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One of the assumptions of the OLS regression is that the errors are normally and independently distributed. The assumption regarding the OLS regression assu ...ent variables, which causes an error om the variance of the OLS estimators and therefore in their [[standard]] errors <ref>Wooldrige, J. (2005). pg.13</re

...sfer of [[risk]]''' is a contract between the entity that assumes the risk and the entity that transfers the risk. The content of the contract is an oblig ...this means that the probability of an adverse event occurring is too high and the amount of potential losses associated with it is too significant for th

...eir value and [[turnover]]. Two methods are used for this - the ABC method and the XYZ method. ...s into groups A, B and C is made according to the value of the annual cost and consumption.

...s own or adopted from other entities. It can be also deployed for both new and existing products on the market. ...zation of entirely new body lotion bottle that is to impart it distinction and visual appeal from the new segment's point of view.

...job position. These tests check whether the employee's '''[[behavior]]''' and his '''abilities''' are consistent with the required characteristics by the ...job. The employer then assesses the individual's performance in each task and evaluates their overall performance.

...ions Must have (necessary), Should have (recommended), Could have (useful) and Would not it be nice to have or Will not have. Each item can be matched to ...requirement deemed desirable, but not necessary. Will be included if time and resources allow it

...a. It is a versatile method that can be adapted to different types of data and can be used to estimate parameters for a variety of distributions. ...mple of 100 transactions and then use them to estimate the population mean and variance.

...ata analysis models''', '''analysis main components''', '''factor analysis and log-linear analysis''' (B. Muthen 1997, p. 55). ...iments. These models fulfill the function of reflection, [[communication]] and control. In addition, they are a tool for [[experimental research]] (K. A.

...the research process to identify problems, create and implement solutions, and evaluate results. ...h [[employment]] program. Finally, OCO evaluated the impact of its efforts and reported the results to the community.

* purpose, objectives and results (outputs) of the process, activity or work described; * documents, resources, materials and equipment are used in the process;

...''' which are capable of performing operations on objects in many specific and different ways. It shows that job shop is not a company which is specialise ...ecifying which work station is to perform operation, from which contracts, and on which objects. Bad scheduling process may impact on<ref>(Grefenstette, J

...tomer]] satisfaction, operational [[efficiency]], [[employee]] engagement, and [[market]] share. ...]]. It's important to note that MOP can be used to measure both short-term and long-term performance.

.... The best choices of indicators will reflect enlightenment on performance and highlight sections that [[demand]] concentration. There are two of the most ==Performance indicators for the private sector and government==

...on causes to remove it. The method was developed by Motorola in USA in 80s and popularized after the [[company]] achieved [[Malcolm baldridge national qua * '''Analyse''' the process and product and develop alternatives

...cations, PCA can be used to identify clusters of [[customer]] [[behavior]] and to reduce the amount of data needed to effectively describe a phenomenon. P ...y can use PCA to identify clusters of customers who have similar interests and preferences. This can help the company target specific customer segments wi

...s misleading because '''challenges''' has mixed positive/negative meaning, and using it in this context may lead to ambiguity in performing further analys ...siness School, and described in [Learned, A., Christensen, C., Andrews, RS and Guth, D. 1965].

* Theory X and Theory Y. ...eople use their talents and strive to develop them. Continuous development and the acquisition of new competences play an important role here <ref>Burton

...computed as medium usage within the [[process]] of the refilling lead time and adding to this: safety supply, or quantity of the order, or earmarked suppl ==Order point methods==

...d manage risks associated with cultural, legal, and political differences, and to manage the complexity of multiple project teams working in different loc ...l legal and cultural [[environment]] to ensure compliance with regulations and successful [[completion of the project]].

...th of [[information]] that can be used to drive various business decisions and strategies. ...ta can help businesses make [[strategic decisions]] about their operations and [[investments]].

...productive working [[environment]], reduce [[turnover]] and boost morale, and even reduce the [[risk]] of legal issues. Here, we discuss why training is ...ogether more effectively. This, in turn, can help to reduce turnover rates and boost morale.

...t]], [[information]] systems, and so on. Most common [[internal analysis]] methods are: ...rganization]], effective [[planning]] of activities for the nearest period and knowledge of the target market. This analysis is crucial in the management

...economic development, a potential explanation of [[unemployment]] recovery and an indicator of financial stability ...indifferent on the boundaries between having a risky [[market]] portfolio and a risk-free [[bond]].

...edures for identified threats are selected, these threats are re-estimated and the risk level is verified again. It should be taken into account that the ...that concerns one of the identified risks. In addition, both the quantity and the nature of existing threats should be taken into account.

...consider how we are going to divide the available time among all the tasks and activities that are competing for it. ...me budget allocates the total time available collectively to perform tasks and activities of a certain type over a given period.

