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'''Total [[Quality]] Control (TQC)''' is a [[system]] developed by [[Armand Feigenbaum]] to integrate the efforts of d ...quality management on a company-wide scale. Concern for quality should be a priority at all levels of the company's activity <ref>Neyestani 2017, pp.3-

'''Continuous improvement''' (also: continual improvement) is a [[process]] of constant searching for improvement of all aspects of [[organ ...y continually improving its processes and products, a [[company]] can gain a competitive edge over its competitors.

.... He graduated from Union College, the with title of bachelor and then got a master's degree from MIT Sloan School of [[Management]]. From 1958-1968 he ...of [[quality control]], making the fragmented and limited [[knowledge]] of a coherent system of principles, practices and technologies, known as Total Q

...ladder. He worked for Crosley, Martin-Marietta and ITT. In 1979 he created a [[consulting]] [[firm]] that dealt with the popularization of preventive ap Crosby is the author of process cost model - a model of [[quality cost]]s accounting - which enables enterprises to detect

...collected and combined by the [[freight]] [[forwarder]], and then sent as a one bigger load to individual [[customer]]s. * [[bill of lading]] is issued for a collective load of the vehicle.

...n tax revenues. By spending more than it earns the government is left with a budget deficit that [[needs]] to be made up by either raising taxes or borr In crowding out private investors, economic productivity tends to take a rather immediate downturn as government spending is rarely aimed at constru

...rategy]] formulation. He also notes, that "...many writers ...suggest that a [[firm]] uses its strengths to take advantage of opportunities, but they ig It is based on a simple [[classification]] scheme: all of the factors influencing the curren

According to common notions compromise is a form of agreement between at least two parties, based on mutual concessions ...pointed out that it is one of the two basic forms of ending the conflict. A compromise has to deal

...the total revenue depending upon the evolution of the [[demand]] curve for a [[company]]'s [[product]]. ...inal [[cost]] are used to calculate the production volume that would allow a company to maximize its profits. When the marginal revenue exceeds the marg

...x]], (VAT)''' - is a form of consumption tax. In the European Union VAT is a general, broadly based consumption tax assessed on the value added to goods * a general tax that applies, in principle, to all commercial activities involv

...ip strategy|minimum costs]], the lean development's objective is to create a product/software that will fulfil requirements of users. ...s, the idea of [[7 wastes of lean]] and [[7 wastes of services]] are used. A toolkit consists of [[lean manufacturing|lean manufacturing tools]] extende

...' is the combination of a management buy-out and a buy-in (Watson D., Head A. 2007). Management Buy-Out involves acquisition of an equity stakes in an e In the case of BIMBO a company is acquired by existing management joined by new, key directors or

...rmulated objectives that makes the [[company]] the [[market]] behaves like a ship adrift, who can not get to any port. The [[objectives of the organizat * Provide guidance for employees and give their [[work]] a single direction,

...on making]], [[behaviour]] or an outcome of certain event. For example, on a stock exchange if there is an information of [[company]] reporting signific ...formation is specified as any fact, judgement or any data transmitted over a medium like telephone but not only the content of signals transmitted, also

...nal [[needs]] of the enterprise. This strategy determines the direction of a company in the field of finance, which would help in achieving its objectiv * Optimization of costs by finding a level of costs that would avoid problems in the area of ​​finance. It i

'''Centre of Excellence''' (COE) is a single cell or a complex organizational structure, whose primary responsibility is [[researc * effective use of accumulated [[knowledge]] in a variety of institutions,

'''Internal audit''' is a [[process]] of obtaining and evaluating data and appraisal of requirements ISO 19011 [[standard]] can be a good guide for internal auditors. Sections below discuss listed elements.

* How many times a specific problem happened? ...should be constructed to be clearly seen for what purpose serves. This is a very effective and simple utility that primarily serves to collect and orga

...duced in 1997 in the UK by the newly elected Labour [[government]]. It was a reaction to the inefficiency of large, bureaucratic structures that support ...]]s, which in total are optimal relative to the [[demand]] requirements of a legal person or [[public authority]]. Concept of Best value is used when it

...oal of both partners. It is created when there is weak [[competition]] and a strong partnership between companies. ...better [[competitive position]] on [[market]] by the partners and to make a [[merger]] or acquisition of selected areas of activity.

