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[[Category:Methods and techniques]]

[[Category:Methods and techniques]]

[[Category:Quality methods and techniques]]

[[Category:Quality methods and techniques]]

#REDIRECT [[Failure Mode and Effects Analysis]] [[Category:Quality methods and techniques]]

[[Category:Quality methods and techniques]]

...different fields, such as science, engineering, psychology, [[economics]], and sociology. ...experiments. Mixed methods involve using both qualitative and quantitative methods together.

...hniques can be used to inform decisions about products, services, policies and processes, as well as for [[consumer]] or [[market]] research. ==Example of qualitative research techniques==

Sectoral analysis investigates [[competitive environment]] and evaluate attractiveness of the sector where the [[company]] operates or in ...sector for a company or a potential investor, what are the [[opportunities and threats]] for business development in a particular sector,

...agreement between two or more parties. Some of the most common negotiation techniques include: ...rty, developing creative solutions that meet the interests of all parties, and compromising to reach an agreement.

...so supported by the capital and technical base, as well as a full range of methods, but the decisive element is its [[human capital]]. Therefore, selecting th ...e as the general methods of recruitment and selection of staff. Such basic methods are:

...make an informed decision. In addition to providing financial data, these techniques can also help to identify potential risks associated with the investment. ...ese techniques can be used to determine if a project is worth investing in and what the expected returns may be.

...[[Method]] (CPM) is similar to PERT but relies more on project scheduling and network diagrams. Crashing is a technique used to speed up project completi ...embers. Kanban is a visual [[system]] which focuses on optimizing workflow and tracking progress.

...oject]] managers can improve the likelihood of successful project outcomes and minimize the likelihood of negative impacts. ==Example of risk management techniques==

...effectiveness of [[management]] strategies, identify trends and patterns, and develop stronger strategies for the future. ==Example of data collection methods==

...ods''' are mathematical techniques used to analyze data, determine trends, and make predictions. ==Example of Statistical methods==

...archer [[needs]] to obtain a representative sample from a large population and wants to ensure the sample is random. ==Example of systematic sampling techniques==

...asured. Measurement uncertainty can be expressed in terms of the precision and accuracy of the measurement. Precision is the degree of reproducibility of a measurement and is largely determined by the characteristics of the measuring instrument or

...]] in the project, which enables the project manager to identify, [[plan]] and manage risks in order to eliminate or reduce them to an acceptable level. * [[Risk estimation]] and [[evaluation]]

...d]]. This category includes significant changes in [[technology]], devices and / or software. Innovations within processes can be aimed at reducing unit [ ...ementation of computer support for the purposes of [[product]] development and development.

'''[[Process]] improvement''' task of identifying, analyzing and improving business processes. ...le, methods, tools, etc.), implementing improvements in selected processes and measuring effects, deploying improvements thorough the [[company]]<ref> See

...on of a similarity measure and belong to the unsupervised machine learning methods<ref>Everitt, Landau, Leese, Stahl, 2011, pp. 2-8.</ref>. A cluster should be maximally homogeneous within itself and clearly distinguishable from other clusters. A clear demarcation must be en

...es of the organization]]. Data collection also involves analyzing the data and interpreting the results to draw valuable business insights. ...the effectiveness of programs and services, identify areas of improvement, and inform decisions. Some of the most common applications of data collection p

...e integration of cyber-physical systems, the [[Internet]] of Things (IoT), and the cloud, to optimize the performance of industrial processes. ...real-time data from products and processes, which can be used to identify and correct quality issues.

...commonly used in industries such as aerospace, manufacturing, oil and gas, and power generation. ==Non destructive testing methods==

...] diagrams, [[work]]-flow diagrams, [[Fish diagram|Ishikawa diagram]]) and methods of [[project management]] (schedules, teams, network diagrams, budgeting, [ '''Organizational techniques''' generally allow for improvement of all work processes. They can be divid

...ments]], taking into account all its stages: [[planning]], implementation, and monitoring of results. It provides [[information]] used in the decision-mak ...uation of [[action]] in relation to the objectives, national or community) and operational aspects (monitoring of project activities).

...ple methods for data collection, such as surveys, interviews, focus groups and observation, to reduce the potential for bias. ...types, including self-reporting bias, response bias, [[interviewer bias]], and observational bias.

...in stages of the study coincide with the cycle of the basic organizational methods. ==Purpose of administrative and office work study==

...nd using dropout layers. Additionally, splitting the dataset into training and validation sets can help to identify if the model is overfitting. Regularization Techniques

...ly is performed for a payment. It can be consider in two ways: qualitative and quantitative. Also work is defined as a whole of actions and functions performed by specific [[employee]] or employees group on their jo

...tial losses resulting from a risk event such as legal costs, repair costs, and lost revenue. ...ver potential losses, as well as [[training]] staff on [[risk management]] techniques.

...e that resources are allocated efficiently and tasks are completed on time and within budget. ...This method is especially useful for projects that have a limited timeline and/or budget, as it allows managers to quickly identify areas where tasks can

...teamwork]] in the [[work]] [[process]] needed to accomplish specific tasks and goals. ...group of people. These are also activities that are carried out in teams, and they have been commissioned individually for each of them.

...f a large group of people and is particularly useful when examining trends and patterns. ...lyzing the data using [[descriptive statistics]] and correlation analysis, and drawing conclusions based on the results.

...s]] for reinforcing [[product]] value by improving the link beetween worth and [[cost]] through the study of function <ref> Fallon F. (1980). ''Value Anal ..., and problem solving<ref> Miles D. (2015). ''Techniques of Value Analysis and Engineering'', Miles Value Foundation, p. 2 </ref>.

...l population for a statistical sample, in which all elements have the same and known probability of being selected<ref> Heavey E., (2011), ''Statistics fo ...s its own advantages and disadvantages. Some people try to combine the two methods together <ref>Daniel J.,(2012), ''Sampling Essentials: Practical Guidelines

...in insights into their team’s performance, identify areas for improvement, and develop strategies to optimize processes. ==Example of analysis and interpretation==

...[corrective actions]], and the development of strategies for future growth and success. ...company]] should do to achieve its goals. It involves monitoring, analysis and [[evaluation]] processes to direct company's course in the right direction.

...sense of accomplishment, which can in turn lead to greater [[motivation]] and the ability to make even more significant changes. The acceleration princip ...ty of settings, including personal development, [[organizational change]], and business operations. Some examples of when it may be useful to use the acce

...search helps companies define important aspects for clients as a [[price]] and design. Moreover, product research can help to avoid expensive mistake. ==Marketing and product research as a cross-functional integration in product development==

...s [[documentation]] or [[education]]. It is shared among a group of people and is rarely documented or transferred outside the group. ...the [[organization]] works. However, it can also be a source of confusion and misunderstanding if it is not properly managed or documented.

...atch. This method uses a graphical or analytical techniques. Both of these techniques use the same assumptions relating to the unit [[cost]] of components. Main ...[[fixed cost]]s. Level of unit costs is driven by the cost of preparatory and finishing activities.

...s a formal method of documenting the examples of employee's both effective and ineffective actions during the rating period. ...defined as improving organizational performance by developing individuals and teams <ref>Koláčková G., Šalková A., Venclová K. (2013), p. 20 </ref>

...ed on check sheet. [[Information]]s concerning the frequency of the events and of the place their occurrence should be recorded. ...This is a very effective and simple tool that primarily serves to collect and organize data from the measurements to be carried out.

...they were popularized as quality tools. Development of quality methods and techniques lead to creation of new set of quality tools, which extended the older one. ...ts of [[quality management]] methods. They are based on simple mathematics and statistics. Therefore, they are often called '''[[statistical process contr

...ancial risk management involves identifying their sources, measuring them, and [[planning]] to address them<ref>Christofferson, P. F. (2011)</ref>. ...responsible for ensuring that models are properly developed, implemented, and validated. Moreever, they also have important responsibilities such as [[co

...el of quality will lead to greater [[customer satisfaction]], lower costs, and stronger [[customer loyalty]]. ...s and equipment used are of the highest quality. Additionally, identifying and eliminating any potential sources of defects, such as improper [[documentat

...2012) was an Japanese engineer and statistican, who applied [[statistical methods]] to manufacturing of goods. ...ue to World War II he had to stop studying. After war he changed interests and started to study statistics.

...ople who [[work]] for an [[organization]]. It is the [[process]] of hiring and developing employees so that they become more valuable to the [[organizatio ...s of an [[organization]] include all the skills, [[knowledge]] and efforts and [[capabilities]] of all employees.

...the relevant institutions, such as the main statistical offices, sanitary and epidemiological stations. ...ptive research is based on populations or units, which may be descriptions and case series, or cross-sectional studies. The descriptive study does not inc

...ata from multiple sources such as interviews, surveys, documents, records, and observations. By studying the chosen subject in-depth, researchers can gain ...rovide valuable [[information]] for policy-making, program [[evaluation]], and strategic [[planning]].

...target audience, which can help inform marketing, [[product development]], and [[customer]] service strategies. ...ce]] point. This [[information]] helps the retailer inform their marketing and product development strategies.

...l failures. For this reason, it is also known as a cause and effect chart, and due to the distinctive look - fish chart. The scope of application of this ...disclose the causes of defects, also those caused by themselves. Heuristic methods prove to be useful when creating Ishikawa chart.

...It is important to consider the potential risks associated with a project and how they will affect the projects success. ...ludes assessing the [[duration of the project]], the potential for delays, and the potential for [[cost]] overruns.

