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...roducts and services. Organization's environment includes all the elements of the direct and indirect impact outside it which are relevant to its functio ==Types of business environment==

...sions in the business world, since it can significantly affect the success of a [[product]], [[service]], or [[organization]]. This environment can be broken down into several components:

'''Emergent [[strategy]]''' is a business approach that is evolved over time as a response to changing [[market]] con The main elements of emergent strategy include:

'''Clusters''' are geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers, services, companies operat ...results in the division of labour and the creation of specialized factors of [[production]].

...multi-faceted and complex set of factors, depending on the characteristics of the project, such as: * [[cost]] of the project,

...al environment to identify any changes that could affect the effectiveness of existing strategies. Based on this analysis, strategy maintenance may invol ==Example of strategy maintenance==

...ic context, the contingency approach relies on four main components: the [[environment]], the organization, the leader, and the [[technology]]. ...implement different strategies than a company operating in a more relaxed environment.

...ible and efficient way, as well as to leverage the collective intelligence of the agents within the system. ==Example of complex adaptive system==

...uals and teams [[work]] together and get things done. To ensure successful business operations, it is essential to understand the role emotions can play in you ...and respond in a given context. As a manager, it is important to be aware of these emotions and how they shape the atmosphere in your [[company]].

.... It is an important tool for managers to understand the global business [[environment]] and make informed decisions. ==Example of international business research==

...s can be undertaken. The goal of a Technology Park is to provide the right environment and incentives for technology-based companies to grow and succeed. The core elements of a Technology Park include:

Strategic [[marketing]] is a [[process]] consisting of: ...analysis]] of the [[environment]], [[competition]] and factors shaping the business units

...a sustainable, responsible approach to tourism that minimizes harm to the environment, local communities, and culture. ==Example of negative tourism impacts==

...e requires resolving the situation within the company in relation to the [[environment]], careful [[planning]] and [[decision making]]. The success of anti-crisis measures is dependent on many different factors, among which th

...ers [[creativity]] and new ideas, encourages collaboration and the sharing of different perspectives, and can ultimately lead to better decision-making, ==Example of types of diversity==

...ating an [[environment]] of inclusion and respect for everyone, regardless of differences. This can bring fresh perspectives and different experiences to ...to measure the levels of diversity in their organization. Different levels of diversity can be identified, such as gender, racial, or ethnic diversity.

...the creditworthiness of counterparties. It is often claimed that this type of risk includes everything that is not classified as other risks. ==Sources of risk==

Scenario is an expected picture of the situation in the future. Scenarios created for enterprises represent th ...w you to provide various types of phenomena that can occur in a changing [[environment]], which will help prepare them.

...s, such as companies and governments. Rating agencies evaluate the ability of a borrower to meet its financial obligations, including [[bond]] payments. ==Example of Rating agency==

...sment of the organization's impact, and a focus on the long-term interests of [[stakeholders]]. ==Example of corporate social performance==

...the processes and tools used to make them. The main types of decisions in business are strategic, tactical, operational, and financial. ...ting. An important feature of this division is to emphasize the importance of decisions made by the individual managers.

...ages [[creativity]] and problem-solving. Intellectual diversity fosters an environment where everyone feels valued, respected, and accepted. ==Example of intellectual diversity==

...ty to think beyond the norm, to think in unconventional ways and break out of traditional thought patterns. ...ure of [[innovation]] and collaboration. They [[need]] to provide a safe [[environment]] for their team to express their ideas and be open to new solutions. They

...ting objectives and strategies, and developing and implementing a [[plan]] of action. ==Example of Planning process==

...ing [[relationships with customers]], as it helps to create an environment of mutual respect and understanding. ...ding '''organizational trust, interpersonal trust, [[customer]] trust, and business partner trust'''. It is important to understand each type and how they can

...ors. The theory of innovation emphasizes the importance of developing an [[environment]] that encourages [[creativity]] and innovation, as well as understanding t ==Example of theory of innovation==

...s. Strategic agility requires an organization to have a deep understanding of the current market, trends, and the [[capability]] to quickly react and adj * '''Resilience''': The ability to maintain a competitive edge in the face of change.

...ion and care are both expressions of empathy that involve an understanding of the other person's feelings and a desire to help them. ...re help to create a collaborative [[work]] atmosphere and foster a [[sense of belonging]], which leads to increased productivity and better results.

...e promotion of the company, and the image is often perceived as the effect of Public Relations activities. ==Types of company image==

...and interests, providing opportunities for growth, and creating a [[sense of community]] in the workplace. ==Example of motivation at work==

...gement]] perspective, economic shock can cause significant disruption to a business’s operations, as it can lead to a decrease in [[demand]], a decrease in p ==Example of economic shock==

...tial of internationalization, companies must develop the right combination of strategies and tactics, such as global branding, international market segme ==When to use process of internationalization==

...ative impact on productivity and morale, as well as on the overall success of the organization. ==Example of silo mentality==

Decentralization is the [[process]] of transferring decision-making powers down the organizational [[hierarchy]], ...s down the ladder. Is an expression of confidence in relation to the skill of lower-ranking managers and staff.

...te changes in the [[market]] [[environment]]. This can be due to a variety of factors, including: ...s, so they may choose to stick with the same prices even when the [[market environment]] changes.

...of the variation and determine its impact on the overall [[system]]. Cause of variation analysis can help managers determine if the variation is due to n ==Example of cause of variation==

There are many '''factors affecting business''' described in literature and examined during [[strategic management proce ...ctors affecting business''' or so called '''external factors of [[business environment]]'''

...e equitable and diverse [[workforce]], and the importance of creating an [[environment]] where everyone can thrive. ==Example of shattering glass ceilings==

...ructure shows how each division of a business is set up, the [[hierarchy]] of who reports to whom and how [[communication]] flows throughout the organiza ==Types of Organizational Systems==There are four main types of organizational structures===Functional organizational structure===

...ccess to physical and mental health resources, and creating a supportive [[environment]] where employees can reach their full potential. Additionally, by promotin ==Example of health and wellbeing==

...nd the sustainability of economic welfare. It also stresses the importance of policies that help to ensure that the economy runs at its full potential. ==Example of new keynesian economics==

...te realistic scenarios and to allow participants to experiment and develop business strategies. ==Example of business simulation game==

...imately, the goal of organizational learning theory is to foster a culture of change, [[creativity]] and [[continuous improvement]]. ==Example of organizational learning theory==

...sful and profitable business. SRB involves looking at the long-term impact of decisions, rather than just the short-term gains, as well as considering al ==Example of socially responsible business==

...technologies in order to make them more efficient or effective. '''Drivers of innovation''' can be divided into two categories: internal and external dri ...an organization’s control, such as changes in the political or economic [[environment]], [[customer]] demands, or technological advances.

...[[profit]]s of the [[company]]), as well as to protect and multiplication of [[social welfare]] ...business in creating social welfare. [[Business ethics]] is important part of corporate social responsibility]]

...members to connect, learn, and grow in their field of expertise. Community of practice can be used in organizations to facilitate collective learning, en ==Example of communities of practice==

...desired future state. Strategy also involves monitoring and [[evaluation]] of progress, as well as responding to changing conditions. ==Example of strategy of the organization==

...unt of capital to get started. Micro-enterprises can be found in a variety of industries, including retail, food and beverage, transportation, constructi ...]]. As the business is small, the overhead costs are minimal, and the risk of losses is minimized. Micro-enterprises also provide entrepreneurs with an o

...tand the behavior of employees in a [[workplace]], as well as the behavior of customers in a retail setting. ==Example of social influence theory==

...an individual or group that is significantly affected by the actions of a business or [[organization]], and has an [[interest]] in its success and operations. ...ion, and are typically the ones who have the most to gain or lose from the business's decisions and performance.

...trategy to ensure it remains on track. It requires clear [[communication]] of the strategy to all personnel, as well as establishing the necessary system ==Example of execution of strategy==

...riods with prior periods, without taking into account the changes in the [[environment]] and other forces that could have influenced the results. For example, if ==Example of base effect==

...] techniques, to operational processes and procedures. The core principles of management theory can be broken down into four main categories: [[planning] ...nd objectives]] and determining how to achieve them. It is the [[process]] of deciding what [[needs]] to be done, when it needs to be done, and who will

...-way street, with the organization providing a supportive and productive [[environment]] that meets the employee's [[needs]]. ==Example of organisational commitment==

...on of new products, tendency to take risks and work after hours, dominance of informal and direct contacts, uncontrollable costs may occur, problems with ==The elements of an innovative culture==

...e process of business communication impacts on outperforming in [[business environment]] (N. Gopal 2009, p. 3). ==Division of business communication into types==

...potential solutions to any current or future problems. Ultimately, a lack of information can create significant difficulties in achieving [[organization ==Example of lack of information==

...mong employees and [[management]]. Business communication involves the use of written, oral and visual communication methods. It is essential for effecti ==Example of business communication process==

...of Business Processes''' is one of the forms of improving the functioning of an [[enterprise]], which is based on<ref>Snee,R.D.(2004)</ref>: * defining the [[strategic goals]] of the [[company]]

...a business to remain competitive and successful. Companies must stay ahead of the [[competition]] and be open to change in order to remain relevant in th ...omer]] demands, [[technology]] and the economy. This helps them stay ahead of the competition by embracing the latest trends and technologies.

...success or failure of an [[organization]], and they provide an indication of the direction a company should take in order to stay competitive. They can ==Example of business driver==

...[[core values]] and mission statements that provide employees with a sense of purpose and direction. ==Example of values and beliefs==

...spective markets. The concept of strategic fit is also used in the context of [[mergers and acquisitions]], where it is used to assess the compatibility ==Example of strategic fit==

...involves analyzing the data and interpreting the results to draw valuable business insights. ...of improvement, and inform decisions. Some of the most common applications of data collection processes include:

...final [[consumer]], but are instead used in the [[production]] [[process]] of other goods. Intermediate goods are a vital part of the [[production process]], and are essential for creating the goods and se

...ate. Legal factors are closely associated with [[ethical factors affecting business]]. ...operates, and can have a significant impact on the financial aspects of a business.

...n of areas where improvements can be made. An environmental audit consists of four main components: ...eloping recommendations for improvement''': This includes developing a set of recommendations to help the organization improve its environmental performa

...tion]] prior to the implementation of any internal control. It is the risk of loss due to internal factors, such as [[employee]] error or fraud, or exter Inherent risk can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

...the competition.Organizational change is every change taking place in our environment.However, it must be remembered that implementing the change alone is not en ...heir qualifications during the process, which, however, increases the time of change but also increases productivity and [[innovation]].