...he integration of knowledge into the organization's operations, processes, and practices to ensure that the organization can gain maximum benefit from its ...ystems, collaboration tools, and data mining techniques to capture, store, and access [[organizational knowledge]].

...[[management]] systems that play a key role in facilitating foreign trade and international cooperation. ...troduced in the world by implementing ISO standards, regardless of country and language. Among the basic objectives of the activity conducted by the Organ

...ires used in more than 20 languages. This [[method]] is used for selection and development of employees at [[work]]. It shows [[information]] about the [[ ...ciently gives description of job candidate. This analysis is very thorough and involves multiple questions probing deep psychological characteristic of pe

...fecive document management. Document [[management]] is a set of techniques and tools that improve the [[efficiency]] of processing all forms of documents ...] for a long time. Many organizations use them to obtain positive economic and organizational effects.

...oducts, tendency to take risks and work after hours, dominance of informal and direct contacts, uncontrollable costs may occur, problems with development, ...nnovation is the origin of processes. The culture of business must support and cherish it above all else.

...ncept, indirect costs are accounted for in the cross-section of activities and processes generating these costs, not in the cross-section of [[production] This account is a new [[method]] of measuring and calculating costs. According to it, indirect costs are settled on products

...m]]. This index can help managers determine the progress of their projects and make necessary adjustments if needed. ...is in the IT [[industry]], where if a project has an earned value of $300 and a planned value of $200, the SPI would be 1.5, meaning the project is perfo

...ctions, strategic plans, [[production capacity]], availability of machines and human resources, etc<ref>Grubbström, R. W., & Thuy Huynh, T. T. (2006)</re ...ecasts, strategic plans, production [[capabilities]], machine availability and human resources.

...ess]]. It can be regard as an alternative or as valuable supplement to the methods prevalent in Western culture. ...opment of own approach to business based on Confucian philosophy, Buddhism and Bushido. In Western culture the importance of decisions to make is related

...nomic theory, they are most often used, mainly because of their simplicity and clarity. The most useful is the [[classification]] of indicators from their * indicators of the [[profit]] and loss account,

...idering that such methods originated throughout the '''barter trade period and specialisation''', it is thought that macromarketing is as ancient as civil ==Macro marketing and the need==

...nal processes connected with it. There is no way to do this without theory and practice of project management. ...nal culture is an important factor for efficient implementation of project and reflect operating style of team members (forms of [[communication]], dress

...avily upon its leadership's expectations for success, and the quantitative and qualitative measures, that are being used to determine expansion readiness. ...ment]] [[interest]] from private and public investors, venture capitalists and other [[stakeholders]] (Anand R. i in., 2014).

...Analysis''' is a [[decision making]] tool used to prioritize problem areas and find solutions. It is based on the Pareto Principle, which states that 80% ...ost important factors in a given situation. This allows for more efficient and effective solutions to be found.

...because the isoquants are marked by the amount of product that suits them, and not the levels of utility as in the case of indifference curves. ...production - from the most capital - intensive to the most labor-intensive methods.

...ocess model there are several activities that represent business functions and states within a [[company]]. These activities are organized in a meaningful There are numerous modeling techniques for business processes. Depending on the purpose of the analysis, appropria

...] or increase the [[company]]'s ability to learn and use new [[knowledge]] and new technologies. ...to bring economic benefits, various technological improvements, or better methods of doing something.

...[[options]] to do, and the selection must be made to select one [[option]] and drop the others. This concept can be particularly useful in situations rela The differential cost is the same as the incremental cost and [[marginal cost]]. The difference in revenue resulting from two decisions i

...cess]] in which a problem or issue is addressed or managed in a systematic and organized way. It is typically used to resolve a problem or issue that cann ...bility, monitoring progress, escalating the issue if needed, and reviewing and revising the process afterwards.

...useful when the decision-making process is accompanied by a huge [[risk]] and there are many [[options]] to get the situation going <ref>Johson, A. & Red ...to the question, what is the detailed information about them. Construction and in-depth analysis of the model.

* gathering data about [[customer needs]] and behaviours * asking customers about their satisfaction from past interactions and purchases

...r improvement. It can also be used to monitor the performance of processes and systems. ...The lines drawn on the chart can be used to identify changes in the data, and can help to identify areas for improvement. It is important to note that th

...development of organization is a prerequisite for the survival, stability and improvement. ...that defines the development of the [[company]], as appropriate, effective and coordinated changes in the company's systems, consisting of the introductio

...ed stretega, based on knowledge and research to achieve [[customer]] needs and reach [[profit]]. ...ethods, thanks to which you can draw the right conclusions very precisely, and thus also prepare the right business [[strategy]].