...rm"<ref>Srinagesh A.(2011)</ref>'''. They have appeared over the centuries and have a very long tradition in the history of [[education]]<ref>Ross S. M.(2 ...rinagesh, "Developing proficiency in various aspects of logic is difficult and time-consuming"<ref>Srinagesh K.(2011)</ref>. The function of an experiment

...chniques used in the negotiations are the result mainly of the negotiating and [[selling skills]] of the participants. You can distinguish techniques such as:

...experience and organizational solutions used in the manufacturing of goods and delivering services to satisfy [[customer]]s [[needs]]. * '''Hardware''' - the physical equipment necessary to perform the tasks and operations, the machinery, tools, systems, etc.

...n a creative way is required to start thinking outside the box, break down and reorganize our [[knowledge]] about the subject . It is problematic to compo ...to identify wish statement, get and select all needed information and data and stimulate new thinking.

...ination and fantasies as the main sources of invention. The main heuristic methods include: [[brainstorming]], Delphi [[method]], Gordon synectics, morphologi ...development, codification and [[strategy]] of [[creative problem solving]] methods.

...estimates of regression coefficients and can lead to incorrect conclusions and inferences. ...redictors, by combining them into a single predictor, or by regularization techniques such as ridge regression.

...ubgroup. It is a type of [[probability sampling]] that is used in research and data analysis. Stratified sampling is based on the idea that the population ...rticular medical treatment, the sample could be stratified by age, gender, and geographical region to ensure that a representative sample is taken from ea

...to do something. Knowledge (or in other words [[know-how]]) is contextual and ranges in form codified or codifiable (explicit knowledge) to experiential Knowledge is needed to understand business decision - making, growth and achievement of long - term vision of the [[organization]].

...ally, EIM focuses on the [[quality]] and security of data and information, and improving the organization’s ability to use them. ...monitoring and auditing data to ensure compliance with enterprise policies and standards.

...ily transportable goods, moving money out of the country, transfer pricing and use of so-called "under-ground banks" (Levi, Reuter, 2006). ==Historical and research background==

...and addressing special cause variation is necessary to improve the process and reduce variation, while common cause variation is typically accepted as a n ...cause variation examples can be found in many different types of processes and industries. Here are a few examples:

...activities that aim to determine the real state of the [[company]]'s fixed and [[current assets]], as well as liabilities for a given moment (C. Burja, N. ...on evidence (evaporation, drying, inaccurate measurement of the acceptance and release of bulk materials, inventory obsolescence, fashion changes, etc.)

...to calculate, and provides a more accurate measure of agreement than other methods. ...s agreement between multiple raters rating the same subject or phenomenon, and to compare the results of different tests or measurements made on the same

...rocess]] that consists of '''estimating the magnitude''' of the likelihood and consequences of the occurrence of risk factors identified at the [[identifi ...ct]]. In other words, there is a [[need]] for project [[risk management]], and one of the main elements of this process is [[qualitative risk analysis]] <

...by providing positive or [[negative reinforcement]] for desired behaviors and punishing or ignoring undesired behaviors to create lasting change. ...positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, shaping, token economies, and extinction.

...dination and reaping bigger profits is always harmful to both subordinates and the [[organization]]. ...sic [[management functions]]: [[planning]], [[organizing]], [[motivating]] and [[controlling]]. The most important specific features of managerial work th

...s fields of [[management]]. For the purposes of the presentation following methods were extracted: * methods of economic analysis,

...es guarantee that projects are completed according to predefined standards and meet the requirements of the [[client]]. ...y issues that may arise. It’s also important to track and document results and findings, as well as to implement [[continuous improvement]] processes.

...ed or paid out. The accrual basis method is considered to be more accurate and provides a more complete picture of a [[company]]'s [[financial performance ==Accounting methods classification==

...ortunities and potential risks and to inform the development of strategies and plans. ...[[behavior]], such as what [[types of products]] customers are purchasing and when.

...earch]] is typically conducted through surveys, focus groups, experiments, and observational studies. ...rs can collect a large amount of data that can be used to inform decisions and develop strategies for businesses.

...sactions, companies can make informed decisions about pricing, strategies, and supply chain [[management]]. ...ifferent transactions and then evaluating potential areas for cost savings and operational improvements. When used properly, TCA can provide companies wit

...[[environment]] and assess the [[competitiveness]] of company's resources and existing [[market]] position. The analysis is thus reduced to two issues: ==Company situation analysis techniques==

...well as support efforts to progress by encouraging and supporting creative and active employees, * able to create a climate and [[organizational culture]] that encourages change,

...irection of industrial history by linking together statistics, engineering and [[economics]]. His greatest achievement was inventing the [[control chart]] ...ical quality approach. Therefore, Shewhart, however less known that Deming and Juran, can be viewed as a father of contemporary quality movement.

...r licenses. Safe custody ensures that the items or documents remain secure and available for use when needed. There are several methods for safe custody, including:

...ion plan is often a key component of a company's overall [[business plan]] and can play a major role in determining its success. ...products or services to be distributed, and outlining the specific methods and channels that will be used to make the offerings available to buyers. Some

...application of adopted criteria, the determination and issuing a decision and gathering [[information]] about its execution. In the second, '''the strict ...solutions''': generating [[options]], assessment and evaluation, heuristic methods: [[brainstorming]], scenarios,...

...is why it is essential to understand how to '''source new ideas''' and the methods that help in finding them. ...[competition]], come up with new and innovative [[solutions to problems]], and generate new ideas. But how can you source new ideas?

...ce data redundancy and improve data accuracy, as well as identify patterns and trends in data. ...red data, classification of information can be a great tool for organizing and managing your data more effectively.

...ods applied in modern organizations, four popular methods have been chosen and described below. ...aring the processes and practices of your own [[company]] with competitors and leading companies in the [[industry]] in order to improve your own solution

...ith other types of [[feasibility analysis]], such as technical feasibility and operational feasibility. ...the size of the market for the new products, the level of [[competition]], and the target audience.

Control list, or '''check-list''' is a simple tool to control the correctness and/or [[evaluation]] of the degree of completion of the [[project]]. It contai ...g the necessary [[information]]. Its disadvantage is the limited accuracy, and the subjectivity of the evaluation, it is based mostly on the results of ob

...an then be used to develop strategies to improve the company's performance and gain a competitive edge in the [[market]]. [[Benchmarking]] is a [[method]] of diagnosis, design and improvement of the various areas of the [[company]] by comparing the curren

...nal research''' involves analysis of various operations performed in human and technical systems. It is basic tool used by mathematical theory of decision ...pproach.They are also the primary area of use of newly emerging in the 40s and 50s of twentieth century computer [[technology]].

...ces available. It should also be flexible, allowing for unforeseen changes and events. ...al into manageable parts, ensuring that each task is completed in a timely and efficient manner.

...financial [[management]], personnel, [[production]], sales, [[marketing]], and others. First managers have to determine [[strategy]] and the nature of the business. To do this they must answer the following quest

...ng]]. The matrix typically includes a list of options, a list of criteria, and a scoring [[system]] for evaluating each [[option]] based on the criteria. ...ortant to the decision. These could include [[cost]], feasibility, impact, and so on.

...n of baselines and milestones, the [[monitoring and control]] of progress, and the [[communication]] of project [[information]]. ...eir tasks. This will ensure that all [[stakeholders]] are on the same page and that all team members understand what is expected of them.

...products, systems, and services as well as the ways in which they are used and experienced. ...nducting research due to its ability to integrate multiple disciplines and methods.

...nd a normal unit cost is registered and applied to the two units moved out and units staying in completion stock<ref>Mowen M., Hansen D., Heitger D. 2008< ==Accounting methods==

...e goals. '''Time management''' is a systematic [[process]] of [[planning]] and executing of scheduled activities aimed at the implementation of predetermi * decision-making - about actions to perform, their necessity, and their order in time.

...ng]] [[process]] that involves educated employees, a trustworthy [[brand]] and the creation of a community of consumers who want to return to a particular ==Trust and relationship selling==

...on the determination of four or five levels of assessment. The best-known and most-used model was proposed by Kirkpatrick. ...es allows for the detection of technical mistakes made during the training and for their quick correction.

...anization's ability to meet [[customer]] needs while [[controlling]] costs and ensuring [[quality]]. ...g contracts and ensuring that the goods and services are delivered on time and at the agreed-upon [[price]].

...into complex problems by considering a variety of perspectives, contexts, and sources of [[information]]. ...the automotive industry and determine what strategies have been successful and which have not. They may then compare the results of these three companies

...od of time. This allows researchers to track changes and trends over time, and to identify patterns or relationships between variables. Longitudinal studi ...or trends over time. [[Statistical methods]] are used to analyze the data and test hypotheses.

...ient operations. It also gives the possibility to attain long term success and follow the clear path of development. ...s stemming from proper use of [[strategic management]] and its methods and techniques are:

...application is the IT [[industry]], but it can also be used in scientific and clinical research as well as in other high [[technology]] industries. ...[[bureaucracy]]. The idea assumes that '''Scrum''' as a set of frameworks and recommendations related to the [[process]] remains unchanged, only the cont

...rs, operations, and strategies. But what exactly are big data applications and how can they be used? ...data applications include predictive analytics, [[customer]] segmentation, and [[marketing]] automation.

...international negotiations have become a widespread phenomenon in economic and even social life. ...s. Emerging problems significantly affect the negotiation effect, as Adler and Graham confirmed in their research. In their simulation experiment, they pr

...tter understand the potential risks and benefits of different [[options]], and make more informed decisions. ...es, and make more informed decisions about [[investments]], [[financing]], and other financial matters.

...own as Cronbach's Alpha coefficient or Cronbach's &alpha;(Research Methods and Design in Sport [[Management]]). It was described for the first time by ''' ...e questionnaire items are high. Cronbach's alpha values range from 0 to 1, and in the social sciences, values at or above 0,7 are desirable, but values we

...questions: what kind of costs are in the [[enterprise]]? where they arise? and what is their height [1]. ...ld also include information about the chart of accounts in the company and methods of accounting used.