...ingful [[relationships with customers]] and creating a positive [[work]] [[environment]]. Trust in a [[company]] is a measure of how much employees and customers believe in the company's goals, values, an

...cted to a visual indicator such as a light or sign that alerts supervisors of the issue. In addition to this, some andon cords are connected to computers ==Example of andon cord==

...ctive part in its implementation) or are directly concerned by the results of it. Stakeholders can exert influence on the [[organization]]. ==Types of stakeholders==

...onment]]. It is a type of lateral thinking that seeks to broaden the range of ideas and perspectives available for consideration. It is commonly used in ==Example of parallel thinking==

==Subject of tax strategy== The subject of tax strategies of company are expenses resulting from having to pay the tax burden and to kee

...T analysis]], Porter's Five Forces, and the Balanced Scorecard. The choice of model will depend on the [[organization]]'s specific [[needs]] and goals. ...unctional [[information]]''' and feedback indicating the '''dynamic nature of strategic [[management]]''' in the [[enterprise]].

...eign investor assumes some degree of ownership and control in the domestic business, which can lead to greater economic growth and job creation. ==Example of direct foreign investment==

'''Sustainable [[project]] [[management]]''' is a [[process]] of managing a project and its resources to ensure that it meets its goals whil ...takeholders]], the [[environment]], and the community. It involves the use of sustainable practices throughout the [[project life cycle]], from [[plannin

...ckground come together in a population or [[organization]]. This diversity of culture, ideas, and experiences can be a powerful asset for any organizatio ...ementing anti-discrimination measures, organizations can create a [[work]] environment where employees feel safe and comfortable.

...tential to develop one. The model can also be used to assess the resources of potential competitors. By doing so, managers can identify threats and oppor ==Example of VRIO model==

...a stable macroeconomic [[environment]]. These policies can include the use of fiscal, monetary, and trade policies to achieve the desired economic outcom ...ow countries to diversify their economic activities, reducing the [[risk]] of economic shocks and providing more opportunities for growth and development

...ortable hotel travelling around country. QWL is an idea of creating work [[environment]] as friendly as possible(Inda S.S. 2013, p. 1-24). ==Functions of Quality of Worklife==

Every business understands the importance of [[communication]]. Whether it’s internal or external, communication is th '''[[Internal communication]]''' is the exchange of [[information]] within the [[organization]]. This includes employees, depar

...t is important for [[project]] managers to identify and address the causes of productivity loss in order to maximize efficiency and increase output. ==Example of loss of productivity==

...nge in unexpected, negative direction without connection to the activities of the company. ...ign of threat and take protective and preventive measures before the onset of their negative effects.

...recognizing and rewarding employees, managers can create a positive work [[environment]] that encourages employees to continue to give their best effort and striv ==Example of recognition and reward==

...tivate their employees to achieve their desired goals. There are two types of rewards: intrinsic and extrinsic. ...rent to the job itself, such as job satisfaction, recognition, and feeling of accomplishment. Intrinsic rewards are powerful motivators that can be used

...anizational solution characteristic in the industrial era in the direction of the network structure. ...from both inside and outside the organization, they in turn, are a source of additional benefits.

...it can be concluded that the company most likely adheres to the principles of ethics (A. Fernando 2010, p. 1.5). ...iness is an ethical business"''. A business that does not follow the rules of ethics will probably collapse after some time (A. Fernando 2010, p. 1.5).

...ration for investors, as it can have an outsized impact on the performance of an individual security or company. As such, investors must take extra care ==Example of idiosyncratic risk==

...a framework for evaluating the potential returns and risks associated with business decisions. It is based on the company's values and [[risk management]] [[st ==Example of risk appetite statement==

...ure and turn-over of goods are not statistically evidenced. Characteristic of this activity is that it is unregulated, hence it is not included in the GD Major reason for the existence of informal sector:

...ation’s ability to attract and retain talent, create a positive [[work]] [[environment]], and build successful relationships with [[stakeholders]]. ...vironment]]. It is also important for managers to recognize the importance of creating an organizational culture that is unique and differentiates the co

...L. Cooper proposed a taxonomy of agents of change, including the following types: * Generators of change (their goal is to provoke a sense of the [[need]] for change in the community), including:

...king]]''' is the process of selecting from a set of alternatives. The goal of both planning and decision making is to maximize [[efficiency]] and effecti ...used in different scenarios. These can be used to weigh the pros and cons of each alternative and arrive at the best possible decision.

...also increase. Similarly, if the number of employees decreases, the sales of the company may also decrease. Positive correlation can be used in manageme ==Example of positive correlation==

...pe of risks usually applies to a larger group of people and the difficulty of anticipation is associated with a lower incidence. An example of such risk may be technological changes related to the launch of a better [[quality]] [[product]] at a lower [[price]], which will result in

...ethods predict different types of phenomena that can occur in a changing [[environment]] and help managers in preparing for them. ...f various factors influencing the [[company]], its trends and the capacity of the [[enterprise]] to adapt to them.

...elationships that can be specified in the [[company]] and setting for each of these gaps adequate strategy. ==Types of gaps in strategic management==

...any]] [[need]] to put in it. This can include assets, salaries or purchase of materials and more. Proper investment can give in potential returns in the Linear '''[[process]] of [[innovation]]''' distinguishes following stages:

...interest]] and [[cost]]-benefit analysis. It is an interdisciplinary field of study, drawing on concepts from [[economics]], psychology, sociology, and o ...conomic and social processes'''. Practitioners of praxeology use a variety of research methods to gain insights into decision-making, including surveys,

* Maintaining a steady state, i.e. immunity to changes in [[environment]] (to certain level) ...ility to retrieve [[information]], material and energy from the [[business environment]].

...business encourages trust between all parties involved, as well as a sense of accountability and responsibility. ==Example of transparency in business==

...fficiency]] of the organization and well-being of workers. The development of organization is a prerequisite for the survival, stability and improvement. ...g ones, change the structure of these [[system]]s, an increase in the size of the company to ensure its [[competitive advantage]] in the long run.

...ffluent are normal domestic sewage and rainwater run-off. The size of your business does not affect the fact that your waste liquids are treated as trade efflu ...any. For some types of effluent, you may also [[need]] a permit from the [[Environment]] Agency<ref> S. Williams 2013, p.22</ref>.

...re two sides of the same coin, and both are important for the success of a business. Competition helps organizations to strive for excellence, while cooperatio ==Example of competition and cooperation==

...[[product]] or [[service]]. Performance [[management]] is the [[process]] of monitoring performance and making necessary adjustments to ensure that goal ==Example of performance of an organization==

...t]] and specialized committees. Companies also frequently use the services of consultancy firms and various research centers. ...an be prepared in a condensed or expanded form (depending on the [[needs]] of the management).

...''L'''egal factors. It has other variants, which only have different order of factors: '''SLEPT analysis''', '''PESTLE analysis''' and '''PESTEL analysis ==Main factors of STEEPLE analysis==

...rn on [[investment]] metrics<ref>''Guardian Energy'' (2015), LLC v. County of Waseca https://mn.gov/tax-court-stat/published%20orders/2017/Guardian%20En ==Types of properties==

...f all stakeholders, the [[availability of resources]], and the development of strategies to ensure the project's long-term success. Sustainability is ess ==Example of sustainability of project==

...isational commitment]] to have a measurable effect. An indirect [[action]] of organisational commitment is shaping positive employer branding, which make ==Types of organisational commitment==

...corruption levels among them. It is also used to assess the effectiveness of anti-corruption policies and initiatives. ==Formula of corruption perception index==

...limits on a scale of one cell in chain, but also support the determination of boundaries between units. Use of the strategy wheel should be preceded by a preparatory phase, in which rele

...lues, and collective identity that unites a group, often centered around a business or [[organization]]. It fosters collaboration, trust, and cooperation among ==Example of sense of community==

...ucture determines the roles and relationships among the different [[levels of the organization]] and provides a framework for how [[work]] is divided and ...on, its culture, and the nature of the work it performs. Some common types of organizational structures include functional, divisional, matrix, and flat.

...stablished procedures. They are also likely to prioritize the preservation of the status quo over [[innovation]]. ==Example of high uncertainty avoidance==

...d on the long-term activities specifying and implementing the [[objectives of the organization]]. Is characterized by the following features: ...f the [[need]] to make decisions manager ask: "which of the possible lines of [[action]] will best match our [[strategy]]?"

...[level of risk]] that an [[organization]] is willing to accept. Perception of risk is highly contextual and subjective, as it depends on factors such as ==Example of perception of risk==

'''Nature of [[strategic management]]''' can be described in following points: * uncertainty about the future and [[quality]] of data acquires is relatively high

...aking are centralized and controlled by a small group of people at the top of the organization. .... Works best in a dynamic [[environment]], in small organizations. Concept of adhocracy was developed by Henry Mintzberg, and is often called as '''Mintz

...e. As managers, it is important to understand the benefits and limitations of [[project]] sustainability so that we can ensure that our initiatives are s ...m benefits to the local community, while also minimizing the impact on the environment.

...he market or on the market, it is order, description, [[need]] or decision of market participant. ...h those variables in order to take rational market decisions in conditions of insecurity, connected with marketing [[management]].

...] representatives, or individuals in organizations with the responsibility of making decisions that affect the public. They create policies that set the Policy makers have a broad range of responsibilities and solutions they can bring to address a problem. They ca

...s or groups, as this can have an effect on how people interact and conduct business. To help understand and manage cultural distance, there are many [[manageme ...for managers, as it helps them to gain insight into the different cultures of their employees.

...evaluate outcomes, and make informed decisions. DSS are used in a variety of areas, including finance, operations, [[marketing]], and human resources. T ...oblems, analyze data, and make informed decisions. Below are some examples of when decision support systems can be used:

...egrate the various categories of these plans for the effective functioning of the strategic [[management]] system. ==Scope of planning system==

...rganization]]'s objectives. Objectives should satisfy all the participants of the organization. ==Example of Objectives of the organization==

...[[process]] of developing a [[plan]] of [[action]] with a defined timeline of less than one year. It involves analyzing the present situation, setting [[ ...the present situation''': This involves understanding the current position of the [[organization]] and analyzing the current resources, [[capabilities]],

...ainties''' reflect unpredictable changes of [[environment]] and behaviours of people<ref>Mishra,P.K.(2011)</ref>. ...concepts are important for [[business activity]] because running your own business is directly related to taking and calculating risk and uncertainty<ref>Toma

The basic issue is a fact that governments are taking care of the commonly used economic activity<ref>Quirk P.J.,(2014)</ref>. ...should be in accordance with the correct practices and requirements of the business entity.