'''A Business memo''' that is also called a memo and a report. ...d documents in the internal [[communication]] of enterprises, institutions and organizations. It is used to provide important messages between individual

...ring of high levies might have an effect in decreasing the number of ships and goods arriving to the port. ...fee - charged for arriving and leaving a port, but also sailing across it and [[waste management]], in compliance with the policy of the specific port,

...ding [[needs]] assessment, program improvement, problem [[identification]] and strategic [[planning]]. An in-depth interview is a conversation of a person ...d documenting responses combined with an intensive study of deeper meaning and understanding of the response. Therefore, in-depth interviews often require

...ate and address potential risks, ensuring the project is delivered on time and within budget. ...es assessing the likelihood of each risk, how it might affect the project, and the likelihood of it occurring. For example, a project manager might identi

...e without innovation and R&D activities to create new competitive products and services. ...in [[technology]], processes, people, competencies, skills, [[management]] techniques, etc. [[Disruptive innovation]] requires disruptive change in the form of r

...ordinates in order to induce in them the proper [[attitude]] to their jobs and encourage them to their best possible performance. '''Potential management style''' reflect manager's view about what methods he should use to influence his subordinates.

...sed on risk analysis and taking into account factors such as socioeconomic and [[environmental]] aspects (Rausand M., 2013, p. 1.2.2). ...y inputs to the decision-making process include financial, legal, ethical, and other considerations. If there is a possibility that more than one [[action

...he production process can then be based on production for a customer order and not on [[mass production]] where we produce material for storage. ...ed to supply<ref>URL Business Information Systems. Technology, Development and Management for the e-business, Material flow function. </ref>:

...seholds in relation to their income. As noted by authors Lewis and Douglas and Stingler, Engel's analysis merely included parameters related to [[consumer ...ians began to consider developing more and more pertinent tools to analyze and track consumer [[behavior]]. For this reason, [[interest]] in the so-called

...rom 1961-1963 he was president of the American Society of Quality Control, and then the president of the General [[System]] Company in Pittsfield, Massach ...ed and limited [[knowledge]] of a coherent system of principles, practices and technologies, known as Total Quality Control (TQC).

...ore, it is necessary to clearly define the basic objective of the activity and at the same time beware of the general phenomenon which is obstructing the ...on sense. It allows you to accept everything that is necessary and useful, and at the same time eliminate what hinders our attainment of the goal.

...edures for the project manager and project team involved in the collection and distribution of information. ...se of the communication plan is to identify, document and plan information and communication [[needs]] in the project.

...more, it may be applied in almost any aspect of marketing, including sales and product-driven expansion <ref>Ansoff, (1957)</ref>. # An overarching policy, and a

...c efficiency can be broken down into two categories: allocative efficiency and productive efficiency. ...e least amount of waste. This can be done through utilizing [[technology]] and reducing costs.

* economical - including exchange rates, business cycles and economic growth * social - considering demographics, ethics and cultures

...spects of life is related to the great attention that is paid to [[needs]] and requirements of [[customer]]. ...- methods and approaches used in Kaizen|Fig. 1. Kaizen umbrella - methods and approaches used in Kaizen]]

...nt (CR)''' is a type of contract where the seller does not receive any fee and is only reimbursed for an agreed part of his eligible costs<ref>Garret A.G ...n of contracts to a greater extent than is normally required for the award and management of fixed-price contracts<ref>Curry S.W (2016)</ref>.

...r maintenance and technical repair, replacement vehicle during maintenance and also tyres for the lease period, [[insurance]], assistance etc<ref>Nemi R. ...egal status as at August 2011<ref>The Civil Code of 23 April 1964 - Polish and English (2011)</ref>:'''

...tial for [[financial loss]] due to [[investments]], [[market]] volatility, and other economic events. ...ting in [[quality]] control measures, establishing clear safety protocols, and diversifying their investments.

...list of activities to be performed, people responsible for this activities and resources needed. ...g and evaluation of the [[marketing]] activities of the company, recording and reporting of deviations to [[management]], which takes decisions based on t

...[[stakeholders]] understand their risks, prioritize responses, and monitor and control the impact of risks on a project. ...oups: Initiation, [[Planning]], Execution, Monitoring and [[Controlling]], and Closing. It also defines nine knowledge areas, including Risk Management. T

...the opposite of a black box model, as internal components can be accessed and inspected. ...models in financial markets hides the real risks of investing in software and computer technology, so investors question the systemic [[risk]] this model

'''Data flow diagrams''' are a tool for the description, analysis and design of [[information]] systems, whose origins date back to the first gen * there are no procedures (processes) of beginning and end,

...nt of leading [[market position]]. These are mostly products in the mature and declining sectors. * Favorable - gives a good chance of implementation of the [[strategy]] and maintain its position in the long term,

...rate this [[process]] are aluminum cans, because they can be recycled over and over again into the same things - aluminum cans (Vigon B. W. i in. 1994, p. ...t many countries do not have manufacturers, by implying it is logistically and economically not feasible (Khan A., Inamuddin, Asiri A. M. 2020, p. 7).