...control its implementation. In the meantime, statistics are being prepared and kept. Then, after the preparation, all these data are transmitted in the fo ...nding on the [[method]] of selling, however base steps are the same - only methods are replaced.

...n the company. They constitute a new, perfect conditions for the operation and collaboration with the environment. ...logy will not be accepted. Recognition of the sources and causes of change and organizational capacity factors means that the [[process]] of change must b

...it helps to keep [[stakeholders]] informed of the progress of the project and to ensure that the project is meeting its objectives. ...anagement]]. It should be done by someone with the necessary [[knowledge]] and skills.

...To accomplish this, there are several [[industry]]-[[standard]] practices and tools that should be employed. ...ng, review and inspection techniques, and software [[process improvement]] techniques.

...rate and up-to-date information that they can use to guide their decisions and formulate strategies. ...nizing, and storing customer information, calculating taxes and discounts, and generating receipts.

* identifying emerging technologies in products and processes * analysing research trends and publication of research institutions

...del''' has been developed by F. Voehl in 1992 and modified by W.M. Lindsay and J.A. Petrick in 1997. It consists of six groups of elements (T.P. Mani, N. ...[[organization]], such as [[management]] [[system]], [[education]], social and technical subsystems ('''roof''').

...o identify all people and organizations that have an impact on the project and think about how to build a relationship with them. ...is the elimination of all barriers hindering the transmission of messages and messages. In the fastest time, the project team should receive useful infor

...lying the consistency principle are commonly recognized are '''credible''' and '''accurate'''. In the The Financial Accounting Standards [[Board]]'s opini ...]] applying the principle of cohesion should reach for the same accounting methods in similar cases in the future.

...nciples|principles]], procedures, methods, tools, job descriptions, people and relations between them, that are aimed at achieving [[quality]] objectives. * orientation on [[Culture and QMS implementation|organizational culture]],

...he submitted application. Behavioral programs can use different techniques and strategies. Very often interviews are conducted by Human Resources personnel and last 30-60 minutes. Usually, four to ten questions are asked depending on t

...s''' is a [[method]] of valuing connection between two or more independent and one dependent variables<ref>Lefter C. 2004, p. 364</ref>. defines the amount of linear correlation in between the dependent variable y and the independent variables <math>x_1, x_2, ... x_n</math>"<ref>Shyti B., Isa

...of elements in the population that possess the characteristic of interest, and the [[sampling]] population, which consists of those elements from the targ ..., the population would contain all of the students enrolled in the school, and in the case of cars, the population would contain all of the cars produced

...of statistics data, applying mathematical and numerical methods as a main and (sometimes) only technique used by management. ...elated with '''[[operations management]]''' and both uses same methods and techniques in:

...ans, it's aim is to bring [[profit]] or other benefits to the organization and it's [[stakeholders]]. ...needs]]. It provides general principles which can be applied to production and [[service]] organizations as well as [[public administration]] or NGOs.

...scheduling conflicts and ensure that the [[project]] is completed on time and on budget. ...ions better understand the potential risks of their production [[process]] and [[plan]] accordingly.

...oviding enough information to each other, it can lead to misunderstandings and disputes. It’s important to make sure that both parties are providing eno ...ke sure that both parties are expressing themselves clearly, both verbally and nonverbally.

'''Test report''' has to show what was accomplished and what was not in the [[project]]. Then appropriate actions can take place. T ...be SWOT analyzes with strengths, weeknesses, opportunities of improvements and threats<ref>Limaye M. G. (2009), p.406-407</ref>.

...and optimize well-known methodologies, enabling the implementation of new and better solutions<ref> J. Audet,G.d'Amboise(2001), p. 1-18</ref>. ...esearch focuses on creating new ideas, analyzing problems, diagnosing them and identifying their causes<ref> J. Audet,G.d'Amboise(2001), p. 1-18</ref>.

...so they use '''methods of rating substandard risk''' to evaluate the risk and classify their applicants<ref>R.D.C. Brackenridge, R. S. Croxson, R. Macken ==Methods of rating substandard risk==

...ding to a level in the hierarchy. AHP uses pairwise comparison of criteria and sub-criteria to determine their relative importance. It then combines the e ...s of criteria such as experience, [[education]], [[communication]] skills, and [[customer]] [[service]]. By comparing each candidate to the others, the co

...anagement]]'') is part of the operational cost management of organizations and aims to reduce the overall level of costs or to generally reduce the amount Cost reduction can be achieved through various methods. Possible solutions may include lowering<ref>(Kremin-Buch 2007, p. 13)</ref

...f each type of inventory is under continuous change, as the [[production]] and sales processes progress. Therefore, it is important to define the date on These products, which were previously past the stage of production and production. There are also products that process uncompleted.

...- specialists help, single and exclusive plan of treatment, physiotherapy and rehabilitation are provided ( J.B Couch 1998 p. 85). # Concentrating on preclude and resolution # Rising devotion of patients throughout deepening their [[knowl

...an then analyze to gain a better understanding of [[consumer]] [[attitudes and behaviors]]. ...s to these questions can help the restaurant chain improve its [[service]] and offerings to better meet the needs of their customers.

...[[method]] of '''ABC classification''' analysis is one of the most adopted techniques in the industrial ...]] inventories are classified into different categories based on the value and frequency

...bracing change, delivering part of functionality incrementally, reflecting and learning continuously. ...ct Management has been the completion of a project within time constraints and [[cost]] limits with limited resources, delivering the outputs to the custo

...ld Allan Darling as a result of modification of the Cramer-von Mises (CVM) and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) tests (N. Mohd Razali, Y. Bee Wah 2011 p. 24). ==Advantages and disadvantages==

...a very modern way of monitoring around the [[workplace]], it is still used and should be included in the [[maintenance management]] programs<ref>Mobley K. ...Ch. (2015)., Machine Vision: Automated Visual Inspection: Theory, Practice and Applications, Springer, p. 3-4</ref>:

...rn in Sioux City, Iowa, USA. He studied on university of Wyoming, Colorado and Yale. ...Deming in NBC. This is viewed as beginning of new quality movement in USA and Europe.

...tools in place in order to accurately assess performance, track progress, and make informed decisions. ...s difficult for staff members to be held accountable for their performance and it can be difficult to ensure that everyone is working towards the same obj

..., event, or phenomenon. It is used to generate ideas, identify key issues, and develop hypotheses for further study. It is mainly used to gain an understa ..., customers, and technology experts, as well as examining industry reports and other sources of [[information]].

...research question and the data available, with the aim of producing valid and reliable results that are useful to the research audience. ...ould include selecting the participants, developing an interview protocol, and analyzing the data.

...akes strategic management different compared to traditional approaches and methods of management. * Considers the role of goals of industry and sector.

...blishment of aspects related to the subject of reference (here knowledge), and also the managerial functions implemented in relation to this subject. Cons The functions and instruments of the knowledge [[management system]] in the [[company]] cover

...y collecting data from multiple sources, including interviews and surveys, and analyzing the [[information]] within its context. The results of the analys ...The findings could then be used to create a [[plan]] for future operations and growth.

...icture of all assignments, their sequence, their predicted completion time and the activities that could be completed simultaneously (Basu R, 2004, p. 129 * '''Pert''' (project [[evaluation]] and review technique) in some alternations;

...s it allows them to analyze data from multiple sources and identify trends and relationships that might not be evident when looking at the data in isolati ...e of analysis can help businesses identify which items to promote together and suggest additional items to customers in order to maximize sales.

...onance is caused by the natural thinking of man, it is a normal phenomenon and is often encountered. After making the purchase, we usually wonder if we ha ...e visit, we learn that for any x-rays or X-rays you [[need]] to pay extra, and that the subscription amount only applies to daytime services, additional c

...nables researchers to explore the unique context of a particular situation and to collect detailed, in-depth data on the topic of [[interest]]. By underst ...a better understanding of the individual's experience with their condition and the effectiveness of the treatment plan.

...g into account both fixed effects (which are constant across observations) and random effects (which vary across observations). In [[management]], it can ...fect of offering an additional bonus or incentive on employee satisfaction and [[turnover]] rates. The fixed effects might include the size of the bonus o

...results of evaluation in order to make informed decisions about curriculum and instruction. ...ation is a valuable tool for educators, administrators, and policy makers, and it is an important part of providing a quality educational experience.

...l interpretations of it. It is a powerful tool used to aid decision-making and to provide insights into a business or [[organization]]'s operations. ...g them. This [[information]] can be used to inform [[marketing]] decisions and [[product]] development strategies.

...rketing]] strategies, enhance customer experience, and improve [[product]] and [[service]] offerings. ...se this [[information]] to better target customers with marketing messages and tailor product offerings to better meet their [[needs]].

* receiving and reading a SOC 1 Type 2 report, if obtainable ! Design and Implementation

...results of their experiment, allowing them to make more informed decisions and improve their strategies. ...sights gained from the post hoc analysis can be used to refine the program and ensure that it is as effective as possible in the future.

...sample size is thus not fixed in advance but depends on the actual results and varies from one sample to another. The sampling terminates according to pre ...ve hypotheses, here designated H1 and H2. Consecutive samples are examined and evaluated until cumulative results dictate that one hypothesis is more like

...often used to compare the performance of different products, services, or methods, or to test the impact of a change to a [[process]] or [[product]]. ANOVA c ...could use ANOVA to compare the performance of two different [[production]] methods by looking at the average [[cost]] of production for each method.

...of the controlled process. Control charts are used to control variability and its causes. They are in the form of sheets that are so designed that operat ...rs of staff, machines or managers. If the latter, the next step is to find and eliminate the real cause of problem in process. Such a signal is presented

...e most appropriate one. Solutions should be practical, [[cost]]-effective, and tailored to the specific problem. Successful solutions should also strive t ...al solution could be to set up regular meetings, develop a shared language and terminology, or create a digital platform to facilitate collaboration.