...of trust, collaboration and understanding. By correctly managing the flow of information, organizations can become more efficient, productive, and compe ==Example of flow of information==

...ny and its activities. It consists of the systematic creation and updating of plans, based on [[knowledge]] about the future, [[organizing]] activities i ...s scope is national or international. It should also contain a description of the [[organizational structure]] that is or will be in force in the [[enter

...izations [[need]] to have a comprehensive [[plan]] that outlines the goals of their public relations, the strategies to be used, and the tactics to be im ...lations''': Media relations involves developing relationships with members of the media, pitching stories to them, and responding to media inquiries. It

...ties, Threats. They are analytical categories filling in particular fields of the SWOT matrix <ref>E. Gürel, M. Tat,2017, pp.995 998</ref>. ==Specificity and types of opportunities==

...a [[method]] used to frame the [[project]] and develop it. The main steps of concept engineering are: * framing the project - definition of main and secondary results, limitations and assumptions, success criteria

...s]] of identifying, assessing, and developing the [[skills and abilities]] of employees to ensure that they reach their highest performance levels. ...ployees and management. Through this process, employers can identify areas of improvement and create opportunities for professional development. This can

The basic '''types of organisation''' are: ...cific to organization members connected with official procedures, division of labour, hierarchic [[system]] and [[communication]] methods. Features: offi

...of economic agents. In addition, economic networks also examine the impact of technological advances, such as the [[Internet]], on economic systems. ==Example of economic network==

...dge and [[information]] among colleagues. It can be done through a variety of methods, such as in-person meetings, online forums, and digital tools. By s ...e possibility of [[confidential information]] being leaked, and the chance of making bad decisions based on inaccurate information. Therefore, it is impo

...olves analyzing the external [[environment]] and internal [[capabilities]] of the company to identify the best international marketing opportunities, the ==Example of international marketing strategy==

...owledge]], and insight that information provides is crucial to the success of any [[organization]]. ==Example of information==

...managers can also use a combination of structures to benefits of each type of activity. ...ovative solution, which creates the conditions for a comprehensive solving of complex problems.

...nation of different structural elements of the [[company]] involved in the business expressed in financial, economic, organizational and technical indicators h ==Types of controlling Concepts==

...n a timely and cost-effective manner. The goal is to minimize the [[impact of risk]] on the project by either avoiding it, transferring it, mitigating it ==Example of risk of software development==

...development. It is a comprehensive framework that is used by organizations of all sizes, from small businesses to large corporations. ...tandard is assessed by an [[external auditor]] and is recognized as a mark of excellence.

...holders]]. This requires a thorough understanding of the problem and the [[environment]], as well as an ability to analyze different [[options]] and assess their ...essential for successful decision making. The following are some examples of when decision making should be used:

...w [[strategic solutions]]. All businesses have access to an extensive pool of knowledge, but the most important is the way the company uses this knowledg Knowledge in every area of economic processes is important because:

...rategy]] in place is key to achieving the desired [[goals and objectives]] of the [[organization]]. To ensure that strategies are implemented and monitor ...nding of the organization’s goals and objectives, a thorough [[knowledge]] of the organization’s resources and [[capabilities]], and a strategy for cap

...efined objectively and subjectively as the future, desired state or result of the [[organization]]'s operation, possible and foreseen to be achieved, wit ...ormulated in a way (maintaining a specific state) or functional (running a business).

...their functions cover commercial representation as well as the regulation of the [[employment]] relationship." (P. Lewis, A.Thornhill, M. Saunders, 2003 Employers association have given different business services, commercial [[information]], support and advices. It's also an [[e

...working together, small teams can achieve great results in a short period of time. ==Example of small team==

...ctive strategies, and allocate resources efficiently. Ultimately, the goal of creating value is to increase the bottom line and maximize returns for [[st ==Example of creation of value==

We can distinguish following forms of '''boundaries of the [[enterprise]]''': * limits to the integration of up-stream flows (upstream integration boundary) is tied up to decisions to

...competitive advantages through alliances and joint ventures. International business strategy is a dynamic [[process]], as it [[needs]] to be regularly reviewed ==Example of international business strategy==

The [[system]] of goals design include the following steps: * Formulation of objectives,

...n, vision, and [[core values]] and defines the ethical and moral standards of [[behaviour]] that all employees should follow. ...onsible manner and creates a shared understanding of the purpose and goals of the organisation. It also helps to improve [[efficiency]] and effectiveness

...[management]]. It is responsible for representing the collective interests of employees and is often consulted by management on issues that affect the [[ The works council is established to ensure that the interests of employees are protected and that they are given a voice in the workplace. T

...the transition to ensure it is successful and sustainable. It is a process of delivering a change to the [[organization]] and requires effective planning ==Example of implementation of change==

...yees are managed, and provide guidance to employees about what is expected of them. ==Example of human resources policies==

...ion]]. In a time when businesses are constantly evolving, having a culture of accountability is essential to staying competitive and achieving growth. ...and transparency. This will ensure everyone is on the same page and aware of expectations.

...objectives. It is especially effective when one party has a particular set of skills or resources that the other does not possess. ==Example of acting in concert==

==Types of planning according to the time the plan refers to== ...ars) - a [[plan]] of the future, thanks to which it is easier to set paths of conduct and future decisions regarding resources and priorities,

...t to achieving organizational objectives. It also includes the development of knowledge-based systems and practices to facilitate knowledge sharing and c ==Example of knowledge management strategy==

'''Tactical [[plan]]''' - series of scenarios and decisions for how companies’ strategic long-term objectives ==Definition and role of tactical planning==

...akeholders]], the development of a conceptual model, and an [[evaluation]] of the solutions. This approach is useful in addressing real-world problems wi ==Example of soft system methodology==

...t data from a remote location and then analyzing the data from the comfort of a central location, and it is revolutionizing the way businesses and organi ...of remote monitoring are numerous. Cost savings are one of the main draws of this technology, as it eliminates the [[need]] for costly physical presence

...y operates. '''Function''' on the other hand specifies concrete [[action]] of people in [[organization]], which is undertaken in order to achieve some fo ==Types of goals==

...rticipation of citizens and civil society organisations in the development of the economy. The main elements of the social economy can be summarised as follows:

...identifying and capturing knowledge, sharing knowledge, and driving usage of [[knowledge resources]]. ==Example of knowledge management processes==

...that are used to make decisions about the [[financial performance]] of the business. ...that they are properly recorded and accurately reflect the activity of the business.

...They also apply to conflicts between individual objectives and objectives of the whole [[company]]. ==Types of tactical problems==

...ing and rewarding innovative ideas. It also requires the right combination of resources and processes to ensure that ideas are generated, tested and impl ==Example of innovation in services==

...ese include both institutions of particular importance for the functioning of the state and its citizens, as well as organizations engaged in a [[market] ...e management of public organizations and business units there are a number of differences:

The '''[[matrix structure]]''' is a type of [[organizational structure]] in which the reporting relationships are set u ...t of contact between different departments. It also allows for the pooling of resources from different departments in order to ensure that a project is c

...major decisions. They are responsible for overseeing the management of the business and ensuring that the organization is well positioned to achieve its goals. ==Example of roles of the executives==

...egrates particular types of [[management]] strategies, fulfilling the role of the superior strategy. ==Types of strategy==

...e psyche at the time of purchase. Consumer behavior is a structured series of reactions to various stimuli. ==Types of consumer behavior==

...nderstand the difference between an employer and employee and the dynamics of the relationship. ...xible working environment, and regular feedback are all essential elements of a successful employer-employee relationship.

...e edge over rivals. It can also help to reduce the [[risk]] of duplication of products and services. ==Example of proprietary technology==

...in organization ([[system]]) or object. It is determined in a given period of time and due to the adopted basis for comparison. The changes can be divide ...employees, [[size of the organization]], rate of labor ratio as an example of organizational growth rate.

...instead are driven by a mission to create positive social change. Examples of social enterprises include non-[[profit]] organizations, co-operatives, hyb ...r disadvantaged people, advocating for social justice, or conserving the [[environment]]. The profits generated by these enterprises are reinvested back into thei

...a sequence of activities. Organizational (business) process is a sequence of activities which convert inputs into outputs. Interpretation: * sequence of activities - activities have to be performed in certain, non-random order.

...re dealing with difficult conditions to compete in a complex and dynamic [[environment]], on the other hand - the [[need]] for establishing permanent, mutually be ...es of the negotiations it is very important to take into account two types of issues:

...during this [[process]]. During the activity center process, various types of prototypes are used to combine variables, which often becomes weakness <ref ==Types of activity centers==

...n of funds depending on the changing market situation (conditions of the [[environment]] and [[competition]]) <ref> Alireza A., Mahdi D., Minoo A., Zahra A. p. 19 '''Importance of [[marketing]] [[strategy]]''' is very high in contemporary [[company]]. Goo

...or business. It is a systematic examination of the way an organization or business complies with its social and ethical responsibilities. Social audits are co ...fy areas for improvement. It also helps to ensure that the organization or business is meeting its social and ethical responsibilities.

'''Espoused values''' are "normative statements of desired outcomes or conditions that an [[organization]] believes ought to e ...they should be clearly connected with the unique character or the function of the organization (Barrett R. 2014, p. 156).

...] level. Companies can usually have accurate [[knowledge]] about the costs of their suppliers. Managers are able to parallel costs and [[employment]] [[e ...affect the industry because they increase demand or increase the diversity of products.

...n strategy''' consist of all projects of regrouping assets at the disposal of the [[enterprise]] to activities fundamentally different from in the past. ...savings, spreading the [[risk]], increased financial security, better use of resources, improved economic performance or survival on the [[market]].