'''[[Company]] situation analysis''' is a [[process]] which aims to disclose all opportunities (capacity) and the ris ...he sales and allows for a coordinated policy to ensure steady business for a long period of time. The disadvantage of this analysis is assessing of the

...company's development team or acquired from other units should be seen as a kind of innovative activity. Research and development are the first stage o ...ropean Commission in 2005 the companies issued on research and development a total of 371 billion EUR, i.e. about 7% more than in 2004. European compani

* the least attractive sector groups can be a threat to other groups. ...tric barriers to intra-industry mobility - moving to another group is just a matter of [[investment]],

...[organization]] [[environment]], stressing that every organization is only a ''relatively isolated from the environment''. The term''relatively isolated ...apabilities]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Voluntary sector]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Resource]]}} }}

...ally in a factory or special area. The level of industry's development has a large impact on the pace of economic development. ...onomic strength of a country often depends on the types of industries that a particular country has.

...ion of associations and feedback with the [[environment]]. Objectives have a strong influence on the interaction with the [[environment]]. [[Environment Organizations have a variety of objectives that they strive to achieve. These objectives can be

...e, these criteria must be particularized and applied together. This allows a comprehensive analysis of the system of objectives and thereby make the rig As a result of this step, managers create the classification of the objectives i

* businesses and the public are immanent elements of a complex whole in which the idea of mutual solidarity between people has the ...sibility decide societies having particular [[standard]] of living, and in a particular stage of social development (mainly their demands for corporate

...mplex project. The [[project]] as a single [[enterprise]] is burdened with a certain degree of uncertainty. Usually it is divided into phases to make it ...e entire [[project]] to be able to control [[project]] costs. To this end, a [[final inspection]] is performed after each stage. Review is necessary to

...isting customers and is it includes offering them a new product. Launching a new product in the application of this strategy may rely on the creation of ...r an entirely new product offering. For example, Apple Inc. started out as a computer company and has since diversified into smartphones, tablets, and w

Strategic [[management]] is understood as a [[process]] of [[information]] and [[Decision making|decision-making]], whi * second, it is a company activity on every [[market]] of the world.

...source of diagnoses of major social and economic problems over time and as a tool for [[forecasting]] and decision-making both by the [[government]], bu ...olicy of the state. Sometimes foresight as well as its results are used as a means of cultural development in society in terms of thinking about the fut

# Creating a [[mission and vision]]: #* preparation of a [[Strategic portfolio analysis|portfolio of projects]] for implementation o

...expectations of customers as well as to improve position of the company in a [[competitive environment]], ==Strategic planning as a system==

It is a form of cooperation between the potential [[Competitor]]s, [[Supplier]]s, [ ...gh [[Mobility barriers|barriers to entry]]. It is used also in the case of a high level of maturity of the previous or next sector.

...ips are places connected with the history of religion, religious events of a religious nature and the sacred objects. ...t. Their main purpose is mainly educational. Pilgrimages involve travel to a Holy place mainly for spending time in prayer. Only additionally tourists w

...eur]] (franchisor, the franchise network organizer, or otherwise providing a network of franchise), provides another, independent entrepreneur (franchis ...network is a company with a reputation in the market that wants to create a network through franchising, extend the distribution of goods or services.

...the potential to both positively and negatively affect the functioning of a democracy. ...est groups can present a number of potential threats to the functioning of a democracy. Some of these include:

...d: intangible assets. Goodwill (the name of a company's [[brand]]) becomes a component of the value of the company, being fairly estimated surplus value ...(including traceability and individuality), valuation of goodwill becomes a complex problem, and managers devote much attention to it.