...account allows to provide useful [[information]] about a specific company and the duration of doubtful accounts in a given period of time. Aging is the m ...counts receivable is better because these companies have large receivables and individual balances are low.

...rocess]]. The purpose of SPC is to prevent [[non-conformity]] by detecting and early signalling of interference in the process. ...FMEA]] <ref>Bank J. ''Total Quality [[Management]]'', Publishing Gebethner and Ska, Warsaw 1996 </ref>.

...bt and financial hardship, as well as psychological issues such as anxiety and depression. ...emotion that is driving your urge to buy, it’s easier to take a step back and make a more conscious decision.

...hese activities are designed to strive for the best results of the company and its development. ...rough the [[work]] they have done, we can achieve large, long-term profits and a good [[market]] position<ref>McIvor, R. (2005)</ref>.

...ne body, however, rather have a flat line. They are utilized when the Open and Close are something similar or extremely close. ...ji type, which seems to be a cross, shows huge hesitation among purchasers and vendors on the lookout<ref>Nison S., (2001),p.163</ref>. It is likewise at

...] of the implementation of the simulation itself. The better the choice of techniques the greater the benefits. ...51746_c656eedbbb9988d3ef29e6bb74a81880 Simulation in Manufacturing: Review and Challenges](p.220)</ref>

...s [[method]] is to show the relationship between [[customer]] requirements and [[product]] parameters. ...f this relationship. When selecting the elements of the diagram, different techniques are used, most often it is [[brainstorming]].

...ain profitability, in the long term it is needed to preserve the existence and development of [[company]]. ...ial [[management functions]] as: planning, directing, monitoring, analysis and reporting. Controlling is also intended to stimulate the creative thinking

It also can appear in social accounting and then it make reference to a problem in social accounting practice that is c ==Methods of avoiding double counting==

...AJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false '' Financial Analysis Tools and Techniques: A Guide for Managers''], Published by McGraw Hill Professional, p. 140-141 ...ies that are always kept at a certain safe level in a given [[enterprise]] and are never spent to zero, the inventory will be valued at prices at which it

...re mounting this [[price]] increase into their fiscal and monetary policy, and a 6% inflation premium is embedded in [[interest]] rates. Six percent is th ...the central bank, by fiscal policy, by investors, consumers, trade unions and [[company]] directorates, there is no reason why inflation could not be mai

...ine the relationship between the two factors, e.g. investigate their cause and effect relationship. ...link between the planned number of days of hospitalization of the patient and the total [[cost]] estimates.

...rketing]] is related to the scope and weight of the competitive techniques and tools used to obtain [[competitive advantage]] over other players in the [[ ...d that this strategy does not involve broad [[market research]] activities and comprehensive market data analysis.

...s, and the beginning inventory to calculate the estimated ending inventory and cost of goods sold. ...hases, and beginning inventory to calculate the estimated ending inventory and cost of goods sold.

...a such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, search engines, for example Google and [[information]] services<ref>Narayanan, S., & Manchanda, P. (2009)</ref>. ...here is a lot of [[competition]] on the market, such research is necessary and an indispensable element of success. To minimize the [[risk]] of failure, h

...tical skills, abilities etc.) and described through the specific functions and procedures required for its proper execution<ref>Amos, T., Ristow, A. & Ris ...ompletion of assigned tasks. Hybrid approach it's a combination of a job - and work-oriented approaches.

...y representatives of Japanese science and the practice of [[organization]] and [[management]]. ...operation with SMED, [[Kanban|KANBAN]], Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) and TQM.

...n general, these tools provide a comprehensive view of an [[organization]] and help in making informed decisions. ...identified opportunities (expansion into new markets, use of social media) and threats ([[competition]] from other retailers, difficulty in maintaining [[

..."train employees in [[project management]]" doesn't explain much for coach and doesn't give any [[method]] of verification. ...The inspector knows that he/she should check whether employees used those methods in projects properly. Thus verification of training objectives is not alway

...cular [[project]] management techniques to manage the design, [[planning]] and whole construction of a project, from just beginning to end of a project. T ...nager is generally responsible for monitoring the construction [[process]] and checking precisely that every kind of [[client]] wishes are properly implem

...ing%20Errors%20IJSAID%20V14%20N1%202012.pdf Performance Appraisal: Methods and Rating Errors]'', "International Journal of Scholarly Academic [[Intellectu ...s also seen when an experimenter is asked to choose a color for a product, and is more likely to select a color that is easily accessible, such as blue or

...nt]] practices into their operations, organizations can identify, analyze, and respond to potential risks, as well as develop strategies to manage them. T ...strategies. This can help organizations improve their overall risk profile and create a better overall operational [[environment]].

...ntation of [[project]] tasks of different kinds. Their ease of use, power, and increased availability result in increasing applications. Properly applied ...problems, which is a major contributor to making teaching more interesting and realistic <ref>Franklin G.F., Rabins M.J., Kheir N.A 2014, p. 10</ref>.

...increases. Employees are more involved, have greater mobilization to work and are not afraid that they will make mistakes while performing new tasks. ==Types of internal training techniques==

...areable, that it encourages people to share it with their friends, family, and followers. This content can take the form of videos, images, articles, or e ...It is an effective way to get your message out to a large audience quickly and for very little [[cost]]. Some of the benefits of using viral marketing inc

...els of trade as well as by [[production]] and [[service]] companies, banks and [[insurance]] companies. ...d of: representatives of the US [[government]], the transport [[industry]] and computer manufacturers. They were appointed to develop a standard of electr

...Category:Strategic management]] for broader description of the methodology and detailed description of strategic [[management functions]]. # Creating a [[mission and vision]]:

...l teams working together to identify [[customer needs]], develop a design, and verify that the design works as expected. ...er needs and develop designs quickly and more effectively than traditional methods.

...ips. It is proved, that knowledge map makes simpler recalling of knowledge and helps learn more effectively (Lee J., Segev A., 2011, p. 1-2). With usage of knowledge maps it was noticed, that different situations and various knowledge [[demand]] diversified solutions. Finally, basic three ty

...seful tool for finding the best estimate of a parameter from observed data and evaluating the [[quality]] of a model. It is also an important tool for mak ...esearcher collects data from previous patients, such as their age, gender, and other characteristics. Using the maximum likelihood method, the researcher

...ategic management]] and [[system]] analysis. Most common external analysis methods are<ref>Roos, G., Bainbridge, A., & Jacobsen, K. (2001). [http://citeseerx. ...etitive environment]]. The macro-environment consists of further processes and phenomena, global, affecting the enterprise indirectly.

...he goal of both planning and decision making is to maximize [[efficiency]] and effectiveness in achieving [[organizational goals]]. ...lable [[information]] and resources, while also anticipating future events and trends. This will help ensure that the best decisions are made.

...aluation]] of business, focused both on analytical and comparative studies and the selection of alternative solutions. ...ods of analysis of preferences in [[strategic management]] include ranking and scoring.

...d of study, drawing on concepts from [[economics]], psychology, sociology, and other social sciences. ...sights into decision-making, including surveys, experiments, case studies, and statistical analysis.

...nificantly changed the physics of the time, as well as the works of Pavlov and Freud became the basis for a better understanding of physiological phenomen ...t, many workers joined the trade unions, thus reinforcing mutual suspicion and distrust in the executive-level relations with employees for decades.

...tegorical data, that can be arranged categorically based on the attributes and properties of a thing or a phenomenon (D. Silverman 2011, p. 132-137). ...rds, especially organized into events or stories, have a considered, vivid and meaningful flavor that often makes far more convincing to a reader-another

...rocess]], and to promote good habits. It is one of the tools of Inspection and Adaptation in Scrum. It is not a [[statutory meeting]] to report progress t ...he form of the meeting depends on the self-[[organizing]] Development Team and is optional, as long as it brings benefits for a particular team, if there

...tor analysis helps researchers to identify which variables are correlated, and the strength of those correlations, thus allowing for better understanding ...to identify which aspects of satisfaction are most important to customers, and which aspects have the most impact on overall satisfaction.

...ectiveness and [[efficiency]], as it allows for efficient use of resources and informed decision-making. ...sure that the business can accurately calculate profits, losses, expenses, and taxes, as well as track the performance of [[investments]].

...ents such as response time, reliability, ease of use, and the overall look and feel of a [[service]] or application. ...E, you can gain insight into how well your product or system is performing and make changes to improve the quality of the user experience.

...ze us, while negative stress, also known as distress, can lead to physical and mental health issues. ...ons. And social stress is caused by interpersonal relationships, [[work]], and other social situations.

...oyees). Another reason for the creation of such a gap may also be the type and nature of the decision problem (for example: conflict decisions, [[strategi ...e of the information held must be taken into account in company management and when creating information systems supported by computer technologies.

...tomers, known as customer segments, are used to inform marketing decisions and develop strategies to better meet the needs of those customers. ...customers by age and gender to create ads specifically [[targeting]] teens and young adults.

...ase study can be used to inform decision-making, create new [[knowledge]], and generate insights for further research. ...rs could identify any correlations between social media activity and sales and draw conclusions about how social media is affecting the brand’s performa

...s of working on large projects with multiple teams, budgeting constraints, and [[customer]] [[needs]]. ...ese elements, teams are able to effectively collaborate, coordinate tasks, and meet [[customer needs]].

...suring is normally distributed (a distribution defined by the sample means and sample variance). Under this assumption we can evaluate the differences bet * The responses are numeric and continuous;

...r''' is the difference between the value derived by taking a random sample and the value that would have been obtained by taking a census <ref> Lee C., Le ...k Coors beer. The next day we might repeat the same [[sampling]] procedure and discover that 14 percent regularly drink Coors beer. The difference is due

...hannels and tactics to reach the right audience, optimize their campaigns, and increase their overall ROI. ...Focus groups are used to gain insights into consumer attitudes, opinions, and behaviors.

