions which aim is to create a [[company]] with the assets value increasing the total value of assets of t ...ished itself as the new owner, the purchase is called an acquisition. From a legal point of view, the target company ceases to exist, the buyer "swallow
  3 KB (385 words) - 01:47, 18 November 2023
• Friendly takeover
  In a private company, because the shareholders and the board are usually the sam # *In 2011, pharmaceutical giant Pfizer acquired rival drugmaker Wyeth in a friendly takeover valued at $68 billion. The deal was approved by Wyeth’s
  7 KB (963 words) - 22:47, 17 November 2023
• Hostile takeover
  ...the assets by using the stock-exchange. However, according to the law when a certain threshold of owning the company assets is exceeded then acquiring c Threats of a hostile takeover include the following:
  3 KB (451 words) - 21:11, 17 November 2023
• Warrant
  ...[[firm]]'s common stock directly from a firm at a specified [[price]] for a given period of time. Warrant is characterized by the number of shares of s ...iduals while warrants are issued by firms and when a warrant is exercised, a firm must issue new shares of stock, what causes the increase in number of
  3 KB (406 words) - 07:47, 18 November 2023
• Poka yoke
  ...ty for error (human mistake) either by making it more difficult to produce a defected product during [[production]] process or by making mistake so obvi .... the element won't leave the workplace if photocell didn't noticed taking a screw from bin.
  8 KB (1,191 words) - 03:15, 18 November 2023
• Technical analysis
  '''Technical analysis''' is a popular technique used by investors in order to predict future prices of fi ...s]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Chande Momentum Oscillator]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Forecasting]]}} }}
  4 KB (539 words) - 06:43, 18 November 2023
• Fundamental analysis
  ...earnings of the firm, growth plans of the firm, [[economic situation]] of a country or particular [[industry]], etc.) in order to maintain perspective ...ined by dividing net [[profit]] by total sales, the result is presented as a percentage. In order to calculate net margin, analyst should use net [[prof
  4 KB (533 words) - 22:52, 17 November 2023
• Belbin team role inventory
  ...hat person. The outcome of that personal skill investigation is a profile, a team role, that shows which of the 9 [[team roles]] is currently the strong Each Team Role brings an important contribution to a team, and each is associated with particular strengths and typical weakness
  11 KB (1,690 words) - 18:14, 17 November 2023
• Project cost management
  * cost [[budget of a project|budgeting]], ...ed on approximate [[market]] value). It is necessary to create [[budget of a project]].
  11 KB (1,548 words) - 03:53, 18 November 2023
• BCG growth-share matrix
  ...divided into two segments: more and less than 10 percent growth per year. A [[market growth]] above 10 percent is considered high Therefore, this varia ...y the share of its biggest [[competitor]]. Relative market share serves as a measure of the [[company]]'s strength in the relevant market segment.
  12 KB (1,797 words) - 18:02, 17 November 2023
• Marketing mix
  ...hat is offered in a market to satisfy a specific [[need]] of [[customer]]. A product may be physical but also may have immaterial form (e-book, mp3 tune ...sidered separately from the element of product. The key objective of using a price is obviously to generate and maximize [[company]] revenues.
  9 KB (1,274 words) - 01:35, 18 November 2023
• Product life cycle
  * ''Introduction'': A period of slow sales growth as the product is introduced in the market. Pro * ''Growth'': A period of rapid market acceptance and substantial [[profit]] improvement.
  10 KB (1,565 words) - 01:40, 18 November 2023
• Project
  ...oject''' is an one-time effort limited by time (it has a starting date and a fixed end date), characterized by specific goals and conditions, with defin Project [[Management]] Institute (PMI) defines a Project as:
  10 KB (1,402 words) - 03:52, 18 November 2023
• Downsizing
  ...h the staff reduction means lowering costs of an [[enterprise]] as well as a scale of its [[action]]. This type of reorganization has recently taken pla ...literature downsizing means reducing the number of people who [[work]] in a [[company]]. In practice downsizing may refer to such areas as: [[organizat
  8 KB (1,106 words) - 19:13, 17 November 2023
• Fixed cost
  ...f the amount of [[business activity]] in a given period but are subject to a change in longer time frame (e.g. due to macroeconomic changes, [[investmen Fixed costs are an inherent part of expenses for a number of businesses, especially in the field of services, including restau
  7 KB (1,119 words) - 20:19, 17 November 2023
• Special economic zone
  ...o attract foreign [[investment]] and promote economic growth. The goals of a SEZ can vary depending on the specific policies and regulations established * Attracting foreign investment: One of the main goals of a SEZ is to attract foreign companies to invest in the zone, through the prov
  3 KB (486 words) - 05:51, 18 November 2023
• Barings bank collapse
  ...ed merchant banks in the United Kingdom, until its collapse in 1995 due to a loss of over £800 million. ...on the emerging markets. Its brokerage, Barings Securities Limited, played a crucial role in Asia and Latin America.