...with employees, customers and [[stakeholders]], and for creating a culture of accountability and respect. It also encourages collaboration, [[innovation] ==Example of integrity==

...subsidiaries focused on operative [[management]] functions and activities of [[production]] or [[service]]. ...ten referred to as "parent" or "mother"), a substantial part of the assets of another company or companies (hereinafter referred to as "subsidiaries" or

'''End of [[Product]] Life (EOPL)''' it’s the point when a product is no longer man ...uct is still working. This is because the product may have reached the end of its useful life due to technological advancements or changes in customer [[

...algorithms to develop new ideas, strategies and approaches that can drive business growth and success. ==Example of innovation 4.0==

...types of risks that can have a positive or negative effect on the success of the [[project]]. ...sonnel or [[technology]]. It is important for project managers to be aware of potential threats and take [[action]] when necessary to minimize their impa

...ionships with employees within [[organization]]. As a result, the [[work]] of their subordinates is not only more efficient, but also more effective. ...elements, notably both oral and written communication skills, is a measure of the [[company]]'s future success <ref>McPheat S. (2012), ''[http://doctor-c

...hanges over time are a key part of how successful organizations stay ahead of the game. ==Example of changes over time==

...corporations are directed and controlled, and it emphasizes the importance of transparency and accountability in [[decision making]]. Corporate governanc ==Aspects of corporate governance theory==

...f a new [[product]] ([[planning]], purchase of [[technology]], acquisition of machinery and equipment, licences etc.) and gain new markets ([[market]] se ==Types of diversification strategies==

...e [[decision-maker]] with the data needed to determine the expected return of an investment or decision. ==Example of uncertainty and risk==

...constantly vigilant and proactive in order to ensure the success of their business. ==Example of small business management==

...business [[management]] that can help entrepreneurs develop and grow their business. ==Example of theory of entrepreneurship==

'''Strategy''' is a program of general activities aimed at exploiting the [[production]] potential and res ...neral program for the definition and implementation of the main activities of [[organization]],

.... He is also considered as an aid for methodical and informational support of management decisions. ==The role of the Controller==

...and legal barriers. Trade liberalization can be achieved through a variety of instruments, including unilateral trade liberalization, bilateral trade agr ==Example of trade liberalization==

..., its soul, which distinguishes it from other organizations, the usual way of thinking, feeling, and [[action]] shared, absorbed and assimilated by the e ...he [[objectives of the organization]] and their involvement in realization of these.

...ey to success in the implementation of the [[strategy]] is the unification of the [[organization]] around the developed [[strategy]]. After that, it is p Six key activities related to the implementation of the [[strategy]] are:

...een organizational levels is [[hierarchy]], there is no [[specialization]] of managers, usually [[formalization]] is low and [[centralization]] high. ...ype of structure tends to be more rigid and bureaucratic, with a clear set of rules and procedures to follow.

Simplified definition of the algorithm says that: An algorithm is a finite sequence of steps for turning input to the output<ref>[1] A. Jędryczkowski, Algorytmy,

...ose prices affect the demand for the products. By understanding the theory of consumption, organizations can better understand the demand for their produ ==Example of theory of consumption==

...ing now and what can happen. Sets the objectives and examines the progress of their implementation. ...iled timetable and costs of the resources necessary for the implementation of the [[plan]].

...erstand how each component of a system interacts with each other and the [[environment]] around them. ...rstand the complexities of a system, as well as the potential implications of changes.

...sions made by them and their behaviors are affecting supply and [[demand]] of products and services. Microeconomics draws attention to connections and in ==Study of microeconomics==

'''Planning''' is a [[process]] of setting aims and adequate actions in order to reach the aim. It means that ...agement]] process, involves the determination of the purpose and direction of the [[organization]]. Defines what to do, when and how this should be done

Depending on the [[organization]], we can distinguish the following variants of [[strategy]]: ===Strategy at the level of corporation===

...] accumulated over time. In [[management]], having knowledge of the latest business trends, [[competition]], and regulations is essential for making informed d ...a situation and develop effective strategies can help managers stay ahead of the game.

...omas International [[method]], which diagnoses 4 dimensions of individuals of [[work]] team: * Domination - specifies the business kind of man, achieving the objectives, even in adverse conditions. People with a hi

...nsidered. By tracking these metrics, a manager can gain insight into areas of improvement and capitalize on opportunities for growth. ...measure and track business results, managers can gain an accurate picture of their company’s performance and make informed decisions that will lead to

'''[[Process]] analysis''' is increasingly used in various types of organizations, both in enterprises and [[public administration]] units. It * in the orientation of new employees

...ontrol system is an important tool to improve the overall automation level of [[enterprise]] and provide significant economic benefits for enterprises. A * determining the operation sequence of a job,

...rs typically have a high degree of autonomy and [[work]] with a wide range of [[stakeholders]], both internal and external. ==Example of middle management level==

...]]. These decisions differ from each other in terms of the impact of the [[environment]] on [[company]]'s situation. ...is can help managers to better understand the potential risks and benefits of different [[options]], and make more informed decisions.

It’s imperative that we have a comprehensive understanding of the importance of [[planning]] in our organizations. Planning helps us set goals, develop str ...plans. Strategic plans are long-term plans that set the overall direction of an [[organization]] and provide guidance on how to achieve its goals. Opera

...st [[competition]] and modernization of equipment. There is two main types of this [[process]]: ...nd sales of the same [[product]] range. It mostly covers selected areas of business where there is a [[need]] to introduce changes immediately to stabilize a d

...they enable organizations to capitalize on the different [[capabilities]] of different countries and to improve their [[competitiveness]] in the global ==Example of global production networks==

...n [[management]]. It requires creation of specialized procedures and rules of operation but the tasks entrusted to the individual worker should be restri ==Types of specialization==

...or processes; the development of new technologies or methods; and the use of new materials or designs. ...ntelligence]]. These [[types of innovations]] are often driven by a vision of the future that is distinct from the present, and they should be able to so

...l, L. V., Cleveland, J. N., & Thornton, G. C., (2010)</ref>, it is the use of gender as well as on race/ethnicity, national origin and religion in [[empl ==Types of discrimination==

...nt]], inequality, and [[environmental]] degradation. The most common types of economic interventions are '''fiscal policy, monetary policy, and trade pol ...intervention and make informed decisions about the best approach for their business.

...k of understanding]] of the [[company]]'s vision, mission, and goals. Lack of awareness can lead to poor decision-making, inefficiency, and unnecessary c ==Example of lack of awareness==

...rkets. This approach offers a unique perspective and can be a great source of [[competitive advantage]]. ...r service that has a major impact on the market. Open innovation is a type of innovation that involves sharing ideas and resources with external partners

...ge but it can be also applied in other areas, like for example [[work]] or business. ...ogous unhealthy when the engagement of one side is lesser than involvement of the other side.

...n]] takes when investing in something with an uncertain outcome. This type of risk is typically present when an individual or organization takes a chance ...m other forms of [[investment]], but this also comes with a greater degree of risk.

...dit process typically includes data analysis, process reviews, and testing of key controls. ==Example of continuous audit==

...to improve the situation of the company. Management (as well as employees of the company) should actively seek opportunities that can be used to improve Types of opportunities can be divided depending on the nature of the [[environmental]] factor which is their source.

...e multinational with multiple locations. MSEs typically have a higher rate of growth than small businesses and often have global reach. ...a wide [[range of products]] and services and can benefit from [[economies of scale]]. They are able to develop new products faster and more efficiently

...ds and services by consumers, such as buying and using products. Each type of economic activity plays a role in the economy and contributes to overall ec ==Examples of Economic Activities==

...ich are the goals of the [[organization]]. Resources are essential for any business to be successful and must be allocated and managed effectively in order to ==Example of resources==

There are many benefits of using social media, including (J. I. Miletsky 2009, p. 78, 82): ...agers can widen their messages about products and services among all users of the [[Internet]].

...nication]] or a lack of alignment with [[organizational goals]]. This lack of understanding can lead to confusion, decreased productivity, and even [[wor ==Example of lack of understanding==

...and make decisions to maximize their profits. This requires close analysis of the market, including the competitors, customers, and [[industry]] trends, ==Example of market for product==

...ny]] can move from concept to market, taking into account all the elements of the [[product]] or [[service]] journey. In today's fast-paced world, those On the flip side, those that are unable to keep up with the speed of the market can miss out on potential opportunities and see a decrease in pr

...are built and maintained. It can also be used to assess the effectiveness of compensation structures and other incentives. ==Example of social exchange theory==

...eadership approach, combining both ethical and transformational approaches of leadership (Walumbwa, Wang, Wang, Schaubroeck, & Avolio, 2010) ...onal beliefs and feelings. This also includes reinforcing a fair working [[environment]]. (Walumbwa, Wang, Wang, Schaubroeck, & Avolio, 2010)

From an [[environmental]] point of view, the closed-loop recycling process is very much needed, albeit many co ==Advantages of closed-loop recycling==

'''Communication channels''' represent the multitude of ways through which a message can be transmitted from a sender to a receiver ==Type of communication channels==

...the project's success. The business case should include an [[evaluation]] of the benefits, costs, risks, and other factors that will influence the proje ==Example of business case development==

...ffect the supply chain and taking pro-active measures to reduce the impact of any potential risks. ==Example of supply chain risk==

...ustrial business [[management]] of labor resources as well as of the means of [[production]]. ...ution of the tasks. Interdepartmental planning systems are based on models of control.

...l to understand [[customer needs]] and wants, as well as their perceptions of a product or service in order to create a high CPV. ==Example of customer perceived value==

...tors whose primary responsibility is to maintain the day-to-day operations of the company while the board and senior [[management]] seek a qualified succ ...ability takes time due to friction in the CEO labor [[market]] (e.g., lack of [[information]] about outside candidates). By appointing an interim CEO, th

We can distinguish several '''sources of [[innovation]]'''<ref>Oksanen, K., 2013, pp. 815-827</ref>: * purchase of new [[knowledge]] in the form of patents, licenses, technical services, etc.

...organizations, allowing for the analysis of [[communication]] and the flow of resources. It is used to identify key influencers, evaluate relationships, ==Example of social network analysis==

'''[[Communication]] is the [[process]]''' of exchanging [[information]], ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions between A successful communication process requires all of these steps to be completed successfully in order for the message to be acc

...isk taking is about making informed decisions about the potential outcomes of your action. ==Example of risk taking behaviors==

...tract customers by providing a stable, predictable price on a wide [[range of products]]. The key benefits of EDLP are:

...oving the [[quality]] and productivity of [[work]], intensify the exchange of [[information]] or increase the [[company]]'s ability to learn and use new ...tter, newer. Innovations may concern various types of processes, phenomena of organizational, technical as well as social or psychological nature.

...n the buying or selling of an asset is considered as the buying or selling of goods for resale (Thompson Hosein, 2004, pp. 108-110). ==Examples Errors Of Principle==

...advancement of [[knowledge]] and to provide a high [[quality]] learning [[environment]] for students, faculty, and staff. ==Types of higher education institutions==

...ving the [[organization]]'s [[competitive advantage]] through the creation of new value. ==Example of management of innovation==

...n an organized, structured way or a more informal, ad hoc manner. Exchange of information is essential in management to ensure that the right information ==Example of exchange of information==

...lign their goals with their employees' goals and create an [[environment]] of growth and development. ...he performance of their employees, organizations can create an environment of accountability and growth. With performance management, organizations can e

...asizes the importance of managerial authority and expertise to the success of public organizations. * It suggests that public organizations should be managed like a business, with an emphasis on [[cost]]-effectiveness and minimizing waste.