...urces available and time, the philosophical foundations of the researcher, and the scope of existing [[knowledge]] about the studied area (Wedawatta G., I ...icular study. Part of the '''research strategies''' used in [[management]] and business are (Wedawatta G., Ingirige B., Amaratunga D. 2011, p. 4):

...particular area or population by observing and interacting with the people and their [[environment]]. ...al practices. It is also used to study social dynamics, natural phenomena, and global issues.

...from a variety of sources, including interviews, observations, documents, and surveys. ...incident. It can be used to gain insights into the context of the incident and to collect detailed descriptions of behavior from a variety of sources.

...pplicable to all industries. It helps organizations to anticipate problems and create solutions that ensure the highest quality standards. ...ing out the plan, such as ensuring that all workers have the correct tools and materials to produce the widgets. The Check step would involve measuring th

...1990s. Since then, digital marketing has changed. Especially in the 2000s and the 2010s, when it was recognized that it effectively helps to grow the [[c * '''Scalability''': Building and exploring activities that [[work]] well is very easy.

...ment specifying which procedures and related resources should be used, who and when to implement them in relation to a specific [[project]], [[product]], ...e establishment of a quality plan can be part of the quality [[planning]], and the quality plan is usually one of the results of this process.

...mate of the cost of building the [[product]] or providing the [[service]], and adds a certain percentage of [[profit]] to determine the [[price]]. ...use a cost plus valuation. This approach involves establishing a cost base and adding a margin to this cost base to determine the target sales price. This

...nd their main task is to carry out tasks related to [[financial planning]] and its implementation. The task of financial management is also to control the ...be to increase the company's value<ref> Gordon M. Bodnar, Gregory S. Hayt and Richard C. Marston, (1998)</ref>.

...intangible property that can be depreciated includes software, copyrights, and patents<ref> Internal Revenue [[Service]].p.3 (2021) </ref>. ...t be employed in your business or other activity that generates [[money]]; and

...itates [[management]] to find departures so that they could eliminate them and compare individuals in a workgroup. According to Roger Chartier and A. H. Fuersenhal there could be listed following objectives of merit rating

...is used to gain a deeper understanding of the attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors of a particular audience so that managers can make more informed ...understanding of what customers think about the [[company]], its products, and its services.

...ssment Center MOA has carried out an extensive [[evaluation]] of employees and applicants, but it was associated with huge costs. Therefore, he developed ...esigned in different versions, namely for primary [[education]], secondary and higher education. All this is supported by the IT platform.

...vation]] and as a result they have the courage to invest in [[creativity]] and new ideas. It can certainly be affirmed that innovative thinking in each bu ...ay informed. This is an example of how innovative thinking can lead to new and creative solutions to old problems.

...ket risk is essential for any investor, as it can help them better predict and prepare for changes in the market. ...dity risk can help an investor determine how easily they can sell an asset and how much they may lose if they [[need]] to sell quickly.

...n the years 1965-1990 he gained renown for challenging the Keynesian model and the [[Emission of money|quantity theory of money]]. In 1976, Friedman won t ...ly should be managed by the central bank to achieve stable economic growth and low [[inflation]]. He also proposed the "k-percent rule," which recommends

...and General Motors, and later at Digital Equipment, Hewlett-Packard, AT&T and ITT. ...]], the degree of importance of individual characteristics to the customer and relationships between them. The answer to this need has become the Quality

...ys, it is necessary for organizations to understand what motivates current and potential customers. Customer analysis can help organizations to find the m ...n should name keys customers, collect [[information]] about their location and status in [[market]].

...tential sources of conflict in order to recognize and address them quickly and prevent further conflict from developing. ..., but with the right tools and strategies, it can be effectively addressed and even used as an opportunity for growth.

It is very often used due to the simple and clear calculation [[algorithm]], and also ability to produce impressive graphs of decision-making issues. In a b * '''decision variables''' describe the tools and resources that are available,

...an overall concept, the process [[needs]] to involve both program changes and changes in facilities that may improve this total value <ref> Federal Const * Quality planning corresponds to the expectations of individuals and human settlement.

...rocesses as well as descriptions of inputs, outputs and suitable tools and methods (Saladis, Kerzner 2011, p. 13). ...ment has the task of estimating and budgeting the expenses for the project and explains how the project can be completed within the approved budget (Salad

...he [[organization]] with competitors or leading firms in the [[industry]], and copying proven designs. Such comparing have long been used, hence some auth ...arious departments of the business to determine what is its current status and whether any change is needed.

...es a series of different types of risk [[insurance]], such as construction and installation insurance, electronic equipment insurance. The basis of techni ...ry]] "technical". Technology is designed, created and '''used by human'''. And if it in normal (settlement) conditions behaved not as it was supposed, it

...tibility between objectives. Results are being monitored weekly or monthly and appropriate adjustments are made if necessary<ref>[http://www.leanproductio # Get everyone focused. Setting the objectives, communicating them and setting owners improves level of [[goal achievement]].

...ithin [[company]] on various levels of [[management]] (strategic, tactical and [[operational management]]), they involve following good practices in [[pro ...ood and proven methods of doing things, follow the example of best leaders and managers

...[[personnel strategy]]) and [[Research and development definition|research and development]] strategy. ...e considered from the point of view of the entire company (top executives) and domain-specific subsystems or functional components. The lack of precise de

...atisfaction and preferences, allowing them to better tailor their services and products. ...data gathered from this scale can be used to measure customer satisfaction and help the restaurant make improvements.

...trategies, marketing processes, [[market]] reach, perception of [[brand]], and other strengths connected to this functional [[strategy]] of the corporatio ...l customers. The most important advantages of marketing is improving sales and [[profit]] the business<ref>S. Jayachandran, (2002)</ref>.

...and want to help. With this approach, warm calling is '''very effective''' and brings better results than the traditional approach, cold calling. * have a [[plan]] and know what you can say,

...n organization ('''innovators'''). '''Creativity''' is used for synthesize and linking knowledge from different fields to create new, interesting ideas, ' ...acterize by a great creativity and cleverness in realization of many tasks and original approach in solving problems.

...output per hour, output per worker, output per machine, output per shift, and output per [[cost]]. ...d in a given period of time and dividing it by the total cost of materials and labor.

...earning, though you should also look to works of Ch. Argyris and D. Schon, and even earlier: in the concept of [[decision support systems]] from the 50s. ...lso lack measurement tools for the assessment of organizational competence and level of learning. These tools are necessary in order to assess what effect

...st brand usage, the brand’s [[market]] share, the consumer’s demographics, and shopping goals)"(P. Chandon, J. W. Hutchinson, E. T. Bradlow, S. H. Young 2 ...S. Atalay, H. O. Bodur, D. Rasolofoarison 2012, p.1). "For example, top - and middle-shelf positions gain more attention than low-shelf positions; howeve

...1966, p. 33). In order to fill the vacancy, employers [[need]] to consider and list essential requirements for a given position. These requirements should ==Shaping and negotiating expectations==

...raise the degree of relationship between claims and established standards, and communicating the issues to interested users. In other words, the aim of au ...and improve the [[efficiency]] of [[risk management]], control [[system]] and organization [[management]] [[process]]es.

...gue or a conversation. Group communication is made within one social group and institutional communication - within a social institution. The highest leve [[Communication process]] must be considered dynamic and continuous interaction. It makes it effective.

...Arellando offers a different perspective, defining workload "as a complex and multifaceted construct, usually defined as the portion of [[resource]] spen * '''conditions''' and the '''requirements''' connected with a task

[[Category:Methods and techniques]] Code Section 183 was created to '''regulate''' the previous case-law and aimed to set impartial factors that will help determine which outgoings sho

...making]] processes, strategic [[planning]], [[marketing]], [[production]] and logistic planning, etc. ...loyee]], it provide means to solve particular problem, diagnose its causes and search for probable solutions. It can be derived from internal [[knowledge]

...]] of people in organization. It often requires costly information systems and computer software to [[work]] effectively. ...ies, main disadvantage is high [[cost]] and decrease in [[innovativeness]] and [[creativity]].

...to improve the project [[management]] process, to inform decision-making, and to make sure that the project’s objectives are met. ...oject budget]] to ensure that the project was completed within the planned and approved budget. It could also involve looking at the timeline of the proje

...rm '''monthly''' cycles of inventory adjustments which takes a lot of time and [[money]] ...'controlled'''. It should be supported with proper '''[[documentation]]''' and follow proper '''policy''' within an organisation.

...Research is also used to develop effective plans for organizational growth and development. ...gate how a [[company]]'s culture encourages collaboration, [[innovation]], and [[creativity]].

One of the assumptions of the OLS regression is that the errors are normally and independently distributed. The assumption regarding the OLS regression assu ...ent variables, which causes an error om the variance of the OLS estimators and therefore in their [[standard]] errors <ref>Wooldrige, J. (2005). pg.13</re

...sfer of [[risk]]''' is a contract between the entity that assumes the risk and the entity that transfers the risk. The content of the contract is an oblig ...this means that the probability of an adverse event occurring is too high and the amount of potential losses associated with it is too significant for th

...eir value and [[turnover]]. Two methods are used for this - the ABC method and the XYZ method. ...s into groups A, B and C is made according to the value of the annual cost and consumption.

...s own or adopted from other entities. It can be also deployed for both new and existing products on the market. ...zation of entirely new body lotion bottle that is to impart it distinction and visual appeal from the new segment's point of view.

...job position. These tests check whether the employee's '''[[behavior]]''' and his '''abilities''' are consistent with the required characteristics by the ...job. The employer then assesses the individual's performance in each task and evaluates their overall performance.