  7 KB (1,092 words) - 15:41, 17 November 2023
• Credit rating agency
  ...d with [[investment]] in its issued securities. A credit rating aggregates a number of scores from risk [[evaluation]] of given economic, social and [[P ...bjectivity. The fact that the data is analysed on an ongoing basis is also a considerable advantage of credit reports.
  3 KB (442 words) - 20:24, 17 November 2023
• Informal economy
  ...result is an increase in costs and often a bankruptcy of the employer and a subsequent increase in [[unemployment]]. ...re not limited to: moon-shining, manufacture and sale of narcotics etc. As a rule illegal market activities are highly profitable.
  3 KB (447 words) - 23:50, 17 November 2023
• Business angel
  '''Business angel''' is a private investor, usually former [[entrepreneur]], who is investing his own ...ally. The informal nature of the relationship between a business angel and a financed company can result in varying [[investment]] periods and condition
  4 KB (595 words) - 18:39, 17 November 2023
• Securitization
  ...curitization of assets''' is a [[process]] through which an issuer creates a [[financial instrument]] by transforming an illiquid asset such as receivab Securitization is a common form of [[financing]] an operational business especially among banks
  2 KB (369 words) - 05:17, 18 November 2023
• Operating system
  ...can execute other applications (e.g. [[Management information system]]) in a comfortable and efficient manner. ** there is a noticeable delay after a task has been fed in and executed
  3 KB (494 words) - 00:31, 18 November 2023
• Federal reserve system
  ...l Reserve Banks expand and contract the monetary supply, provide credit as a lender of last resort, clear checks during times of insolvency. While natio The [[Board]] of Governors, consisting of 7 member called for a 14-year term, is the governing body of the FED count rate in addition to in
  3 KB (387 words) - 20:10, 17 November 2023
• Deming wheel
  '''Deming wheel''' is also known as '''PDCA cycle'''. It is a basic tool that helps to [[continuous improvement|continuously improve]] th ...ult in effective [[action]], and must move on again to careful planning in a continuous cycle.
  10 KB (1,578 words) - 20:56, 17 November 2023
• Muda mura muri
  ...he waste created by actions that don't add value to the customer. There is a list of 7 wastes in production and another list for services. ...hole enterprise can require sub-optimization of its parts. It shouldn't be a surprise.
  9 KB (1,339 words) - 02:03, 18 November 2023
• Kaizen
  ...h new, yet unknown. Sometimes investment is necessary, but it shouldn't be a first solution to choose. The Kaizen means: ...for uncovering improvement opportunities and making small changes. This is a low [[cost]] approach, that uses simple [[quality control]] tools: Pareto,
  11 KB (1,654 words) - 00:29, 18 November 2023
• 5S method
  ...in connection with [[Kaizen]], [[Lean manufacturing]]. However, 5S can be a stand-alone program. The 5S stand for the five first letters of the Japanes ...Seiso, Seiketsu. Later, a fifth rule was added - Shitsuke (discipline) (T. A. Fabrizio, D. Tapping 2006, p. 2). As the popularity of 5S [[System]] has g
  12 KB (1,812 words) - 17:03, 17 November 2023
• Vilfredo Pareto
  ...called ''"Pareto Optimum"'', which explains allocation of the resources of a society.'' ...title of engineer, he was employed by a large ironworks and also worked as a director of an Italian railway. In later years Vilfredo studied Walras's wo
  3 KB (433 words) - 07:43, 18 November 2023
• Ecology
  ...th years the "social ecology" was started, including natural population as a whole in studies. ...pollution, deforestation, and climate change. Additionally, ecology plays a crucial role in conservation efforts by providing the knowledge needed to p