...ormation]], strategic potential, skills gaps, anticipated changes in the [[environment]], activities [[competition]]. ...activities. It is different compared to traditional approaches and methods of management.

...rehouse and also '''a permanent feature in the [[logistics]] [[system]]''' of many companies. The user of the public warehouse has access not only to the storage space, but also to

...e [[industry]] and [[product]] type, but they are essential to the success of any product or service. ...also being environmentally sustainable is essential to the success of any business.

...evel, which includes, two areas extremely important from the point of view of professional success: competencies and skills. This is what we are looking ...anding this differences helps us in better management and better selection of the staff to the [[company]] <ref>Andrews J., Higson H. 2008, p. 411</ref>.

...mury, BMM provides framework for developing, communicating, and managing [[business plans]] in an organized manner. ...reated in 2005 by the Object [[Management]] Group (OMG) with the intention of future adoption by the International Organization for [[Standardization]] (

...factor determining growth and development. Companies, which possess a lot of knowledge capital are at a [[comparative advantage]] to other organizations ...the concept in order to organize specific groups of knowledge capital, all of which display similarities between assets within the particular group.

...ves]]. Achievement of strategic objectives is possible through realization of different projects (related to [[marketing]], [[production]], etc.). If the ...do the same and the market changes (new requirements of customers, change of fashion, alternative goods become available). Therefore, taking strategic p

'''Internet''' - origins of the name can be found in two different words - interconnection and network, ...rk of the networks". In IT terminology Internet is being referred as space of IP addresses, assigned to particular hosts and servers connected by network

* '''Improved [[quality]] of life''': Social impact can lead to improved health care, better [[education ...'Increased inequality''': Social impact can create an unequal distribution of resources, leading to greater poverty and disparities in access to educatio

...s resources needed for R&D [[work]] and entering new markets. Main results of sustainable [[competitive advantage]] are: * lower [[production]] costs due to effects of scale

...to determine whether to enter a [[market]] or not. That is why the results of sales potential are so important for an organisation. ==Meaning of Sales Potential==

..., it is important for project managers to consider the potential influence of stakeholders and develop strategies to manage their involvement accordingly ==Example of stakeholders influence==

'''Objectives''' are statements that explain the desired outcomes of a [[project]], activity, or initiative. '''Goals''' are more specific objec ...e differences between objectives, goals, and aims and to decide which type of objective is best for your team. Performance objectives are great for short

...anizations such as managerial. The inspiration for the theory was the list of motives and [[needs]] created by Henry Murray. This theory was created in t The author of the theory stated that human needs are shaped as time passes. David McClell

...isions, as prompt decision-making can result in more timely implementation of strategies and initiatives. ==Example of timeliness in business and finance==

...orrective action. Effective supervision is one of the most important tasks of a good manager. Relationships between [[planning]] and control are presente ...motivation]] has little chance of success if there is no proper [[system]] of supervision.

...roducts and services. This allows businesses to benefit from the resources of multiple countries and regions, increase their [[efficiency]] and [[competi ==Example of global value chains==

...y emerging opportunities and potential risks and to inform the development of strategies and plans. ==Example of analysis of information==

[[Employee]] motivation is one of the most important aspect at the [[workplace]]. [[Motivating]] the employee There are a lot of factors that can motivate the employees, to make them [[work]] properly. [h

...]] in [[strategic management]], [[project management]] and other key areas of [[company]] activities. ...ty]] in society continues to attract attention and is an important element of dialogue between companies and stakeholders.

...egetables or leftover food. The clothing manufacturer gets rid of cuttings of materials. Companies constantly strives to minimize waste production(Willia European Waste Catalogue says us about 20 different groups of waste, the last group includes, among others, segregated waste such as pape

'''Software maintenance''' is the [[process]] of making sure existing software is up to date and functioning properly. This ...- software maintenance is a comprehensive process that involves a variety of activities to ensure the software is functioning as it should. By carrying

...ganization remains competitive and relevant in an ever-changing business [[environment]]. ==Example of development and growth==

...tunities. It is not limited to finance, but includes also other areas as [[environment]], [[information]] security and [[quality]] management. The modern approach ...sualty Actuarial Society defined the RM framework in 2003. It defines risk types:

...top-level management team is responsible for setting the tone and culture of the organization and serves as the final decision-makers in most cases. The ==Example of top-level management==

...s of economy [[plan]] to spend on goods and services at the different size of income (or in other word - at given prices) in given period. In literature Total demand consists of:

...sensors, scanners, and other types of devices that collect data from the [[environment]]. The output devices are used to produce the desired output, such as a pri ...tions and research laboratories, where it helps to optimize the production of data or materials.

...led fringe benefits, supplementary pay or [[employee]] services) is a kind of an indirect both financial and non-financial payments which employees recei ...ion is the opposite of a '''direct compensation''', which usually consists of the employee's base wage or salary and performance bonuses<ref>Fogleman S.,

...projects. One of the most important factors to consider is the involvement of community [[stakeholders]]. '''Community stakeholders''' are key players in ...t. This can help ensure that the project is successful and meets the needs of the community.

...expertise, an unpredictable or rapidly changing [[environment]], and lack of data or conflicting [[information]]. ...on-making. It is important for managers to consider all potential outcomes of a decision and consider how different approaches could affect the [[organiz

...nstrument used in live or marketing. Here are the points of the importance of planning: * [[Identification]] of goals

==Types of customer benefits== There are three main [[types of customers]] benefits, including (Y. Chang-Hua, L. Li-Ling, C. Chien-Yu, L.

==Example of risk assessment framework== ...ions, and labor shortages. They will then assess the impact and likelihood of each risk and develop strategies to mitigate and manage those risks. The pr

...An effective innovation [[strategy]] requires understanding the [[needs]] of [[stakeholders]], utilizing available resources, and continuously evaluatin ==Example of innovation in organizations==

...o control activities. It is a concept closely related to the public sector of a given country or region. The most popular types are:

...teamwork]]. It has an influence on cooperation, [[efficiency]] and results of the company (''Schwarcz D.'', 2013). '''Lack of transparency''' is major ethical problem in [[management]] and leadership i

...tising budget]], then the resulting sales may decrease. This is an example of negative correlation. ==Example of negative correlation==

...ther evidence available. Understanding involves looking beyond the surface of a situation and perceiving the underlying principles and relationships that ==Example of knowledge and understanding==

...the [[environment]]) and '''Threats''' (probable or actual threat in the [[environment]]). In some sources word '''Weaknesses''' is changed to '''Challenges''' wh ==The origins of SWOT analysis==

...iciency]], minimize [[cost]], and provide customers with the desired level of [[service]]. ==Example of planning in supply chain==

...[Management]] by the numbers''' is broad concept involving using gathering of statistics data, applying mathematical and numerical methods as a main and ...cision making]]''' - the [[process]] of choosing among alternative courses of [[action]] in order to achieve a goal or solve a problem.,

...ed time interval. In [[company]], resources are presented in balance sheet of the company, at a particular point in time, e.g. 31 December. A resource can also be defined as the amount of one particular component of assets at some point in time.

...knowledgeable individuals in the organization and may be seen as the face of the [[company]]. They are expected to set a good example for other staff me ==Example of highly compensated employee==

...organization in which the [[strategy]] is created and used, the following types can be distinguished: ...e and those that it should cover, and strives to define the role that each of the various activities should play and should play.

...our]], optimize pricing and promotional strategies, and measure the impact of marketing campaigns on sales. Marketing models are based on mathematical an ...g data and making decisions [[in marketing]]. It can be used for a variety of tasks, including:

...h this assumption they conclude that senior managers should have less span of control than mid-level managers. ...of control is the number of subordinates under one manager. There are two types:

'''Charismatic leadership''' is a term that define a person or group of people who manifest superior leading abilities. Charismatic leader displays ...ertain working standards have to be maintained, due to the fact that image of a better future does not come at any cost(B.J. Avolio, F.J. Yammarino 2013,

...applied, sale of manufacturing equipment, decisions to buy or sell portion of company assets, advertising activities etc. ...erent part of expenses for a number of businesses, especially in the field of services, including restaurants, cinemas, theatres and hotels.

...the use of hazardous chemicals. Product stewardship can encompass a range of activities, such as: * Promoting reuse and repair of products

...or production processes. Technology has a beneficial effect on the result of [[market]] and [[efficiency]] [[organization]]<ref>Andersson U., Forsgren M ==Types of technology==

...ganization]]. This structure is a network of positions and formal patterns of conduct, created to smooth operations and achieve common objectives. ...direction of ordering elements based on common objectives or similiarities of tasks.

...ledge]] and influence. It emphasizes how the nature, quality and structure of relationships can shape social and economic outcomes. ==Example of social capital theory==

...upplies, [[consumer]] goods, and household items. Due to their combination of transparency, durability and low [[cost]], polyvinyl chloride (PCV) and PET ...as they are practical. Furthermore, they can trigger a chintzy appearance of even a [[quality]] product (Fishel C., King Gordon S., 2007, p. 79).

...Put simply an organization chart shows the organizational structure model of [[company]]. ...d intermediate type of organizational structures with both characteristics of hierarchical and organic structure.