...liberate [[plan]] of [[work]], paying attention to the critical operations and inventory time. This technique is related to critical path analysis. # Define the proposed project (e.g. to determine the beginning and end of project)

...calculated from the conditions of [[financing]] only from equity deposits and adjusted for the value of the present value of additional effects arising f ...by the firm is calculated. Finally, all of the present values are added up and the total contribution of the project to the change in the value of the com

...ogia<ref>Liddell. (1980)</ref>) is the sum of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the [[production]] of goods or services or in the accompl ...hnology by taking an input, changing it according to the [[system]]'s use, and then producing an outcome are referred to as technology systems or technolo

...ership''' is type of [[management]] style which heavily rests on the rules and [[characteristics of bureaucracy]]. This type of leadership involves: * strict rules and procedures regulating duties and responsibilities of every [[employee]]

...ine the level of inspection that will be performed on a batch of products, and to determine the number of samples that will be inspected. ...d on factors such as the type of product, the potential impact of defects, and the [[cost]] of inspection.

...nd out about offer and make shopping - he gets [[information]] about range and can buy products in many ways. ...eaction by buying company's products. Companies in Germany, United Kingdom and France give over 50% of their promotional budget on direct marketing.

...gular review and adjustment to ensure the organization remains competitive and relevant in an ever-changing business [[environment]]. ==Example of development and growth==

...] for positions based on soft skills should be wider and include different methods of assessment (A. Doyle, 2018). ...ills are not connected with personality, its possession require experience and [[knowledge]] in particular field or time spent on [[education]]. Hard skil

...uctured, recorded and stored in a [[database]] or other type of [[system]] and can be used to provide meaningful insights. ...stilled from the data and can be used to improve organizational operations and support better [[decision making]].

...Adjusted mean, known also as least-squares mean lets remove such outliers and present <ref>Kramer C.Y. 1957, p. 13-18</ref>. Mean is a measure that can be easily manipulated and thus misinterpreted. It should always be used together with <ref>Kramer C.Y

...an easily interpret the management's opinion about performance of business and forecasted prospects, this part of the statement is playing a very crucial ...rly and annually), which is positioned as mandatory by the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission). However, privately held companies are not required to

...rs, it is important to be aware of the potential for sample selection bias and take steps to ensure that samples are chosen in a way which accurately refl ...s group of adults may be more likely to have access to better medical care and to be more health conscious in general than adults in other parts of the ci

...a particular subject. It typically involves the study of natural phenomena and is conducted without the expectation of immediate, practical application. B ...of methods, such as experiments, surveys, and simulations, to collect data and to analyze the results. Basic research is usually funded by universities, g

# exploring new facts and truths (about world, [[technology]], culture, history, etc.) in order to ga ...on]] and creation of new products) in order to capitalize on opportunities and stay ahead of [[competition]]

...ion, testing, and [[audit]]. Both types of costs are necessary to maintain and improve [[product]] or [[service]] quality. * Training for employees on [[quality control]] techniques and procedures

...asy to measure but also ''aligned'' with the overall business [[strategy]] and issues. Furthermore it's crucial that the KPI chosen is ''feasible'': once ...es. Other KPIs are more tied to specific functions, such as finance or IT, and this is the case with '''functional''' KPIs. The last type is the '''Laggin

...sure of a teacher’s success, as it directly impacts the students’ learning and overall achievement. ...ings can help create an [[environment]] in which students can learn, grow, and achieve.

...sharing''' is the practice of having two different employees, who perform and split the duties of one full-time job (Bliss & Thornton, 2010). ...ork two and a half days. Other [[options]] include working two days a week and alternatively on Wednesdays or daily working for four hours.

...rtant tool for understanding how [[information]] and resources are shared, and how decisions are made within a given network. ...n be used to uncover hidden patterns and trends, identify key influencers, and evaluate relationships between users.

...., Sharma R. (1998), [[Financial management|Financial Management]], Theory and Practise</ref>. In the literature, as well as in practice, we often meet wi ...sales dollar is available to contribute to the recovery of [[fixed costs]] and the generation of profit. It is calculated by dividing the [[contribution m

...nformation than others. This concept is therefore studied in [[economics]] and is directly applicable to business scenarios, where the presence of informa ...interested parties has more information than the rest of the participants and can thus benefit from this situation.