...ions Must have (necessary), Should have (recommended), Could have (useful) and Would not it be nice to have or Will not have. Each item can be matched to ...requirement deemed desirable, but not necessary. Will be included if time and resources allow it

...a. It is a versatile method that can be adapted to different types of data and can be used to estimate parameters for a variety of distributions. ...mple of 100 transactions and then use them to estimate the population mean and variance.

...ata analysis models''', '''analysis main components''', '''factor analysis and log-linear analysis''' (B. Muthen 1997, p. 55). ...iments. These models fulfill the function of reflection, [[communication]] and control. In addition, they are a tool for [[experimental research]] (K. A.

...the research process to identify problems, create and implement solutions, and evaluate results. ...h [[employment]] program. Finally, OCO evaluated the impact of its efforts and reported the results to the community.

* purpose, objectives and results (outputs) of the process, activity or work described; * documents, resources, materials and equipment are used in the process;

...''' which are capable of performing operations on objects in many specific and different ways. It shows that job shop is not a company which is specialise ...ecifying which work station is to perform operation, from which contracts, and on which objects. Bad scheduling process may impact on<ref>(Grefenstette, J

...tomer]] satisfaction, operational [[efficiency]], [[employee]] engagement, and [[market]] share. ...]]. It's important to note that MOP can be used to measure both short-term and long-term performance.

.... The best choices of indicators will reflect enlightenment on performance and highlight sections that [[demand]] concentration. There are two of the most ==Performance indicators for the private sector and government==

...on causes to remove it. The method was developed by Motorola in USA in 80s and popularized after the [[company]] achieved [[Malcolm baldridge national qua * '''Analyse''' the process and product and develop alternatives

...cations, PCA can be used to identify clusters of [[customer]] [[behavior]] and to reduce the amount of data needed to effectively describe a phenomenon. P ...y can use PCA to identify clusters of customers who have similar interests and preferences. This can help the company target specific customer segments wi

...s misleading because '''challenges''' has mixed positive/negative meaning, and using it in this context may lead to ambiguity in performing further analys ...siness School, and described in [Learned, A., Christensen, C., Andrews, RS and Guth, D. 1965].

* Theory X and Theory Y. ...eople use their talents and strive to develop them. Continuous development and the acquisition of new competences play an important role here <ref>Burton

...computed as medium usage within the [[process]] of the refilling lead time and adding to this: safety supply, or quantity of the order, or earmarked suppl ==Order point methods==

...d manage risks associated with cultural, legal, and political differences, and to manage the complexity of multiple project teams working in different loc ...l legal and cultural [[environment]] to ensure compliance with regulations and successful [[completion of the project]].

...th of [[information]] that can be used to drive various business decisions and strategies. ...ta can help businesses make [[strategic decisions]] about their operations and [[investments]].

...productive working [[environment]], reduce [[turnover]] and boost morale, and even reduce the [[risk]] of legal issues. Here, we discuss why training is ...ogether more effectively. This, in turn, can help to reduce turnover rates and boost morale.

...t]], [[information]] systems, and so on. Most common [[internal analysis]] methods are: ...rganization]], effective [[planning]] of activities for the nearest period and knowledge of the target market. This analysis is crucial in the management

...economic development, a potential explanation of [[unemployment]] recovery and an indicator of financial stability ...indifferent on the boundaries between having a risky [[market]] portfolio and a risk-free [[bond]].

...edures for identified threats are selected, these threats are re-estimated and the risk level is verified again. It should be taken into account that the ...that concerns one of the identified risks. In addition, both the quantity and the nature of existing threats should be taken into account.

...consider how we are going to divide the available time among all the tasks and activities that are competing for it. ...me budget allocates the total time available collectively to perform tasks and activities of a certain type over a given period.

...he integration of knowledge into the organization's operations, processes, and practices to ensure that the organization can gain maximum benefit from its ...ystems, collaboration tools, and data mining techniques to capture, store, and access [[organizational knowledge]].

...[[management]] systems that play a key role in facilitating foreign trade and international cooperation. ...troduced in the world by implementing ISO standards, regardless of country and language. Among the basic objectives of the activity conducted by the Organ

...ires used in more than 20 languages. This [[method]] is used for selection and development of employees at [[work]]. It shows [[information]] about the [[ ...ciently gives description of job candidate. This analysis is very thorough and involves multiple questions probing deep psychological characteristic of pe

...fecive document management. Document [[management]] is a set of techniques and tools that improve the [[efficiency]] of processing all forms of documents ...] for a long time. Many organizations use them to obtain positive economic and organizational effects.

...oducts, tendency to take risks and work after hours, dominance of informal and direct contacts, uncontrollable costs may occur, problems with development, ...nnovation is the origin of processes. The culture of business must support and cherish it above all else.

...ncept, indirect costs are accounted for in the cross-section of activities and processes generating these costs, not in the cross-section of [[production] This account is a new [[method]] of measuring and calculating costs. According to it, indirect costs are settled on products

...m]]. This index can help managers determine the progress of their projects and make necessary adjustments if needed. ...is in the IT [[industry]], where if a project has an earned value of $300 and a planned value of $200, the SPI would be 1.5, meaning the project is perfo

...ctions, strategic plans, [[production capacity]], availability of machines and human resources, etc<ref>Grubbström, R. W., & Thuy Huynh, T. T. (2006)</re ...ecasts, strategic plans, production [[capabilities]], machine availability and human resources.

...ess]]. It can be regard as an alternative or as valuable supplement to the methods prevalent in Western culture. ...opment of own approach to business based on Confucian philosophy, Buddhism and Bushido. In Western culture the importance of decisions to make is related

...nomic theory, they are most often used, mainly because of their simplicity and clarity. The most useful is the [[classification]] of indicators from their * indicators of the [[profit]] and loss account,

...idering that such methods originated throughout the '''barter trade period and specialisation''', it is thought that macromarketing is as ancient as civil ==Macro marketing and the need==

...nal processes connected with it. There is no way to do this without theory and practice of project management. ...nal culture is an important factor for efficient implementation of project and reflect operating style of team members (forms of [[communication]], dress

...avily upon its leadership's expectations for success, and the quantitative and qualitative measures, that are being used to determine expansion readiness. ...ment]] [[interest]] from private and public investors, venture capitalists and other [[stakeholders]] (Anand R. i in., 2014).

...Analysis''' is a [[decision making]] tool used to prioritize problem areas and find solutions. It is based on the Pareto Principle, which states that 80% ...ost important factors in a given situation. This allows for more efficient and effective solutions to be found.

...because the isoquants are marked by the amount of product that suits them, and not the levels of utility as in the case of indifference curves. ...production - from the most capital - intensive to the most labor-intensive methods.

...ocess model there are several activities that represent business functions and states within a [[company]]. These activities are organized in a meaningful There are numerous modeling techniques for business processes. Depending on the purpose of the analysis, appropria

...] or increase the [[company]]'s ability to learn and use new [[knowledge]] and new technologies. ...to bring economic benefits, various technological improvements, or better methods of doing something.

...[[options]] to do, and the selection must be made to select one [[option]] and drop the others. This concept can be particularly useful in situations rela The differential cost is the same as the incremental cost and [[marginal cost]]. The difference in revenue resulting from two decisions i

...cess]] in which a problem or issue is addressed or managed in a systematic and organized way. It is typically used to resolve a problem or issue that cann ...bility, monitoring progress, escalating the issue if needed, and reviewing and revising the process afterwards.

...useful when the decision-making process is accompanied by a huge [[risk]] and there are many [[options]] to get the situation going <ref>Johson, A. & Red ...to the question, what is the detailed information about them. Construction and in-depth analysis of the model.

* gathering data about [[customer needs]] and behaviours * asking customers about their satisfaction from past interactions and purchases

...r improvement. It can also be used to monitor the performance of processes and systems. ...The lines drawn on the chart can be used to identify changes in the data, and can help to identify areas for improvement. It is important to note that th

...development of organization is a prerequisite for the survival, stability and improvement. ...that defines the development of the [[company]], as appropriate, effective and coordinated changes in the company's systems, consisting of the introductio

...ed stretega, based on knowledge and research to achieve [[customer]] needs and reach [[profit]]. ...ethods, thanks to which you can draw the right conclusions very precisely, and thus also prepare the right business [[strategy]].

'''A Business memo''' that is also called a memo and a report. ...d documents in the internal [[communication]] of enterprises, institutions and organizations. It is used to provide important messages between individual

...ring of high levies might have an effect in decreasing the number of ships and goods arriving to the port. ...fee - charged for arriving and leaving a port, but also sailing across it and [[waste management]], in compliance with the policy of the specific port,

...ding [[needs]] assessment, program improvement, problem [[identification]] and strategic [[planning]]. An in-depth interview is a conversation of a person ...d documenting responses combined with an intensive study of deeper meaning and understanding of the response. Therefore, in-depth interviews often require

...ate and address potential risks, ensuring the project is delivered on time and within budget. ...es assessing the likelihood of each risk, how it might affect the project, and the likelihood of it occurring. For example, a project manager might identi

...e without innovation and R&D activities to create new competitive products and services. ...in [[technology]], processes, people, competencies, skills, [[management]] techniques, etc. [[Disruptive innovation]] requires disruptive change in the form of r

...ordinates in order to induce in them the proper [[attitude]] to their jobs and encourage them to their best possible performance. '''Potential management style''' reflect manager's view about what methods he should use to influence his subordinates.