...ve position]] of the [[company]], on the other hand the degree of maturity of the sector. This means that the product has a greater ability to generate a ...lopment of all units within company beyond its competitors and achievement of leading [[market position]]. These are mostly products in the mature and de

...on the chart is then plotted with each data point representing the average of the data being considered. This chart is used to identify patterns in data ==Example of moving average chart==

...are the result of events that are not part of the normal process. Examples of assignable causes for variability are (T. Kasse, p. 237): ==Identify data of assignable causes==

...l performance]], and [[technology]] requirements. It is the bridge between business [[strategy]] and tactical execution, and it provides the detailed guidance ==Elements of business architecture==

...life. In the context of [[management]], sense of identity is the alignment of an individual's personal values, beliefs and goals with the [[organization] ==Example of sense of identity==

...[[process]]. The effectiveness of such a system depends on the [[quality]] of information, in other words, its detail ==Main goals, tasks and functions of the early warning system==

...feedback in order to identify new opportunities for growth and stay ahead of the competition. ==Example of declining industry==

...A manager with a strong sense of responsibility is able to take ownership of their decisions and handle any potential repercussions that may arise from ==Example of sense of responsibility==

...and couldn't recoup in any way. There are also obligations has made by the business, which cannot get back. ..., deny opportunities to competitors, and lock in lower costs over the life of the commitment."(F. Phillips and R. Srivastava, 1993, p.2)

...xposure to credit [[risk]]. It could be currency in cash, share - evidence of an [[ownership interest]] in an entity or [[bond]] what it means a contract ==Types of credit instrument==

...is activity involves the [[industry]] of construction and the installation of elements made by other secondary productions. An example is a housebuilding ==The essence of the secondary activities==

...re several '''principles of scientific management''' affecting functioning of [[management]] processes in modern companies. We can distinguish 5 basic pr ...at a certain level of expertise, the overall amount of work and the means of [[production]] will decrease

...l to [[project]] [[management]], helping to ensure successful [[completion of the project]]. ==Example of skills development==

...ctors, including perfectionism, fear of making a wrong decision, or a lack of [[information]]. Some of the most common symptoms of analysis paralysis include:

...me period in which the company operated and are usually created at the end of the [[accounting period]] (Cambridge University 2011, p. 333). ...f [[financing]] assets). The sum of assets must always be equal to the sum of liabilities. The balance sheet is prepared to present the company's financi

...tion of managers should be adequate to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the [[organization]]. ...mportant to ensure internal consistency of goals. It is possible that some of the objectives are mutually exclusive, for example: high [[profit]] margin

...term objectives of the [[company]]. Such actions require an [[evaluation]] of human potential, answering to the following questions: * Whether staff implement the values, [[goals and objectives]] of the company, if so, to what extent?

...perty. Additionally, brownfield investments can involve the implementation of new technologies or processes to improve existing operations. These investments can often be used to expand a business or to introduce new products or services to an existing [[customer]] base.

...hod is to increase [[quality]] and reduce production costs. The main rules of the WCM are: The idea of zero comes from the numerous discussions about what the [[level of quality]] should be. Apart from setting realistic objectives, the WCM simpl

...nd policies, as well as how changes in the global political and economic [[environment]] can impact domestic and international markets. ==Examples of global political economy==

...he expected return on [[investment]]. By understanding the marginal [[cost of production]], decision makers can accurately determine the potential benefi ==Example of marginal cost of producing==

...l (Aurum, A., 2005, p. 8). Operational decision is one of three main types of decisions made by the [[management]]. The remaining two include '''strategi ...inefficient and should be reviewed. The information used to take important business decisions should be relevant and accurate. Modern companies have recognised

...tion of digital devices, the rise of digital networks, and the development of digital services, such as [[cloud computing]] and digital payments. ...rate, with digital technologies now playing a major role in the operations of companies. As a result, businesses are now becoming more agile, flexible, a

...thanks to which the [[investment]] will fully use its potential regardless of personal finances and [[economic situation]]. The investor must be able to ==Development of the property portfolio==

...ut not enough authority, it can create frustration, confusion, and a sense of feeling overwhelmed and powerless. ...wn authority and responsibility, and how they fit into the greater context of the [[organization]].

...of internal production and that the firm must weigh the benefits and costs of the various organizational forms when making decisions. ==Example of transaction cost theory==

...eria and methods for assessing the effectiveness and risks of participants of the investment [[process]] and desired effects (results). ==Types of investment projects==

...artners, and share [[information]] quickly and easily. By taking advantage of the latest technological advancements, businesses can become more competiti ==Example of changes in technology==

...munication involves constant [[flow of information]]. The integral part of business communication is feedback. ==Elements of business communication process==

...gies for using this knowledge to drive [[innovation]] and growth. Transfer of knowledge is an important tool for managers to develop their organizations ==Example of transfer of knowledge==

...rove business operations and performance. It also involves the integration of knowledge into the organization's operations, processes, and practices to e ==Example of management of knowledge==

...formity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). ...in conformity with GAAP. Primary audit evidence is the most reliable type of evidence, while secondary audit evidence, analytical procedures, physical e

...dDuTEUa0rNWjNf8-hVHGyeh3Sw Business Capabilities as configuration elements of value added networks]. [[Production]] Engineering, 1(2), 187-192.</ref>: * key resources needed to perform business activities

...tners to develop new products for the benefit of the internal and external business market. ...changing their responsibilities to include "moving knowledge into and out of the silos". This means that the external knowledge can be just useful as kn

...on]] [[system]]''' is an '''executive support system''', which is composed of resources and information [[needs]] connected by [[communication]] [[subsys * performs the functions of [[identification]], diagnostics, and problem solving,

...anagement style classification]] of R. Blake and J.S. Mouton, on the basis of which he created his own called Reddin's box. He describes three basic dimensions (three types of management styles):

...c issues, or develop new processes and procedures. It is an important part of a successful [[management]] [[strategy]] and can help organizations stay co ==Example of suggestion for improvement==

...surveys, and analyzing the [[information]] within its context. The results of the analysis are then used to generate actionable recommendations. ==Example of case study analysis==

...uit for understanding and building trust. Collaboration is the [[process]] of working together to accomplish a shared goal. It involves active participat ==Example of communication and collaboration==

...essful innovation and creativity is the [[identification]] and utilization of new and effective methods and technologies that allow an [[organization]] t ==Example of innovation and creativity==

...pply and [[demand]] meet. The market can be analyzed from many angles. One of the criteria for distinguishing the market is the criterion according to ge ...services should be tailored to the [[needs]] of society, precise selection of advertising to reach as many people as possible.

...n to new interpretations and solutions as the situation evolves. This type of thinking requires [[creativity]], flexibility, and a willingness to explore ==Example of tolerance for ambiguity==

...aterials to the final [[product]], in order to identify and address points of friction and make continuous improvements. ==Example of supply chain integration==

...ures. For managers, experience is essential in developing an understanding of the [[organization]], its processes and employees, enabling them to learn w ==Example of knowledge and experience==

...on]] about the contract ( [[price]], time of delivery, object) incertitude of the outcome<ref>Paldi C.(red)(2014)</ref>. ...ses of the Holy Quran considered coordinate law from the God and the hones of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) generally known as ahadith<ref>Uddin A.(red)(2015)<

...roduct]] offerings, and competitive strategies. Understanding the dynamics of a strategic group can help a [[company]] identify potential competitors and ...dea that some firms in the same sector, are similar to each other, because of the chosen development [[strategy]]. Porter called these similar companies:

...engagements, which is important considering the various uses and audience of audit reports. The GAAS pertains to three key areas: #  Standards of field [[work]], which require that audits are appropriately planned and per

...mer is. It answers question: '''what customer do when he interact with the business?''' by recording his actions <ref> Bari A., Chaouchi M., Jung T. (2016) </r * amount of '''sales''',

...on making is essential for successful [[planning]], execution, and control of a project. ==Example of managerial decision making==

...gained from data analysis. This helps managers to better understand their business and [[customer]] [[needs]], as well as identify trends and opportunities. ==Example of telematics and informatics==

...existing ones. Therefore, a much bigger [[risk]] for business is the lack of innovating. ==Advantages of innovation in business==

...ors affecting business|legal]] and [[social and cultural factors affecting business|socio-cultural]] circumstances in every country to which it is directed. ==Main types of international marketing strategy==

...get''' shows revenues and expenses for each separate functional area. In a business, the major functional areas are [[marketing]], finance, and [[production]]. ...its a certain amount of cross-program comparison within the overall budget of the [[organization]]<ref> A. Graham 2014, p.55 </ref>.

...[[enterprise]] concerned; these [[need]] not be new from the point of view of other companies or the market. ==Types of technological innovations==

...external to the subjects asset"(M.L. Zyla 2010, p. 125) or "loos in value of a property caused by factors external to the property"(G.R. Trugman 2017, p ...bsolescence occurs when the asset cannot generate a sufficiently high rate of return over the potentially remaining useful life based on a given value. T

...res) that guarantee fulfilment of the requirements, needs and expectations of external and internal [[customer]]. ==5 types of quality definitions==

...by putting them through several series(number of series depends on object) of operations<ref>(Grefenstette, J., (1985)., p.136)</ref>. The [[process]] of scheduling the day-to-day workings of a job shop is critical. The scheduling process means specifying which work

...ariation can be seen in both a long-term and short-term timeline. Examples of cyclic variation include: ...changes in temperature''': As the seasons change, the average temperature of an area will rise and fall.

...situation. Therefore, it is important to determine the appropriate design of the [[risk response]] plan. ==Components of the risk response plan==

...agencies, event [[planning]] companies, and corporate travel departments. Business tourism can also include activities such as team-building retreats, [[compa ...obal economy. Nowadays business tourism is one of the fastest growing form of tourism and has a significant role on global [[market]].

'''Principles of financial planning''' are based on analysis of financial data [[company]] and goals to be achieved by specific budgets. The main principles of [[financial planning]] are:

...smooth running of the [[company]]. In other words, he or she is in charge of the various sales outlets assigned to him or her. ...s daily supervision of both employees and all operations within their area of cooperation in order to meet the [[organization]]'s objectives.

'''Open tender''' - is the [[process]] of involved [[stakeholders]] making an proposal, bid or offer, or expressing c ==Types of requests in tender process==

...eir own. AI can be used to improve the accuracy, speed, and [[efficiency]] of production processes, helping to reduce costs and improve [[customer]] expe ==Example of AI in manufacturing==

...s was still growing up, which led to labor-saving methods and reduction of business costs. ...ake clever decisions, which lead to proper capital resources management. A business should take into consideration<ref>Dieterle D.A. (2017), p. 62</ref>:

...continuation is in a dynamic [[method]] ( M.Hooper 2008, p.239). Patterns of continuation lead to be quite '''short-term''', occasionally just several d ==Forms of Continuation Pattern==

...e their actions in the team, and by this influencing effective achievement of the [[company]]'s goals. Management style is a concept difficult to define ...le''' is the potential style, which has been corrected under the influence of the current goals and the conditions in which they will have to be pursued.

...one of the [[enterprise]] management subsystems supporting the achievement of economic goals. The functions and instruments of the knowledge [[management system]] in the [[company]] cover three areas:

...company]] operations and other activities will provide a sufficient amount of cash to meet projected cash requirements. If not, [[management]] must find ...rough the business. At the end of a year or a [[business cycle]], a series of monthly cash budgets will show just how much cash is coming into the compan

'''Flexibility in supply chain''' is the ability of a business to quickly and effectively adjust its supply chain operations to meet chang ...dditionally, having a flexible supply chain can help businesses stay ahead of the competition.

...obility barriers is of particular importance to predicting the development of the sector and potential changes in the [[competition]]. * means the stability of the structure of competition and security within the group,

...space (distinct locations possess advantages for different types of usage of land<ref>Ball M., Lizieri C., MacGregor B.D. (1998)</ref>. ==Categories of commercial properties==

...ke when buying and selling goods and services and are impacted by the laws of supply and [[demand]]. ...k, consumers and businesses can make informed decisions and take advantage of economic opportunities.