...he next product. This quick change causes a reduction production lot sizes and therebody achieves flow improvement. ...e in a single digit of minutes. It is also called ‘qiuck changeover’. Easy and fast exchange depends on shortening the time duration line or machine from

...se and keep the discipline in the process, which leads to better stability and more predictable results. * PDCA quality control plan - used in improvement and [[corrective actions]] to evaluate their results

...tain time<ref>Davis C., Davis E. (2012), Managerial Acoounting, John Wiley and Sons</ref>.Calculation of what amount overhead cost should be applied to so ...ey require to reconcile any difference between actual and applied overhead and also correct the cost of goods sold account to reflect actual overhead spen

...the document is handed over, the owner becomes responsible for maintenance and the warranty begins (Marilyn Klinger, Marianne Susong 2006, p. 151). ...mpletion''' (members of the Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain) and Institution of Civil Engineers Staff 2002, p. 28):

...everage''', which provides a PE investor to extract capital from a company and decrease its capital at [[risk]] without affecting the company's ownership ...cing]]'', in its simplest form, involves a [[company]] borrowing [[money]] and managing the proceeds to purchase some of the owner's equity ownership or t

...orrective, preventive and improvement actions. This led to the development and subsequent dissemination of the principles of the HACCP system. ...[[marketing]] [[process]]; to determine the methods for mitigating hazards and determining [[corrective actions]].

...ct and [[process]] related inspections to ensure [[quality]] for customers and protect the [[company]] against complaints <ref> J. Seddon 2003,p.4586 </re * test plan: sample size and frequency of inspections,

'''Internal audit''' is a [[process]] of obtaining and evaluating data and appraisal of requirements fulfilment level. It's the first party [[audit]]. It is important, that audit is "searching for conformity", and [[non-conformity]] should be only the side effect. Finding non-conformity i

# Follow-up: check and correction of the potential mistakes. ...mportant for the trainer to concentrate on creating '''a pleasant ambiance and a comfortable learning [[environment]]'''. This can be achieved by helping

...es. Marketing models are based on mathematical and statistical principles, and often use data-driven approaches to inform decision-making. Marketing modeling is an effective tool for analyzing data and making decisions [[in marketing]]. It can be used for a variety of tasks, i

...r more people. It is a process that requires a sender, a message, a medium and a receiver. A successful communication process requires all four components ...l medium like a picture or video. The receiver then interprets the message and provides feedback to the sender.

...he term innovation means not only a significant improvement in [[process]] and [[product]] [[technology]], but it refers more to the [[innovation process] ...eting innovation are: new [[market]] penetration, improving the visibility and presence of the product in the market, as well as, attaining large sales fr

...managers of how employers see company's culture and how it can be improved and developed<ref>G. Bohlander, S. Snell 2006, p. 58-59</ref>. ...t different critical issues, they can be quite useful for upward appraisal and response of management<ref>G. Bohlander, S. Snell 2006, p. 58</ref>.

...d weaknesses of the candidate and gives a clear picture of his personality and natural ability. ...e high skills. This method also shows the [[motivation]] of tested people, and this [[information]] employer may use in the future.

...ting situation, to develop a vision of the desired situation in the future and to choose appropriate strategies that will help achieve [[project]] goals. ...y, positively or negatively influence or be influenced by the developments and outcomes of [[project]]s or programs. Often during the analysis, managers d

* strategic [[management]] is based on quantitative and [[qualitative data]] * uncertainty about the future and [[quality]] of data acquires is relatively high

...nd sell in further time. Forward buying is usually associated with [[price and non-price competition]]. Producers try to compete with each other by means ...of cycles, what leads to long-term debilitating effects for [[production]] and distribution branches.

...rgue that learning should be embedded within activity, context and culture and should be rather unintentional than the deliberate. They call this a [[proc ...on and their desire of becoming full practitioners motivate them naturally and leads to reach satisfactory progress.

...f the establishment, the food preparation methods and techniques employed, and the [[customer]] [[service]] provided are all important elements that contr ...ence for the customer, which can lead to greater [[customer satisfaction]] and loyalty.

...ion]] and collaboration helps ensure that all parties are on the same page and that the project is successful. ==Example of communication and collaboration==

...satisfy the [[needs]] of the local community, thanks to: human, financial and material resources. Although the county/municipality operates in a market e * Services (processes to provide then, the degree of differentiation and [[consumer]] participation in [[service]] [[process]])

...building contractors to reply to their individual building or development and select an tender offer that will achieve their requirements. Moreover, an o * ''' Finally request for tender (RFT) ''' which is open to all contractors and concerns an invitation to bid by public advertisement.

...form of meeting [[customer expectations]] in a way that is faster, better and cheaper. ...when they have received the order from the next [[company]] in the chain, and the [[innovation]] of the ECR concept is based on the free movement of data

Every nation or country has a group of attributes such as natural resources and experienced [[workforce]] that can affect their ability to build their econ '''Economic factors''' are related with goods, services, and [[money]]. In spite of straightly affecting enterprises, these variables in

...three streams of science namely, individual psychology, social psychology and cultural anthropology. * '''Who''' is the [[market]] and what is the extent of their power with regard to the organisation?

...proach, the manager should determine which [[method]] in a given situation and conditions is best to achieve the goals. ...] process. The leader inspires people, in contrast to manager who controls and give orders.