...of defense devised in the 80s of the twentieth century aimed at preventing a [[hostile takeover]] in the capital [[market]]. ...ement]] company providing a very high clearance operations in the event of a successful takeover and loss of their previously occupied position.

'''Business incubators''' are organized economic complexes covering a broad group of distinguished real estate-based centers, which offer facilit * creating a proper climate for the establishment and implementation of innovative proje

...complex group structures may happen that the parent is a [[subsidiary]] of a higher order parent company. With regard to the parent [[subsidiary]] is characterized by: ownership of a majority of the total number of votes in the [[subsidiary]] or the right to

...itive strategies. Understanding the dynamics of a strategic group can help a [[company]] identify potential competitors and inform its own [[strategic d They are subsets of the sector, which consists of companies that have pursued a similar approach to the competitive struggle, offering comparable products

...e existing possibilities to new ideas and putting them to practical use. J.A. Schumpeter introduced ''innovations'' to the area of economic sciences. Scientists often use a definition of innovation as the [[process]] of converting the existing poss

...e estimated rate of [[inflation]] and investment [[risk]]. Investor can be a private person, governmental agency, pension fund or corporation. * commercial, where the investor is expecting a financial benefits,

* Special interest grupups - unite people in a group to spread common views on some specific issues and to express their o ...ages of cooperatives]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Holding]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Chamber of Commerce]]}} }}

...assets and liabilities which are part of the parent company. Possession of a subsidiary is associated with certain ineffectiveness (duplication of resou ...ble. Treatment of both units as one unit by the lender can only occur when a subsidiary has the parent company's guarantees.

'''Strategic Investor''' is a business operator acting on the capital [[market]], which under the relevan ...from the nature of the [[investment]] itself. Acquired company is part of a long-term development [[strategy]] of the investor, and therefore he never

...model - small and medium enterprises with a high degree of specialization, a strong rivalry, relations based on trust (e.g. Silicon Valley) * '''Satellite''' model - a group of small and medium businesses dependent on external companies (e.g.

The syndicate is a type of [[oligopoly]] agreement which is used to facilitate the entry on in ...s companies of similar size, operating in the same [[industry]] and having a similar [[level of development]].

...the supply chain, this tool allow not only the determination of limits on a scale of one cell in chain, but also support the determination of boundarie Use of the strategy wheel should be preceded by a preparatory phase, in which relevant [[information]] about [[company]]'s pr

Consulting is a consultancy contract characterized by: ...that many companies face complex business processes, which often requires a very sophisticated methods and procedures. This in turn intensifies the [[n

...he [[implementation of strategy]] phase. It can be generally understood as a comparison of measures of the effects of implementing the [[strategy]] with ...es - according to changes in the [[environment]]. This task is intended as a [[continuous process]] of obtaining and processing [[information]], done in

'''Experience curve''' is a graph that shows the effect of improving the [[organization]] and functioni There is a relationship between the scale of production and the size of the unit [[cos

* doing a [[cost]] analysis ...[Communication]] [[Technology]]. Both an [[employee]] and an employer have a possibility to be in touch with each other.

...ere advertisers, games, media producers, network executives, bloggers show a very high activity in the creation of [[consumer]] culture. Defining the culture of participation led to the emergence of a strong contrast in comparison to earlier beliefs about the role of the medi

...rt]], storage, packaging, [[insurance]], distribution, etc.). Forwarder as a transportation broker transmits and/or receives the goods from the carrier. Forwarder also has a duty to provide advice to its client, to the best of his [[knowledge]]. In

...lude documents, activities, processes, people, results, etc. Evaluation is a [[continuous process]] and its results are used to improve activities. * "A systematic process involving the collection of information, and reporting s

* ''econ.'' [[Bond]] or certificate repalacing a state loan * ''Security certificate'' - a document confirming an inspection by the competent authorities of the state

...xecution of a particular [[project]]. It graphically (visually) represents a deliberate [[plan]] of [[work]], paying attention to the critical operation * Specify a list of actions necessary to complete a task ([[planning]] activities)

...have written (documented) evidence of the development and introduction of a system, it is also one of the main sources that provide the necessary [[inf ...nd maintenance of [[quality]] [[management system]]. Documentation is also a record of specific actions and activities performed within the system.