...sed on risk analysis and taking into account factors such as socioeconomic and [[environmental]] aspects (Rausand M., 2013, p. 1.2.2). ...y inputs to the decision-making process include financial, legal, ethical, and other considerations. If there is a possibility that more than one [[action

...he production process can then be based on production for a customer order and not on [[mass production]] where we produce material for storage. ...ed to supply<ref>URL Business Information Systems. Technology, Development and Management for the e-business, Material flow function. </ref>:

...seholds in relation to their income. As noted by authors Lewis and Douglas and Stingler, Engel's analysis merely included parameters related to [[consumer ...ians began to consider developing more and more pertinent tools to analyze and track consumer [[behavior]]. For this reason, [[interest]] in the so-called

...rom 1961-1963 he was president of the American Society of Quality Control, and then the president of the General [[System]] Company in Pittsfield, Massach ...ed and limited [[knowledge]] of a coherent system of principles, practices and technologies, known as Total Quality Control (TQC).

...ore, it is necessary to clearly define the basic objective of the activity and at the same time beware of the general phenomenon which is obstructing the ...on sense. It allows you to accept everything that is necessary and useful, and at the same time eliminate what hinders our attainment of the goal.

...edures for the project manager and project team involved in the collection and distribution of information. ...se of the communication plan is to identify, document and plan information and communication [[needs]] in the project.

...more, it may be applied in almost any aspect of marketing, including sales and product-driven expansion <ref>Ansoff, (1957)</ref>. # An overarching policy, and a

...c efficiency can be broken down into two categories: allocative efficiency and productive efficiency. ...e least amount of waste. This can be done through utilizing [[technology]] and reducing costs.

* economical - including exchange rates, business cycles and economic growth * social - considering demographics, ethics and cultures

...spects of life is related to the great attention that is paid to [[needs]] and requirements of [[customer]]. ...- methods and approaches used in Kaizen|Fig. 1. Kaizen umbrella - methods and approaches used in Kaizen]]

...nt (CR)''' is a type of contract where the seller does not receive any fee and is only reimbursed for an agreed part of his eligible costs<ref>Garret A.G ...n of contracts to a greater extent than is normally required for the award and management of fixed-price contracts<ref>Curry S.W (2016)</ref>.

...r maintenance and technical repair, replacement vehicle during maintenance and also tyres for the lease period, [[insurance]], assistance etc<ref>Nemi R. ...egal status as at August 2011<ref>The Civil Code of 23 April 1964 - Polish and English (2011)</ref>:'''

...tial for [[financial loss]] due to [[investments]], [[market]] volatility, and other economic events. ...ting in [[quality]] control measures, establishing clear safety protocols, and diversifying their investments.

...list of activities to be performed, people responsible for this activities and resources needed. ...g and evaluation of the [[marketing]] activities of the company, recording and reporting of deviations to [[management]], which takes decisions based on t

...[[stakeholders]] understand their risks, prioritize responses, and monitor and control the impact of risks on a project. ...oups: Initiation, [[Planning]], Execution, Monitoring and [[Controlling]], and Closing. It also defines nine knowledge areas, including Risk Management. T

...the opposite of a black box model, as internal components can be accessed and inspected. ...models in financial markets hides the real risks of investing in software and computer technology, so investors question the systemic [[risk]] this model

'''Data flow diagrams''' are a tool for the description, analysis and design of [[information]] systems, whose origins date back to the first gen * there are no procedures (processes) of beginning and end,

...nt of leading [[market position]]. These are mostly products in the mature and declining sectors. * Favorable - gives a good chance of implementation of the [[strategy]] and maintain its position in the long term,

...rate this [[process]] are aluminum cans, because they can be recycled over and over again into the same things - aluminum cans (Vigon B. W. i in. 1994, p. ...t many countries do not have manufacturers, by implying it is logistically and economically not feasible (Khan A., Inamuddin, Asiri A. M. 2020, p. 7).

...liberate [[plan]] of [[work]], paying attention to the critical operations and inventory time. This technique is related to critical path analysis. # Define the proposed project (e.g. to determine the beginning and end of project)

...calculated from the conditions of [[financing]] only from equity deposits and adjusted for the value of the present value of additional effects arising f ...by the firm is calculated. Finally, all of the present values are added up and the total contribution of the project to the change in the value of the com

...ogia<ref>Liddell. (1980)</ref>) is the sum of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the [[production]] of goods or services or in the accompl ...hnology by taking an input, changing it according to the [[system]]'s use, and then producing an outcome are referred to as technology systems or technolo

...ership''' is type of [[management]] style which heavily rests on the rules and [[characteristics of bureaucracy]]. This type of leadership involves: * strict rules and procedures regulating duties and responsibilities of every [[employee]]

...ine the level of inspection that will be performed on a batch of products, and to determine the number of samples that will be inspected. ...d on factors such as the type of product, the potential impact of defects, and the [[cost]] of inspection.

...nd out about offer and make shopping - he gets [[information]] about range and can buy products in many ways. ...eaction by buying company's products. Companies in Germany, United Kingdom and France give over 50% of their promotional budget on direct marketing.

...gular review and adjustment to ensure the organization remains competitive and relevant in an ever-changing business [[environment]]. ==Example of development and growth==

...] for positions based on soft skills should be wider and include different methods of assessment (A. Doyle, 2018). ...ills are not connected with personality, its possession require experience and [[knowledge]] in particular field or time spent on [[education]]. Hard skil

...uctured, recorded and stored in a [[database]] or other type of [[system]] and can be used to provide meaningful insights. ...stilled from the data and can be used to improve organizational operations and support better [[decision making]].

...Adjusted mean, known also as least-squares mean lets remove such outliers and present <ref>Kramer C.Y. 1957, p. 13-18</ref>. Mean is a measure that can be easily manipulated and thus misinterpreted. It should always be used together with <ref>Kramer C.Y

...an easily interpret the management's opinion about performance of business and forecasted prospects, this part of the statement is playing a very crucial ...rly and annually), which is positioned as mandatory by the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission). However, privately held companies are not required to

...rs, it is important to be aware of the potential for sample selection bias and take steps to ensure that samples are chosen in a way which accurately refl ...s group of adults may be more likely to have access to better medical care and to be more health conscious in general than adults in other parts of the ci

...a particular subject. It typically involves the study of natural phenomena and is conducted without the expectation of immediate, practical application. B ...of methods, such as experiments, surveys, and simulations, to collect data and to analyze the results. Basic research is usually funded by universities, g

# exploring new facts and truths (about world, [[technology]], culture, history, etc.) in order to ga ...on]] and creation of new products) in order to capitalize on opportunities and stay ahead of [[competition]]

...ion, testing, and [[audit]]. Both types of costs are necessary to maintain and improve [[product]] or [[service]] quality. * Training for employees on [[quality control]] techniques and procedures

...asy to measure but also ''aligned'' with the overall business [[strategy]] and issues. Furthermore it's crucial that the KPI chosen is ''feasible'': once ...es. Other KPIs are more tied to specific functions, such as finance or IT, and this is the case with '''functional''' KPIs. The last type is the '''Laggin

...sure of a teacher’s success, as it directly impacts the students’ learning and overall achievement. ...ings can help create an [[environment]] in which students can learn, grow, and achieve.

...sharing''' is the practice of having two different employees, who perform and split the duties of one full-time job (Bliss & Thornton, 2010). ...ork two and a half days. Other [[options]] include working two days a week and alternatively on Wednesdays or daily working for four hours.

...rtant tool for understanding how [[information]] and resources are shared, and how decisions are made within a given network. ...n be used to uncover hidden patterns and trends, identify key influencers, and evaluate relationships between users.

...., Sharma R. (1998), [[Financial management|Financial Management]], Theory and Practise</ref>. In the literature, as well as in practice, we often meet wi ...sales dollar is available to contribute to the recovery of [[fixed costs]] and the generation of profit. It is calculated by dividing the [[contribution m

...nformation than others. This concept is therefore studied in [[economics]] and is directly applicable to business scenarios, where the presence of informa ...interested parties has more information than the rest of the participants and can thus benefit from this situation.

...he next product. This quick change causes a reduction production lot sizes and therebody achieves flow improvement. ...e in a single digit of minutes. It is also called ‘qiuck changeover’. Easy and fast exchange depends on shortening the time duration line or machine from

...se and keep the discipline in the process, which leads to better stability and more predictable results. * PDCA quality control plan - used in improvement and [[corrective actions]] to evaluate their results

...tain time<ref>Davis C., Davis E. (2012), Managerial Acoounting, John Wiley and Sons</ref>.Calculation of what amount overhead cost should be applied to so ...ey require to reconcile any difference between actual and applied overhead and also correct the cost of goods sold account to reflect actual overhead spen

...the document is handed over, the owner becomes responsible for maintenance and the warranty begins (Marilyn Klinger, Marianne Susong 2006, p. 151). ...mpletion''' (members of the Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain) and Institution of Civil Engineers Staff 2002, p. 28):

...everage''', which provides a PE investor to extract capital from a company and decrease its capital at [[risk]] without affecting the company's ownership ...cing]]'', in its simplest form, involves a [[company]] borrowing [[money]] and managing the proceeds to purchase some of the owner's equity ownership or t

...orrective, preventive and improvement actions. This led to the development and subsequent dissemination of the principles of the HACCP system. ...[[marketing]] [[process]]; to determine the methods for mitigating hazards and determining [[corrective actions]].

...ct and [[process]] related inspections to ensure [[quality]] for customers and protect the [[company]] against complaints <ref> J. Seddon 2003,p.4586 </re * test plan: sample size and frequency of inspections,

'''Internal audit''' is a [[process]] of obtaining and evaluating data and appraisal of requirements fulfilment level. It's the first party [[audit]]. It is important, that audit is "searching for conformity", and [[non-conformity]] should be only the side effect. Finding non-conformity i

# Follow-up: check and correction of the potential mistakes. ...mportant for the trainer to concentrate on creating '''a pleasant ambiance and a comfortable learning [[environment]]'''. This can be achieved by helping

...es. Marketing models are based on mathematical and statistical principles, and often use data-driven approaches to inform decision-making. Marketing modeling is an effective tool for analyzing data and making decisions [[in marketing]]. It can be used for a variety of tasks, i

...r more people. It is a process that requires a sender, a message, a medium and a receiver. A successful communication process requires all four components ...l medium like a picture or video. The receiver then interprets the message and provides feedback to the sender.