  3 KB (415 words) - 21:34, 17 November 2023
• Apartheid
  ...as legally introduced as a state policy. Apartheid collapsed in 1994 after a long time of struggles of the opposition with Nelson Mandela at the vanguar ...[workplace]], disable whites received annually more than disable blacks in a lump sum payment. Apart of the huge earning gap, which for example in 1969
  3 KB (481 words) - 17:43, 17 November 2023
• Redenomination
  ...The money reform usually lowers denomination of existing currency which is a result of high [[inflation]] which result in emission notes about high deno ...e stabilization of currency, liquidation of excessive quantity of money as a result of high inflation,
  4 KB (563 words) - 04:34, 18 November 2023
• Tax evasion
  ...claiming false deductions, or using other illegal methods. Tax evasion is a criminal offense and can result in fines, penalties, and even imprisonment. ...s an illegal practice opposing a tax law. Its is defined as a crime and as a result it is punishable in accordance with the law of the given country. Ta
  4 KB (562 words) - 06:40, 18 November 2023
• Strategic hrm
  '''Strategic HRM''' is a part of Human [[resource]] [[management]] (HRM), concept which discusses th '''SHRM''' takes a long-term perspective and it is concerned with issues such as [[corporate c
  4 KB (613 words) - 06:11, 18 November 2023
• Information security management system
  * monitoring of the system with the aid of internal audits and a management review. * a description of the scope of the standard,
  11 KB (1,483 words) - 23:54, 17 November 2023
• Information security in local government
  ...by the head of the office. In the event whereby errors have been found in a decision it is the office that is held responsible, not the civil servant w ...ry obligation]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Adverse Action]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Accreditation]]}} }}
  3 KB (494 words) - 23:53, 17 November 2023
• Implementation of information security management system
  * preparation of a statement of applicability, * development of a risk treatment [[plan]],
  13 KB (1,913 words) - 23:33, 17 November 2023
• Primary market
  '''Primary [[market]]''' is a subset of '''financial market''', where surplus funds are invested in new c .... The players in this market can be both corporations and individuals with a surplus of funds, who are interested in the purchase of issued securities.
  9 KB (1,408 words) - 03:28, 18 November 2023
• William Edwards Deming
  ...gher [[quality]] can mean lower costs. When he returned to USA, he founded a [[consulting]] [[company]]. ...as a highly influential statistician and business consultant who developed a [[system]] of Total Quality Management. He developed the "Deming Cycle," wh
  7 KB (974 words) - 07:51, 18 November 2023
• Joseph M. Juran
  ...an independent consultant and lecturer. In 1954 he was invited to deliver a series of lectures for Japanese engineers. They proved to be very successfu Joseph M. Juran was a prominent business [[management]] theorist, who is best known for his contr
  8 KB (1,242 words) - 00:28, 18 November 2023
• Tax haven
  '''Tax haven''' or fiscal paradise are terms used to refer to a jurisdiction which enables its foreign residents or companies to reduce the ...iversal tax haven is a country's offer to entrepreneurs and investors with a wide range of financial and tax benefits. Such havens include colonial terr
  3 KB (416 words) - 06:40, 18 November 2023
• Venture capital
  '''Venture capital (VC)''' is a modern type of raising funds for the inwestments and projects. Venture capi ...ertise, connections, and mentorship to the table, which can be helpful for a [[startup]] trying to navigate the early stages of business.