...omer]]. The second, which we will be more widely applicable, is to prevent a recurrence of inconformity. ...tion of corrective measures must be verified. Therefore, make sure that as a result of the changes the non-compliance can not be repeated.

...changes. Then records may be conducted by: the type of costs occurring in a given company, the type of activity and media costs, or other expense recog ...nduct [[quality cost]] analysis and provide rapid response in the event of a deviation from the assumed costs. '''Sampling''' concerns on rapid one-time

...O 9001 is a [[quality management]] standard that outlines requirements for a quality [[management system]]. Identification and traceability are two impo ...include identifying the source of raw materials, tracking the progress of a product through the [[manufacturing process]], and identifying the location

'''ISO 9004''' is a [[standard]] containing guidelines for the improvement of the [[quality man ...2000), new title "Managing for the sustained success of an organization - A quality management approach".

'''Innovativeness''' is a broad concept connecting [[innovation]] and [[creativity]] of people in org ...e some new, better idea in some fields. This individual is characterize by a great creativity and cleverness in realization of many tasks and original a

...product excellence and its ability to meet [[customer]] [[needs]]. This is a group of functional attributes, both tangible (e.g., durability) and emotio ...h the level of utility value, for which the [[consumer]] is willing to pay a price most favorable to the [[producer]].

...to the low capital barrier to entry to road carriers [[market]], there is a very large number of companies providing this type service in this branch o ...large portion of shares in this companies are held by the State). There is a large barrier to entry (high [[cost]] of [[investment]] in terminals, equip

...ustry]] because of the complex nature of the service provided, it includes a number of services (e.g. accommodation, food), usually dependent on the cha When a [[customer]] is dissatisfied with the service then there is a distortion of the [[quality]] of hotel services. Typically, dissatisfaction

Controlling is a business [[management]] [[process]] driven by [[planning]], reporting and c * Controller in the U.S. is a person standing at the head of finance and accounting department, responsib

'''Quality loss function''' is a [[method]] of measuring losses that are incurred due to not perfect, howeve ...reduce the impact of these causes. This type of procedure allows to create a product resistant to interference.

...factor in services. Customers of public administration are all citizen of a country or region, which assess quality of services provided by the state. It should be noted that there is a relationship between the needs, expectations and satisfaction. Needs create

...staff: front-office, back-office and [[management]]. Front-office staff is a kind of showcase of tourist enterprises in dealing with clients and so they * Costs of non-compliance (a service offered does not correspond to the customer, even though he tried t

'''[[Quality]] standards of travel agencies''' depends on qualifications of a person who organizes tourist events or deals with contracting [[service]] p ...guages. Language fluency is also checked by the exam. It is also necessary a medical [[certificate]], which contains [[information]] about the [[absence

'''Hotel rating''' is based on a scale of 1-5 stars, 5 stars means the highest level of services, 1 star mea .... Locations of the 5* hotels can vary from the very exclusive locations of a suburban area, to the heart of down-town.

...ustration, this problem was solved by replacing the defective product with a new one. Conducting this type of procedure entailed generating considerable [[Organization]] which uses quality inspection, treats inspector as if he was a customer. The optimum form of quality inspection is the man who's aim is th

...and directly remains linked to the fact that the one who carries it out is a conscious and free - that is, constituting about the subject" [John Paul II ...ies and restore the proper meaning of work. The crisis has brought work to a:

...a group of students, made up of seven, eight or nine people) he introduced a real person - test subject - which did not know that other people are co-wo ...n of exerting pressure, it succumbed to the pressure of the respondents to a much lesser extent than if all those exerting pressure were unanimous,

Was it possible to avoid a [[crisis of work]] in Poland, which arrived with a six-year plan (it was something like the state [[strategy]] of productivity ...ill, emotions, and physical strengths are involved. The ideal [[image]] of a working man is when none of these gifts of man is excluded from participati

...vironmental]] users. CE marking means that the manufacturer or importer of a product meets the basic requirements of ESR (Essential Requirements). ERS a ...dards and basic requirements for health and safety that are applicable for a given product,

...of its objectives and targets - also affect the achievement of the team as a whole. ...organizational units) Projects that do not change the organization in such a radical way, as the creation of autonomous groups, but significantly affect

...hin the same country), offshore (in a different country), or nearshore (in a nearby country). ...tical analysis and the improvement of this process. The process is seen as a set of activities requiring inputs and generating result on the output.