...and monthly statements are created. Convention is not created on the basis of any law but it results from [[Accounting Principles|accounting principles]] ...ended to help accountants overcome problems arising during the preparation of financial statements. Typically, convention is used in situations where the

...ions]]. Measuring success is essential for understanding the effectiveness of the project and taking the necessary steps to ensure future successes. ==Example of measures of project success==

...that the [[company]] undertakes abroad. It is connected with the increase of economic ties between specific countries and their regional groupings and e ...mainly focused on the [[market]] researchers, means that [[globalization]] of the [[enterprise]] takes place at various levels, and not only within the b

'''Interpersonal communication skills''' encompass a set of abilities that facilitate interaction and understanding between people. ...tion]] has also been stressed by Sethi, who called this skill "a lifeblood of an [[organization]]" (2009, p. 32).

...sitioning, [[distribution strategy]], branding, and promotion. The success of entering the market depends on the company's ability to deliver a compellin ==Example of entering the market==

...f competence decided to a large extent about the [[competitive advantage]] of the [[company]]. ==Features of the distinctive competencies==

...for coordinating, [[planning]] and reporting. We can distinguish two types of controlling: strategic and operational. The first is associated with [[stra ==Tasks of personnel controlling==

...40-441 </ref>. The presence of the market is characterized by the presence of its mandatory elements, such as: people (organizations), purchasing power, In General, the structure of the domestic market of the country can be represented as follows<ref>McDonald M., Dunbar I., (2004

...ally a bank acting on behalf of the payer, and the collector of the object of collection (Anzolin 2009, pp.1-4). ==The form of collection==

...es this situation and treats all of them as methods. Out of a wide variety of methods applied in modern organizations, four popular methods have been cho ...tinuous and systematic searching and comparing the processes and practices of your own [[company]] with competitors and leading companies in the [[indust

...n the basis of them, acts in a certain way. Despite the fact that the list of values can be incalculable and always dependent on a person's attribution, ...in a business but it's also important to understand the general definition of them. We should know also that there are many fields in which ethical value

Promotion is an active phase of [[communication]] between the [[company]] and potential consumers, in order The concept of promotion is often misused synonymously with advertising, however, these ar

'''Logistic [[service]] providers''' specialize in providing a variety of transportation services, including trucking, air cargo, and ocean [[freight ...ho make sure that goods arrive on time and in good condition, a vital part of the global supply chain.

...e its inventory and prevent the phenomenon of "frozen capital" in the form of excess inventory. The production process can then be based on production fo ...ness Information Systems. Technology, Development and Management for the e-business, Material flow function. </ref>:

...ecomes apparent that forecasting fulfills multiple purposes in a company’s business activities, from its importance for effective and efficient [[planning]] up ...mbers for next week are nearly impossible to forecast. This predictability of a subject is influenced by the following factors:

...od relationship with the employees, effectiveness will be high on the part of the employees''<ref>Nanjundeswaraswamy T. S., Swamy D. R. (2014)</ref>. ...s in [[management]]. Built models are based on the practical [[knowledge]] of many experts in this field.

...nowledge about decision rules. One of the methods that presents the course of the decision process in a very transparent, graphical way. This solution is ...is the detailed information about them. Construction and in-depth analysis of the model.

...and [[plan]] to spend on goods or services influence [[global demand]] and business opportunities. ==Determinants of demand==

...chieved over a period of 1-3 years, and provides an answer to the question of how to implement a strategic [[plan]] (Marian Siminica, Alina Motoi, Aureli ==Example of Tactical management==

...Parker Follett''' was an American [[economist]], known also as the "mother of the modern [[management]]". She was renowned for emphasizing collaboration ...society as a whole, direct democracy increases the authority and capacity of citizens and society as a whole for self-regulation ( Nelson, 2017).

...services, and operations. In essence, creation of knowledge is the process of turning information into value. ==Example of creation of knowledge==

...iveness''' is a broad concept connecting [[innovation]] and [[creativity]] of people in organization ('''innovators'''). '''Creativity''' is used for syn ...vidual is characterize by a great creativity and cleverness in realization of many tasks and original approach in solving problems.

...([[quality]], [[reliability]], etc.) and the focus that a person has on a business and a [[work]] (ingenuity, [[creativity]], etc.). # '''Integrity''': valuing the integrity of your [[workplace]] shows you that you are trying to do the right thing, eve

...apital'''. Capital commitment is particularly important to the functioning of markets where buyers and sellers arrive sporadically and search costs are r ==Pros and cons of using capital commitment==

...people are drawn to the [[creativity]], [[risk]]-taking, and the potential of financial reward that comes with it. ...e set of skills and [[capabilities]], such as the ability to think outside of the box, take initiative, and make decisions quickly under pressure. It’s

...r a given period of time. This analysis enables managers to identify areas of improvement and make necessary changes in order to optimize performance, im ==Example of measurement of performance==

...functional areas of the [[organization]], to documents flowing from the [[environment]]. ...IT solutions in the field of document management are already in the phase of maturity, they have been present on the [[market]] for a long time. Many or

...ions of managers to better adapt and to survive in turbulent [[competitive environment]]. ...apid advancement of digital technologies and the widespread [[availability of information]] through the [[internet]] and other digital platforms. Some te

...are delivered to the warehouse of the recipient or directly to the places of their use. ...e requirements of the recipient. Such tasks are specific to the activities of marketing and originally [[marketing]] methods was used in the supply area.

...s to fully automated processes, with each level providing different levels of control and decision-making for the system to operate at its highest [[effi ...the accuracy of data and processes. Automation can also increase the speed of operations and help to reduce the time it takes to complete tasks.

...they job in their optimization. Comparison between competitors shows which of the companies is more efficient. ==Types of activity ratios==

...nagerial skills should be perceived as a talent, related to a natural gift of person, they can be also acquired through practice required activities and ==Types of managerial skills==

...ies''' are consistent with the required characteristics by the specificity of the work. It is also used in '''applied psychology'''. ...nges in the [[workplace]]. Work sample tests typically consist of a series of tasks that are similar to the ones the potential employee will be expected

...various concepts and philosophies to be successful. Two important branches of philosophy that are particularly useful for managers to know are '''ontolog ...and existence. By understanding ontology, managers can gain a better grasp of the world around them and how their decisions will affect it.

...ve risk are the increase in market share, sales, the degree of penetration of the [[company]] into international markets, etc. * level of technological, technical development of the company relatively to its competitors,

...eting customer demands, and staying competitive in the market. Examples of business needs include increasing revenue, improving customer satisfaction, and redu ...urrent state of the [[company]] and its goals. Needs are the basic factors of changes in the [[organization]], which are defined as requirements and impl

...ply where part of the technological operations shows a resemblance to most of the technological operations performed during production. ...p technology allows to connect a lot of individual products in four groups of similar technology, which can be manufactured together due to the same tech

[[Creativity]] is one of the most important skills that you can cultivate in your team. Without crea ...ganization. It helps to ensure that the organization is able to stay ahead of the [[competition]], come up with new and innovative [[solutions to problem

...</ref>. It is a point or quantity level at which the order for the supply of materials must be placed when materials in stores reach. "The [[order point ...ead time <ref> Sap R/3 Black Book 2006, p. 532 </ref>. There are two types of reorder point planning <ref> Kogent Learning Solutions 2010, p. 147 </ref>:

...n W. Reilly is ''''the principal conveyance document''' used by the owners of land on which condominiums are located. The master deed, together with a de ...claration of covenants, conditions and restrictions (CCRs)). The interests of the condominium are established when the developer submits the master deed

...s in the most efficient manner, organizations are able to get the most out of their resources, maximize their productivity, and increase their [[competit ...be done by analyzing the utilization of resources across all areas of the business, including [[production]], [[marketing]], finance, and human resources.

...promoting vary depending on [[level of development]] and Government policy of particular country (Ahmad I. 2015; p. 99-110). ==Examples of export incentives==

...or nonconformities, such as inspection, testing, and [[audit]]. Both types of costs are necessary to maintain and improve [[product]] or [[service]] qual ==Example of Cost of good quality==

...ms, [[work]]-flow diagrams, [[Fish diagram|Ishikawa diagram]]) and methods of [[project management]] (schedules, teams, network diagrams, budgeting, [[pe '''Organizational techniques''' generally allow for improvement of all work processes. They can be divided in two main groups:

...tion]]. Strategies pursued by the company, ways of achieving goals and use of the [[marketing mix]] (4P - [[product]], [[price]], promotion, placement) i ==Types of competitive position==

...[[company]] model, [[system]] model). The word model is also used in sense of: description, structure, [[method]], analog, abstract, theory. ==Role of models in science==

...sequent workplaces in the manufacturing [[process]], starting from process of raw material and ending with the [[finished product]]. ...sheet of paper and a pencil. It helps in seeing and understanding the flow of materials and [[information]] in the process, and value created during this

...facilitate access to and use of the knowledge base. This includes the use of [[technology]], such as data warehouses, databases, and search engines. ...ensive knowledge [[management system]], organizations can unlock the power of their knowledge resources.

...orld, something objective correlated with uncertainty (objective correlate of subjective uncertainty), * F.Knight 1992 - concept of measurable and unmeasurable uncertainty. The risk is measurable uncertainty

...gement]] [[method]]. The word Kanban comes from Japanese and means a piece of paper. In free translation it means "visible description". ...m]] allows [[organization]] to almost totally eliminate magazines. Storage of preproduction, production and all other materials is not necessary, as they

...ss and within an [[industry]]. Many consider it a more accurate reflection of the company's worth as it adjusts for and negates one-time costs such as la ...al Basis|annual basis]], but big number of analysts looks at bigger amount of time, like 3 or 5 years and counts the average adjusted EBITDA, because in

...nental [[corporate governance]] model (internal, Japanese) is a [[system]] of supervision and control over the corporation common in continental Europe a ...Due to the shallow and small financial markets, funding through the issue of shares and [[bonds]] is small.