  3 KB (514 words) - 07:41, 18 November 2023
• Business cycle
  ...d shock]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Over-valued currency]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[David Ricardo]]}} }} * Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). ''[https://cambridgeforecast.wordpress.com/2007/12/page/7/ The the
  3 KB (400 words) - 18:41, 17 November 2023
• Monopoly
  ...a patent, copyright or [[exclusive right to sell]] a given [[product]] in a given [[market]]. ...rmined in relation to the size of the existing [[demand]].. In the case of a [[pure monopoly]], product has no substitutes, which means that elasticity
  8 KB (1,172 words) - 01:59, 18 November 2023
• Individualism
  '''Individualism''' is a [[national culture]] attribute describing the degree to which people prefer ...ce been updated, the original data are from 30 years ago and were based on a single [[company]] (IBM). Second, few researchers have read the details of
  3 KB (433 words) - 23:47, 17 November 2023
• Organizational behavior
  * A man only increases effort because of influence of economic incentives (posi * Man acts as a machine (of particular strength, speed, endurance)
  9 KB (1,196 words) - 02:42, 18 November 2023
• Uncertainty avoidance
  ...ar cultural dimension. This measure reflect extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have beliefs ...ce been updated, the original data are from 30 years ago and were based on a single [[company]] (IBM). Second, few researchers have read the details of
  8 KB (1,146 words) - 07:24, 18 November 2023
• Laissez faire government
  '''Laissez-faire government''' is a doctrine stating that a [[government]] should not directly interfere with economic affairs but rath ...alth care, which the private enterprises would not be able to. At present, a doctrine which is close to the discussed one is the economic liberalism, wh
  7 KB (1,103 words) - 00:39, 18 November 2023
• Power distance
  ...at power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. It is a range of expectations and acquiescence on the unequal distribution of power ...lass or caste [[system]] that discourages upward mobility of its citizens. A low-power-distance ranking indicates the culture discourages differences be
  8 KB (1,261 words) - 01:16, 18 November 2023
• Interbank market
  ...e the possibility of lending to each other their liquid assets. It is also a closed market as the transactions in financial instruments can be carried o ...eceipt or grant of one bank to another of a specified amount of cash, with a pre-determined date and [[interest]] rate. There are two kinds of interbank
  8 KB (1,268 words) - 00:06, 18 November 2023
• ISO 17025
  ...ally has increased the [[need]] to ensure that laboratories can operate to a [[quality]] management [[system]] that is seen as compliant with ISO 9001 a ...s specifying the technical requirements for [[technical competence]]. When a laboratory does not undertake one or more of the activities covered by ISO/
  8 KB (1,081 words) - 23:29, 17 November 2023
• Organizational culture and project management
  ...rojects]] (it uses common [[knowledge]] of methods and techniques), but to a large extent is influenced by the impact of organizational culture of [[com ...g a [[competitive advantage]] requires competences and skills to implement a long-term strategy of [[continuous improvement]]. They can take many forms.
  16 KB (2,232 words) - 02:44, 18 November 2023
• International Monetary Fund
  The '''International Monetary Fund '''is a nearly global economic [[organization]]. It's goals, as it claims, are fost ...free float]], pegging to another currency or basket of currencies, forming a [[Monetary Union|monetary union]], etc.), except pegging them to gold. Afte
  7 KB (1,070 words) - 00:11, 18 November 2023
• WACC
  ...ces - stocks, [[bonds]] and any other [[long-term debt]] - are included in a WACC calculation. ...r it finances. A firm's WACC is the overall required return on the firm as a whole and, as such, it is often used internally by company directors to det
  7 KB (1,174 words) - 07:47, 18 November 2023
• Shareholder value added
  ...alue Added''' (SVA) is a value based [[management]] performance measure of a [[company]]'s worth to shareholders compared to the weighted average [[cost ...duce the operating [[profit]]. Value creation is virtually guaranteed when a company's return on capital exceeds its cost of capital. In sharp contrast,
  9 KB (1,397 words) - 05:28, 18 November 2023
• Spin-out
  ...spin-off in the same context. But spin-off happens when a company creates a new company from one of the existing departments, subsidiaries, or subunits In contrast to the [[spin-off]], spin-out companies do not have a soft cushion in the parent company and are responsible for their finances,
  3 KB (376 words) - 05:54, 18 November 2023
• Corporate sponsor
  Companies which want to be a sponsor might choose one of above mentioned type. ...an social fund]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Company image]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Types of stakeholders]]}} }}
  3 KB (453 words) - 20:08, 17 November 2023
• Claude E. Shannon
  ...Laboratories in 1942. When he working at Bell Laboratories, he formulated a theory explaining the [[communication]] of information and worked on the pr ...eiving a master's degree and a doctorate. Shannon wrote a Master's thesis "A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits"on the use of Boole's alg
  10 KB (1,451 words) - 19:19, 17 November 2023
• World Bank
  ...onal Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) are known as a The World Bank Group. The Bank was established in 1944 during the Bretton W ...f the world is represented by 19 Directors. President of the World Bank is a chairman of [[Board of directors|Board of Directors]]. President is traditi
  3 KB (410 words) - 05:57, 18 November 2023
• Certificate of origin
  ...customs house]] in some countries. It confirms that goods were produced in a country from which they were delivered. This document is obligatory in some ...or a long time can get this document. This [[information]] can be found on a certificate.