...he implementation cannot change the culture at once. To change the culture a long time period is needed. During the development of quality [[management] ...tions will be applied in that case, however, it's difficult to treat it as a fully running system. Improvement stage of QMS operation can be used to sha

...tion and verification statement of evidence that meets the requirements of a measuring instrument, or activities carried out by the state legal metrolog The measuring device - a general term defining a range of tools (equipment) used for measuring physical, chemical, surveying

...ons of a phenomenon, or the presence of harmful substances, carried out in a pre-determined time intervals. Data collected help managers to take appropr ...tion to carry out waste quantity monitoring applies to companies which, as a result of doing business produce waste, as well as those which deal with th

...rganisation which promotes monetary and financial cooperation and which is a bank for central banks. The BIS has assisted * and continues to assist * th * a forum for discussion for central banks and international organisations

...is focused on people, tasks and [[efficiency]]. Concept of W.J. Reddin is a development of the two dimensional [[Blake and Mouton managerial grid|manag ...that happy people are more efficient, hence manager should care more about a pleasant atmosphere in the team, than on efficient performance. Problems ar

'''Economics''' - a study of how society decides how and for whom to produce good and services< There are a variety of modern definitions of economics. Some of the differences may ref

* Tacit knowledge - used every day by people, but difficult to capture in a formal record, its substance can not be expressed with words; According to the [[economics]] of knowledge, it is a positive externality. Knowledge comes from [[education]] and research. To u

...which is based on an psychological and social [[analysis of customer]] as a human being. ...the brand by using the theory that the customer is a social being and has a natural [[need]] for [[communication]], interaction and active participatio

...d methods of [[Strategic portfolio analysis|portfolio analysis]], which is a direct reflection of research participation and the [[competitiveness]] of ...two parts at the point equals the share of its nearest [[competitor]] with a vertical axis at the point equal to half the span of [[market dynamics]]. T

A '''strategic management model''' is a framework or approach used by organizations to make [[strategic decisions]] A strategic management model and a business model are both frameworks used by organizations to guide decision-

Strategic [[marketing]] is a [[process]] consisting of: ...red as a component part of this [[management]], as an instrument to create a broader framework for strategic success in the market.

...volves every [[employee]] into processes of [[strategic management]]. It's a Japanese version of [[management by objectives]] (MBO). Hoshin kanri begins with a strategic [[plan]] developed by top [[management]]. Then mid-level managers

...carry out specific activities, processes, or are used to solve problems in a company, 7S model is not a recipe for building a perfect [[strategy]], but it is a stimulus to rethink the internal activities of the company that affect its

'''State administration''' is defined as a [[system]] of entities created by statute and in the competence to carry ou * administration is a team of people, who are professional staff,

...and plans leading to the achievement of this objectives. It also contains a package of measures to ensure their achievement, allowing [[risk]] reductio * The feasibility of the [[strategy]] - a necessary condition, which should be meet by the strategic option,

Human resources department plays a consequential role in the fluid running of the [[organization]] because it ...about a set of concepts, methods and techniques from which you can select a specific one. Each [[organization]] has different set of methods.

'''Audit''' is a process of obtaining and evaluating data concerning operations and events i * Audit is cooperation - audit should be a cooperation between auditor and audited in order to find solutions.

As a result of severity of hostile takeovers in the 80s of the twentieth century ...n purchase these shares at any time and withdraw from the market by paying a nominal amount.