...roduction [[process]] with all the necessary elements at the required time and quantity required. The main benefit associated with JIT is to reduce the ti ...e stability of users, with the proper involvement of management, employees and the use of the advantages of [[teamwork]].

...[[Competitive position]] of the [[company]], as determined by its internal and external factors. ...opment of the [[ADL matrix|ADL]] and [[McKinsey matrix|McKinsey]] matrices and is especially useful when analysing strategically diversified entity.

...ing attributes. The areas in which the Entity-relationship diagram is used and how it is structured are explained in more detail in the following article< ...hen. In his publication, the scientist detailed the structure of the model and introduced a special diagramming technique, the Entity-relationship diagram

...er decisions and take corrective [[action]] if necessary to stay on budget and complete the project on time. ==What are CPI and SPI Indices?==

* beginning and end of the process, * entry and exit,

...etric can be used to compare the performance of different [[investments]], and determine which one is more profitable. ...ated with it. Therefore, it is important to understand the potential risks and rewards of each investment before making a decision.

...enabling them to [[work]] collaboratively and creatively to develop ideas and solutions. But what are the qualities of a great facilitator? ...re heard. They must also be able to identify potential conflicts or issues and help resolve them in a constructive manner.

...s concerned with the objectives to be achieved over a period of 1-3 years, and provides an answer to the question of how to implement a strategic [[plan]] ...any would keep track of the costs associated with the marketing activities and make adjustments to the budget as needed to remain financially viable.

...ers in accordance with the expected development of man as [[product]] user and the technical requirements, enabling reliable operation of the system ...''': science of adapting work to the human body in various psycho-physical and physical properties.

...l model which represents all necessary [[information]] to assure efficient and successful learning [[process]]. Map is usually built as a grid with '''con ...e end of the year. Such reports are useful as summary of learning progress and support for didactic decision-makers. '''Learning map''' is a step further

...ghly probabilistic R&D projects, where there can be many alternative paths and loops. ...hod|Critical Path Method]]). However it has can offer much more than those methods. PERT or CPM are very popular in most projects, but they have their limitat

...accounting elements like assets, liabilities, capital, revenues, expenses and drawing/dividends<ref>Agtarap-San Juan D. (2007), Fundamentals of accountin By extending the Owners’ Equity into Contributed Capital and Retained Earnings, the formula looks as follows:

...enables an individual without previous experience a chance to be informed and trained on how to run a business<ref>Sidhpuria M.V., 2009, p.16</ref>. ...is frequently used in quick-[[service]] restaurants, retail food, lodging and table/full-service restaurants<ref>Hatten T.S., 2018, p.111</ref>. The most

'''Why why analysis''' is a [[method]] of searching for and finding the root causes of the problem. The name of the method comes from t ...or flipchart. However the analysis can be performed using computer, beamer and mind mapping application, such as free [http://freemind.sf.net Freemind].

...ance of duties, not following the rules in the relationship between people and rules established by the group is the reasons that reduce the value of [[te ...anipulate, transmit misleading [[information]], could encounter resistance and reluctance in the recipient.

...of one or more covariates. It is a useful tool for managers to understand and explain the influence of various variables on the success of the business. ...olling for factors such as [[customer]] demographics, geographic location, and [[price]]. The company can also use ANCOVA to compare the sales performance

...revenue. The incremental sales ratio shows the influence between marketing and sales, as well as the benefits of this relationship for the [[company]]<ref ...ollowing ways to calculate incremental sales are three of the most popular methods:

...[[price]] and date and must be legally binding on each party ([[customer]] and [[supplier]]). To apply hedge accounting to cover fair value [[risk]], the ...o that unrealized gains and losses due to the hedged risk offset the gains and losses on the derivative" (D. Sahilian, M. Botea, D.L. Trasca 2013, p. 100)

...of trader purchases [[options]], [[futures]] or shares at the lower price and sells them at the higher price with a [[profit]] for himself ...lows them to perceive the order flow. This flow od order in the purchasing and selling is appearing around them. They could recognize when big, important

...ce by eliminating [[Muda|7 Wastes]] ([[Muda]]) while improving [[quality]] and safety. 5S is customarily implemented in connection with [[Kaizen]], [[Lean * have constant and marked places for maintaining things,

..., calibration, etc.) but also to competencies and skills of administrative and [[management]] employees (IT equipment maintenance, printers, copiers, etc. Technical competence may also refer to [[skills and abilities]] of consumers which are needed to use particular [[product]] (e.

...]] security [[management]] [[system]]''' has been described in clauses 4.2 and 4.3 of the [[standard]] [[[ISO 27001]]:2005, p. 9]. It is made up of the fo * defining the scope and boundaries of the ISMS,

...ken down into four main categories: [[planning]], [[organizing]], leading, and [[controlling]]. ...process]] of deciding what [[needs]] to be done, when it needs to be done, and who will be responsible for it.