  4 KB (583 words) - 16:46, 17 November 2023
• Protectionist policy
  ...t used to state help. The question which sectors will be protected is also a big problem. ...&mdash; {{i5link|a=[[New international economic order]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Reflation]]}} }}
  3 KB (419 words) - 02:04, 18 November 2023
• Money emission
  ...ble to regulate the obligations (debts), can't be questioned, but there is a limiting sum, above which it is possible to refuse to regulate charges in c ..., they gained the possibility of an enlargement of the quantity of cash in a way similar to the purchase of ores. Above of all, this possibility influen
  11 KB (1,749 words) - 01:58, 18 November 2023
• Austrian business cycle theory
  The theory assumes that [[business cycle]]s develop as a result of [[bank credit]] expansion, which is not accompanied by an increas ...milar increase of savings, since at any given moment in time there is only a limited supply of [[money]] on the market. Higher savings rate causes marke
  10 KB (1,565 words) - 17:56, 17 November 2023
• Tax preference theory
  ...to sell the stock. Because of time value effects, tax paid immediately has a higher effective capital [[cost]] than the same tax paid in the future. ...cent of capital gains were taxed. At a taxation rate of 50%, this gives us a 50% tax rate on dividends and (0,4)(0,5) = 20% on long-term capital gains.
  9 KB (1,303 words) - 04:45, 18 November 2023
• Dividend irrelevance theory
  ...gliani] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_Miller Merton Miller] in a famous seminal paper in 1961. The authors claimed that neither the [[price] * A company declares a dividend of $1 per share for the next quarter. According to the Dividend Ir
  7 KB (1,093 words) - 19:10, 17 November 2023
• Bird-in-the-hand theory
  ...his theory was developed by Myron Gordon (1963) and John Lintner (1964) as a response to Modigliani and Miller's [[dividend irrelevance theory]]. Gordon and Lintner claimed that Modigliani and Miller made a mistake assuming lack of impact of dividend policy on [[firm]]'s [[cost]] o
  8 KB (1,270 words) - 18:22, 17 November 2023
• Global demand
  ...income (or in other word - at given prices) in given period. In literature a shortcut - AD (aggregate demand) is used very often. Net export is a separate category (NX - Net eXport) and represents difference between natio
  9 KB (1,423 words) - 22:58, 17 November 2023
• Austrian theory of money
  When analysing supply and [[demand]] for money, Mises uses a concept proposed by Philip Wicksteed: supply of money is the total stock of ...ay of quantities of all other goods and services that can be exchanged for a given amount of money.
  10 KB (1,640 words) - 17:56, 17 November 2023
• Washington consensus
  ...ransformation to the [[market]] - based economy. The document consisted of a set of instructions, policy guidelines and recommendations which should be * '''Privatization''' - emphasis of a superiority of the private sector above state - ownership
  3 KB (341 words) - 07:48, 18 November 2023
• Jidoka
  ...t Jidoka implementation was made by Sakichi Toyoda in 1902. He constructed a utility that stopped the loom when the thread was broken. It is regarded as ...ne or some part of it (depending on used [[technology]]). Usually there is a time limit set by top [[management]], in which the problem must be solved.
  8 KB (1,157 words) - 00:23, 18 November 2023
• Andon
  '''Andon''' is a visual [[system]] that notifies managers and workers of a problem with [[production]] [[process]]. It can be in form of large [[board ...rested people. The large board with signal lights was usually installed in a place visible for everyone on the production floor. When the computer and i
  7 KB (1,083 words) - 15:15, 17 November 2023
• Heijunka
  ...ds to imbalance of the [[process]]. Thus the fluctuation in performance is a cause of waste. The [[organization]] has to keep additional capacity, inven Let's assume the [[enterprise]] manufactures five [[types of products]]: A, B, C, D, E. Whole [[Lean manufacturing]] [[system]] is implemented, includ
  9 KB (1,289 words) - 23:17, 17 November 2023
• Genchi genbutsu
  ...rience and observation of new engineers. However, this story might be only a part of Toyota legend. ...m time to time detach from their usual [[work]] and see whole process from a distance. Together with leaders they can discuss their observations and fin
  7 KB (1,087 words) - 20:41, 17 November 2023