...and logistics [[organization]] to enable the implementation of global flow of goods, information and funds. ==Role of supply chain management in economy==

...to manufacture and sell products and services that can be better in terms of [[quality]] or cheaper than those offered by foreign companies. '''Accordin ==The competitiveness of the company and the competitiveness of the country==

...ther reason for the creation of such a gap may also be the type and nature of the decision problem (for example: conflict decisions, [[strategic decision ...to satisfy the [[needs]] of the [[company]]'s operations. The significance of the information held must be taken into account in company management and w

...ded value for [[company]] and [[customer]]. The author indicated two types of activities: primary activities and support activities. Primary activities are directly related to the [[production]] of the final product or [[service]] and their sale. This is the basic [[proces

'''[[Cost]] [[behavior]]''' is the way in which the costs of the [[company]] change due to current events that take place in the company ...f the company and decrease in costs during the reduced production activity of the company. But there are exceptions to this rule<ref>Weiss D., ( 2010 ),

...ting signed by a shareholder authorizing a named person to vote his shares of stock at a specified shareholders' meeting. To ensure that shareholders hav The rule defines a number of [[information]] types to include in the solicitation, including:

...ntended conduct of an [[entrepreneur]] through the creation or development of an [[enterprise]] or a separate enterprise. Each such the concept is relate ...ory teams from inside and outside, on the basis of analysis and assessment of the internal situation and external conditions <ref>L. Nwaeke 2012, pp. 1</

...successful so it has been used in different forms ever since in all types of industries (J. R. Walker, J. E. Miller 2009, p. 256). ==Steps of Job Instruction Training==

...arketing]], and consumer psychology. These factors help to shape the types of online consumer behaviour, such as [[comparison shopping]], impulse buying, ...s and strategies, businesses can gain valuable insights into the behaviour of their online customers.

...Investors look for growth companies, because especially in the first phase of growth they can be profitable [[investment]]. However, when everyone on the ...They are able to buy many start-ups cheap, before they grow. Even if some of them won't bring earnings, they will earn on others.

'''Wardley map''' is a map of the structure of [[service]] or a business, mapping the components needed to serve the [[customer]] or user. It is nam ...ing to Kim G. '''wardley maps''' can be used to better localize what parts of various value chains were commodities and should be outsourced, which shoul

...yquist 2000, p. 181). Cost principle was pioneered in 1991 by the Global [[Environment]] Facility (GEF) (G. Labbate 2008). There are a few different types of [[Accounting Principles]] (S. Nyquist 2000, p. 181):

In consideration of growing social problems and the fact that resources are diminishing, policy ...re described as social innovations without there being a general agreement of what the term really includes (Borzaga & Bodini, 2014)

...e [[marketing]], and careful execution, and is essential to any successful business. ==Example of building strong brands==

...ction. Selecting price based on [[competition]] may help skip long process of adjusting prices to customers expectations, however it has some disadvantag ...ive it might become. [[Demand]] is another important factor in the process of matching prices (Dufwenberg, Gneezy, 2000).

...he participants in face to face interaction commonly employ a multiplicity of symbolic cues - gestures and facial expressions as well as words - to conve ==Advantages of face to face communication==

* Safety: Safety is of paramount importance when it comes to storage and handling infrastructure. ...considering the size and layout of storage areas, as well as the capacity of handling equipment.

...best defined as the potential for loss, damage, or injury due to a variety of external factors. In the natural world, this could mean anything from flood No matter the type of risk exposure, it’s important to take steps to mitigate it. For individua

...products. [[Investments]] are most often carried out through the purchase of goods and services by enterprises. Less often, however, they are implemente ...charge in the accounting year and increased by the difference in the value of the basic stock.

...ident management is especially pronounced in reference to numerous sectors of [[industry]] and mass events. ...nent parts to anticipate, absorb, accommodate, or recover from the effects of a shock or stress in a timely and efficient manner" (Mitchell, T., 2012, p.

...epairs, adjustment, calibration, etc.) but also to competencies and skills of administrative and [[management]] employees (IT equipment maintenance, prin Technical competence may also refer to [[skills and abilities]] of consumers which are needed to use particular [[product]] (e.g.. smart-phone

...goods / or services, resulting from the [[creativity]] and implementation of new ideas in the [[organization]]. ...inition of [[product]] products. The entire management [[system]] consists of the

There can be distinguished following '''types of restructuring''': * Restructuring of equity - applies to legal and economic transformations,

...collaboration between team members. By recognizing and leveraging sources of competitive advantage, a [[project team]] can move beyond simply meeting [[ ==Example of sources of competitive advantage==

...maintenance]], and how to properly implement them, is key to keeping your business running smoothly. ...s used when equipment has failed or is not functioning properly. This type of maintenance is often more expensive, but can help reduce downtime and costl

...hough it becomes more and more popular phenomenon since 50's. As a subject of research urban tourism didn't exist before 80's and till 90's was very unde ...ases cheaper than it was decades ago. Important fact is that the awareness of possibilities that come with urban tourism rose significantly over the year

...''' is an overall plan guiding a retail [[firm]]. It influences the firm's business activities and its response to [[market]] forces, such as [[competition]] a ==Controllable and uncontrollable variables of the strategy==

...]] to be able to identify areas for improvement and communicate the impact of their work to [[stakeholders]]. However, measuring social impact isn't alwa ...activity or project on the well-being of a community or society. Examples of social impact may include increased access to healthcare, improved [[educat

...activities and processes generating these costs, not in the cross-section of [[production]] entities (e.g. departments). ...others do not have to have a direct causal relationship with the quantity of products produced.

'''Total capital''' is a total sum of resources which are employed in a business (R. Kotas 2014, 158). ...achines. In [[economics]] "capital" originally referred to accumulated sum of [[money]], which could be invested (P. Mpanza 2018,37).

...f merchandise and more limited [[service]] to encourage large [[turnover]] of goods (C. W. Lamb, J. F. Hair, C. McDaniel, 2012, p. 538). ...hletic products, as well as garden articles, apparel and bed linens. A few of these firms deliver also defined durable food goods like soft beverages, ca

...yees). It is a kind of division of labour. This minimises the organisation of crime, unless employees want to cheat the boss together. ..., on the contrary, the [[work]] of one [[employee]] overlaps with the work of another and that the [[company]] [[audit]] is carried out continuously by e

# proper economic and financial economy of real estate, # safety of use and proper use of real estate,

...llecting, treating and disposing of waste) and indirect effects ( both use of waste materials and energy outside the waste management [[system]]). It is The goal of IWM is to reduce the [[environmental]] effects by using all feasible waste

...an]]. The concept of a centrally planned economy is related to the economy of countries, the so-called real [[socialism]], ie countries ruled by a commun ...arxist vision of communism. It arose first of all from the total criticism of [[capitalism]].

...refer to the connection between computers inside a [[company]] or to a set of companies with formal or informal relationships. ==Meaning in terms of technology==

...should be undertaken, and it is often used in conjunction with other types of [[feasibility analysis]], such as technical feasibility and operational fea ==Example of economic feasibility==

...physical place called retail store. Another function is being a '''channel of [[communication]]'''. Retailers during [[competition]] with each other allo ...ject of [[interest]] one day later. '''Plentiful stock will generate costs of storage for almost one year.'''

..., the range of services and assortment is selected, depending on the needs of the buyer (S. Nwankwo 1995, pp. 5-6). ...orientation also uses the creation of new needs that require the purchase of new services and products that suddenly seem necessary and desirable to the

...ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/leac203.pdf Accountancy: Company Accounts & Analysis of financial Statements]'', New Delhi, p. 203</ref>. ...year, the payment for upcoming year should be transferred from the section of non-current to current liabilities. As a good example it can be mentioned [

...t is convenient to compare different margin obtained by different segments of the company. ...ake away expenses from revenues, that are relatedo to the segment. In case of general costs, they should be divided between segments in order to get prop

...[marketing]], [[strategic management]] and [[production management]] and [[business portfolio analysis]]. ==Content of the BCG growth share matrix==After using [[method of calculating the BCG matrix]] two main variables are placed along the axes (

...t 30% directly by producers. Consumers buy directly from producers only 5% of goods. * '''intermediaries agents''' - agents acting on behalf of the [[client]],

...'s objective is to create a product/software that will fulfil requirements of users. ==General principles of lean development==

...types (A. I˙brahim, Y. Ihsan, 2011, pp. 1497). Diversification is the art of entering [[product]] markets other than those in which the company is curre ...y that will benefit the final [[return on investment]]. In the [[absence]] of such a significant commonality, diversification may still be justified, but

...ources management are very important task and responsibilities for the CEO of the enterprises. ==Total Cost of Ownership as [[Strategy]] Cost Management==

...in the pursuit of its objectives and targets - also affect the achievement of the team as a whole. ...that do not change the organization in such a radical way, as the creation of autonomous groups, but significantly affect the productivity are: multi-fun

...pays more attention to quality uncertainty than perceived quality because of information asymmetry. Perceived quality has gained favor [[in marketing]] ==Factors affecting the perception of quality==

...ing a decision) is one of the fundamental problems of decision theory. One of the first selection criteria was established by the mainstream quantitative ...alysis of decision-making. This approach leads to following interpretation of the decision:

...onomic, and political objectives. With [[public funds]] providing the bulk of their [[financing]] and profits often reinvested back into the businesses a From a managerial perspective, the advantages of SOEs are clear. By having more control over certain industries, such as uti

'''"Cash is King"''' has become a widely used term in the world of finance and [[investment]], despite having an uncertain origin, it has been The term "Cash is King" is generally used to refer to the [[holding]] of cash, which translates into liquidity, by companies and investors.

...ncludes not only real [[market]] space, but also virtual space in the form of [[e-commerce]] (D. Lederman, W. Maloney, 2002, pp. 2-5). ...t years. Worldwide, the [[internet]] is currently being used for a variety of activities, including [[product]] [[information]] and purchase. The commerc

...uo]]. The right questions must be constantly asked to rethink or shape the business model. ...reative strategies are built and implemented to increase the effectiveness of communicated messages.

...related to the great attention that is paid to [[needs]] and requirements of [[customer]]. ...ion. It emphasizes the engagement of each worker to the concept and vision of the company, so that employees will identify themselves with the [[enterpri

...14), Job Characteristics and Their Implications on the Satisfaction Levels of [[Call center|call Center]] Employees: a study on a large telecommunication ...as "'''job dimensions, psychological states of employees, and the strength of employees’ [[need]] for growth'''"<ref>Lussier R. N., (2009), ''Managemen

There are several '''functions of research''': ...hnology]], culture, history, etc.) in order to gain a better understanding of the world around us

...haracteristics of the leaders' personalities. He distinguished three types of managers<ref>Firlej K. (2007), pp 1-19.</ref>: ...with the status quo and enter a new path. Historical examples of this type of leaders were Ghandi, Hitler, Gladstone or Ayatollah Khomeini.

...maintaining [[quality]] and [[customer]] satisfaction. The key principles of Lean construction include focusing on value, delivering quickly, pursuing p ...oking for ways to improve your construction process, consider the benefits of Lean construction.