...1994. They claimed that Parasuraman's study of relations between expected and experienced [[quality]] is not proper approach to quality assessment. ...y perceived by [[customer]] and expected by him/her. Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry in 1988 proposed SERVQUAL model which described five gaps between tho

...such as managerial. The inspiration for the theory was the list of motives and [[needs]] created by Henry Murray. This theory was created in the 1960s, al * middle level, and front line manager need for achievement,

.../ Juran Institute Website]</ref>, which aims to popularize and develop his methods<ref>[http://asq.org/about-asq/who-we-are/bio_juran.html Biography of Juran * ''Juran's Quality Handbook'', published for the first time in 1951 and then updated 5 times.

...of a brand. '''The promise of a brand aims to increase the company's value and [[service]] offerings.''' ...ne or a trademark but also very important part are personality, an emotion and an impressions.

...payment by credit cards is allowed. By the very nature of those industries and due to the tendency of making an increased number of mistakes in everyday b ...ck charges reimburse the expenses incurred to maintain occupational safety and health standards

...y]] of services. The authors proposed that the difference between expected and [[perceived quality]] should be evaluated in 5 dimensions: * Have respect for customer and other employees, partners, etc.

...set is a difference between the value recorded in the fixed assets account and the depreciation value<ref>Warren C., Reeve J., Duchac J. (2009), Corporate ...ual value, it's discarded. This activity is related with removes the asset and is related accumulated depreciation from the ledger<ref>Reeve J., Warren C,

...sk]] of project failure and ensuring that all [[stakeholders]] are aligned and working towards the same goals. ...nes underlay the structure of research methodologies, specific methods and techniques, which are used in the design [[process]].

...ss quality problems and find solutions. Their application differs in Japan and US/Europe. ...ides to use the [[hoshin kanri]] [[method]] to define policies, objectives and tasks, it is necessary to set up teams that will develop proposals for indi

...ity of services. The method was one of the first tools created to evaluate and improve quality of services. Therefore, is became popular very soon. ...of the critique was [[SERVPERF]] method, which was statistically validated and simper to use, however it didn't became so popular.

...targeted and have a wide reach. ATL isusing to done to build the [[brand]] and inform about the [[product]]. Conversions are given less importance in abov ...customers, and much more effective when the [[target group]] is very large and difficult to define. One of the major drawbacks in the ATL campaigns is the

...mployees. Paving career paths are designed to facilitate their recruitment and increase productivity by helping employees move to the professions that sui ...reers. At the individual level, career paths take into account the planned and unplanned sequence of [[employee]] professional positions over time<ref>Bro

'''Spendthrift clause''' "is a simple and valuable feature included in almost every trust. It has long been used in e ...it is no longer subject to the clause - it is now the beneficiary's money, and hence, third parties (creditors) can reach for it (M.T. Palermo 2005, p. 22

...r 2013). Undertaking organizational phenomena may cause many complications and this model classifies important organizational dimensions that help to dete ...e]] and performance helps to understand and recognize what are the drivers and the implications of particular change. In the model, change drivers are pre

...otential defects before they occur. It is a modification of [[Failure Mode and Effects Analysis]]. PFMEA was designed for [[Six sigma]], however it can be [[Qualitative analysis]] concerns possible failures, their causes and effects:

...company [[strategy]], [[mission and vision]], business systems and models, and human resources<ref>Value Drivers White Paper (2007) p.1-3</ref>. ...distribution or the new ways of reaching the customer using [[marketing]] techniques.

...te. The [[organization]] has to keep additional capacity, inventory, staff and is unable to optimize process. ...stability, predictability and flexibility. It is one of the most difficult methods of lean.

...rkplace]]. Waste reduction enables [[enterprise]] reduce [[quality cost]]s and improve value for the [[customer]]. In that way the [[company]] increases i ...ry. The TPS was popularized in 80s and 90s as [[Total Quality Management]] and [[lean manufacturing]], which has evolved into wider idea of [[lean managem

...easurable and unmeasurable uncertainty. The risk is measurable uncertainty and uncertainty (sensu stricte) - uncertainty uncertainty, ...count its dynamics. When testing a risk, factors that affect its substance and size should be taken into account.

...components of the [[Six sigma|Six Sigma]] approach. [[Quality]] assurance and total quality [[management]] (TQM) are two other principles that are closel ...s]] and services. The goal of Six Sigma is to reduce the number of defects and improve [[customer]] satisfaction.

==Data types and charactericts== ...i A., Chaouchi M., Jung T. (2016) </ref>. Other types are demographic data and psychographic data<ref> Rud O. P. (2001), p. 26-27 </ref>.

..., number of impressions, effects on sales). It also contains basic message and [[technology]] used for [[communication]] (mass media, social media, print, ...hensive findings relating to the operational objectives - schedule, budget and resources needed for their implementation (E. Applegate 2005, p. 1).

...fficient production operators, which will increase the [[company]]'s costs and slow down daily operations. ...e they can be re-used. The value of the item's scrap depends on the supply and [[demand]] for materials to which it can be divided

...e or age and requirements are "fixed and mostly internal" (Harrington H.J. and McNellis T. 2006, p.88). ...Nellis T. 2006, p.88). Nowadays, companies are getting consumers' opinions and recognizing their new wants through the [[Internet]].

...ol actions from beginning to end of activity<ref>System Safety Engineering and Management.1990 </ref>. * scientific and technical [[knowledge]],

...ment of the allowance for doubtful accounts has a direct impact on income, and therefore proves to be of high importance for companies which use the reser ...o impairment tests resulting in a comparison of the asset's carrying value and its probable recoverable amount. The allowance deducts the asset's carrying

...es. As analyses have shown, over 3/4 of all failures during [[production]] and using of product can be prevented during product design [[process]]. ...hod, it still finds new applications. The method can be easily digitalized and used in semiautomatic mode in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_

...'''ecological conditions''' at the local and global level, '''in the short and long term''' (Schneider F., Kallis G., Martinez-Alier J., 2010)." and the end-state '''should be sustainable''' in the thought of living

...bution that describes many phenomena in [[production]], sociology, finance and other areas. See examples below. ...Pareto|Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto]], Italian engineer, [[economist]] and sociologist (at that time scientist in fact - distinction of disciplines ca

...efficient processes, [[controlling]] - making sure that goal was achieved, and results attained ...because of evolution of management, different point of view of scientists and relations between them.

...ality, in place of the [[audit]] approach. In the 90s he provided lectures and seminars on quality. * 1991 - retirement from PCA and foundation of Career IV, Inc.

...relations, digital marketing, content marketing, word-of-mouth marketing, and experiential marketing. ...ch as keeping up with changing trends, managing [[customer expectations]], and maintaining an effective message.

...and to the creation of new opportunities. It is the process of developing and presenting innovative ideas to meet [[needs]] or solve problems. The creati * use of imagination (originality and [[efficiency]])

...different types of capacity and [[capabilities]] for general transmission and movement in a specific time unit <ref>M. O’Neill, G. Warren, 2016, p.1</r ...given period of time, in specific conditions defined by current technical and organisational factors. Technical factors determine the payload or load cap

...two approaches to [[management]]: authoritarian, which refers to Theory X, and participative, in the case of Theory Y<ref>Douglas McGregor (2006) [https:/ ...h style of management is used, employees usually perform repetitive tasks, and appraisals focus on quantitative results, which can be [[profit]] margins,

...al portfolio]], [[economic profile of a sector]], [[simulation scenarios]] and strategic trajectory [[method]] <ref>Kalkan A. & Bozkurt Ö. Ç. (2013), pp ...he environment that can have impact on the functioning of the organization and its future strategy of operation.

...valuable. Using [[demand]], [[cost]], and [[risk]] data, ABC ranks things, and inventory managers categorize them into distinct groups. This is useful for ...tegory''', a somewhat larger number of products in the '''"B" category''', and a huge number of products in the '''"C" category''', which encompasses the

...includes all phases of technological change, invention (idea), innovation and diffusion (dissemination). ...to the introduction of a new product on the market, company has to design and develop it in [[process of innovation]]. It consists of:

...ployees and society as a whole. There is many similarities between ethical and [[legal factors affecting business]]. Ethical factors refer to the moral principles that govern decisions and actions within a business. Ethical factors in business are essential to con

...ebt conversion can concern both the debt of organisations (e.g. companies) and of countries. Debt conversion can be carried out on a domestic or internati ...As a result of such a debt-to-equity swap, the company's liability expires and the existing creditor becomes its shareholder (S. Albertijn, et all., 2011,

'''The pull [[system]]''' (including [[Kanban]] and just-in-time) is a [[production]] [[management]] system called suction (PUL ...ends on the specificity of the process (size of the assortment, the number and time of conversions, the length of the [[production cycle]], etc.) (S. Sing

...]] should consist in their [[classification]], description, [[evaluation]] and verification of effects. However, when it comes to the definition of change ...institutions and [[work]] as well as psychological, sociological, economic and technical [[knowledge]].

...applying processes, goods / or services, resulting from the [[creativity]] and implementation of new ideas in the [[organization]]. ...le structure, as well as activities that are necessary for the preparation and practical application of modern technical solutions through the definition

...litary industries. As shown by the analysis, 3/4 defects in [[production]] and use can be prevented at the design stage. ...A is still finding new applications. The method can be easily computerized and used in semi-automatic mode using MRP / ERP systems.

...ruction include focusing on value, delivering quickly, pursuing perfection and creating continuous flow. ...esult is a more streamlined [[process]] that is cost-effective, efficient, and produces high-quality results.