...he term innovation means not only a significant improvement in [[process]] and [[product]] [[technology]], but it refers more to the [[innovation process] ...eting innovation are: new [[market]] penetration, improving the visibility and presence of the product in the market, as well as, attaining large sales fr

...managers of how employers see company's culture and how it can be improved and developed<ref>G. Bohlander, S. Snell 2006, p. 58-59</ref>. ...t different critical issues, they can be quite useful for upward appraisal and response of management<ref>G. Bohlander, S. Snell 2006, p. 58</ref>.

...d weaknesses of the candidate and gives a clear picture of his personality and natural ability. ...e high skills. This method also shows the [[motivation]] of tested people, and this [[information]] employer may use in the future.

...ting situation, to develop a vision of the desired situation in the future and to choose appropriate strategies that will help achieve [[project]] goals. ...y, positively or negatively influence or be influenced by the developments and outcomes of [[project]]s or programs. Often during the analysis, managers d

* strategic [[management]] is based on quantitative and [[qualitative data]] * uncertainty about the future and [[quality]] of data acquires is relatively high

...nd sell in further time. Forward buying is usually associated with [[price and non-price competition]]. Producers try to compete with each other by means ...of cycles, what leads to long-term debilitating effects for [[production]] and distribution branches.

...rgue that learning should be embedded within activity, context and culture and should be rather unintentional than the deliberate. They call this a [[proc ...on and their desire of becoming full practitioners motivate them naturally and leads to reach satisfactory progress.

...f the establishment, the food preparation methods and techniques employed, and the [[customer]] [[service]] provided are all important elements that contr ...ence for the customer, which can lead to greater [[customer satisfaction]] and loyalty.

...ion]] and collaboration helps ensure that all parties are on the same page and that the project is successful. ==Example of communication and collaboration==

...satisfy the [[needs]] of the local community, thanks to: human, financial and material resources. Although the county/municipality operates in a market e * Services (processes to provide then, the degree of differentiation and [[consumer]] participation in [[service]] [[process]])

...building contractors to reply to their individual building or development and select an tender offer that will achieve their requirements. Moreover, an o * ''' Finally request for tender (RFT) ''' which is open to all contractors and concerns an invitation to bid by public advertisement.

...form of meeting [[customer expectations]] in a way that is faster, better and cheaper. ...when they have received the order from the next [[company]] in the chain, and the [[innovation]] of the ECR concept is based on the free movement of data

Every nation or country has a group of attributes such as natural resources and experienced [[workforce]] that can affect their ability to build their econ '''Economic factors''' are related with goods, services, and [[money]]. In spite of straightly affecting enterprises, these variables in

...three streams of science namely, individual psychology, social psychology and cultural anthropology. * '''Who''' is the [[market]] and what is the extent of their power with regard to the organisation?

...proach, the manager should determine which [[method]] in a given situation and conditions is best to achieve the goals. ...] process. The leader inspires people, in contrast to manager who controls and give orders.

...roduction [[process]] with all the necessary elements at the required time and quantity required. The main benefit associated with JIT is to reduce the ti ...e stability of users, with the proper involvement of management, employees and the use of the advantages of [[teamwork]].

...[[Competitive position]] of the [[company]], as determined by its internal and external factors. ...opment of the [[ADL matrix|ADL]] and [[McKinsey matrix|McKinsey]] matrices and is especially useful when analysing strategically diversified entity.

...ing attributes. The areas in which the Entity-relationship diagram is used and how it is structured are explained in more detail in the following article< ...hen. In his publication, the scientist detailed the structure of the model and introduced a special diagramming technique, the Entity-relationship diagram

...er decisions and take corrective [[action]] if necessary to stay on budget and complete the project on time. ==What are CPI and SPI Indices?==

* beginning and end of the process, * entry and exit,

...etric can be used to compare the performance of different [[investments]], and determine which one is more profitable. ...ated with it. Therefore, it is important to understand the potential risks and rewards of each investment before making a decision.

...enabling them to [[work]] collaboratively and creatively to develop ideas and solutions. But what are the qualities of a great facilitator? ...re heard. They must also be able to identify potential conflicts or issues and help resolve them in a constructive manner.

...s concerned with the objectives to be achieved over a period of 1-3 years, and provides an answer to the question of how to implement a strategic [[plan]] ...any would keep track of the costs associated with the marketing activities and make adjustments to the budget as needed to remain financially viable.

...ers in accordance with the expected development of man as [[product]] user and the technical requirements, enabling reliable operation of the system ...''': science of adapting work to the human body in various psycho-physical and physical properties.

...l model which represents all necessary [[information]] to assure efficient and successful learning [[process]]. Map is usually built as a grid with '''con ...e end of the year. Such reports are useful as summary of learning progress and support for didactic decision-makers. '''Learning map''' is a step further

...ghly probabilistic R&D projects, where there can be many alternative paths and loops. ...hod|Critical Path Method]]). However it has can offer much more than those methods. PERT or CPM are very popular in most projects, but they have their limitat

...accounting elements like assets, liabilities, capital, revenues, expenses and drawing/dividends<ref>Agtarap-San Juan D. (2007), Fundamentals of accountin By extending the Owners’ Equity into Contributed Capital and Retained Earnings, the formula looks as follows:

...enables an individual without previous experience a chance to be informed and trained on how to run a business<ref>Sidhpuria M.V., 2009, p.16</ref>. ...is frequently used in quick-[[service]] restaurants, retail food, lodging and table/full-service restaurants<ref>Hatten T.S., 2018, p.111</ref>. The most

'''Why why analysis''' is a [[method]] of searching for and finding the root causes of the problem. The name of the method comes from t ...or flipchart. However the analysis can be performed using computer, beamer and mind mapping application, such as free [http://freemind.sf.net Freemind].

...ance of duties, not following the rules in the relationship between people and rules established by the group is the reasons that reduce the value of [[te ...anipulate, transmit misleading [[information]], could encounter resistance and reluctance in the recipient.

...of one or more covariates. It is a useful tool for managers to understand and explain the influence of various variables on the success of the business. ...olling for factors such as [[customer]] demographics, geographic location, and [[price]]. The company can also use ANCOVA to compare the sales performance

...revenue. The incremental sales ratio shows the influence between marketing and sales, as well as the benefits of this relationship for the [[company]]<ref ...ollowing ways to calculate incremental sales are three of the most popular methods:

...[[price]] and date and must be legally binding on each party ([[customer]] and [[supplier]]). To apply hedge accounting to cover fair value [[risk]], the ...o that unrealized gains and losses due to the hedged risk offset the gains and losses on the derivative" (D. Sahilian, M. Botea, D.L. Trasca 2013, p. 100)

...of trader purchases [[options]], [[futures]] or shares at the lower price and sells them at the higher price with a [[profit]] for himself ...lows them to perceive the order flow. This flow od order in the purchasing and selling is appearing around them. They could recognize when big, important

...ce by eliminating [[Muda|7 Wastes]] ([[Muda]]) while improving [[quality]] and safety. 5S is customarily implemented in connection with [[Kaizen]], [[Lean * have constant and marked places for maintaining things,

..., calibration, etc.) but also to competencies and skills of administrative and [[management]] employees (IT equipment maintenance, printers, copiers, etc. Technical competence may also refer to [[skills and abilities]] of consumers which are needed to use particular [[product]] (e.

...]] security [[management]] [[system]]''' has been described in clauses 4.2 and 4.3 of the [[standard]] [[[ISO 27001]]:2005, p. 9]. It is made up of the fo * defining the scope and boundaries of the ISMS,

...ken down into four main categories: [[planning]], [[organizing]], leading, and [[controlling]]. ...process]] of deciding what [[needs]] to be done, when it needs to be done, and who will be responsible for it.

...1994. They claimed that Parasuraman's study of relations between expected and experienced [[quality]] is not proper approach to quality assessment. ...y perceived by [[customer]] and expected by him/her. Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry in 1988 proposed SERVQUAL model which described five gaps between tho

...such as managerial. The inspiration for the theory was the list of motives and [[needs]] created by Henry Murray. This theory was created in the 1960s, al * middle level, and front line manager need for achievement,

.../ Juran Institute Website]</ref>, which aims to popularize and develop his methods<ref>[http://asq.org/about-asq/who-we-are/bio_juran.html Biography of Juran * ''Juran's Quality Handbook'', published for the first time in 1951 and then updated 5 times.

...of a brand. '''The promise of a brand aims to increase the company's value and [[service]] offerings.''' ...ne or a trademark but also very important part are personality, an emotion and an impressions.

...payment by credit cards is allowed. By the very nature of those industries and due to the tendency of making an increased number of mistakes in everyday b ...ck charges reimburse the expenses incurred to maintain occupational safety and health standards

...y]] of services. The authors proposed that the difference between expected and [[perceived quality]] should be evaluated in 5 dimensions: * Have respect for customer and other employees, partners, etc.

...set is a difference between the value recorded in the fixed assets account and the depreciation value<ref>Warren C., Reeve J., Duchac J. (2009), Corporate ...ual value, it's discarded. This activity is related with removes the asset and is related accumulated depreciation from the ledger<ref>Reeve J., Warren C,

...sk]] of project failure and ensuring that all [[stakeholders]] are aligned and working towards the same goals. ...nes underlay the structure of research methodologies, specific methods and techniques, which are used in the design [[process]].

...ss quality problems and find solutions. Their application differs in Japan and US/Europe. ...ides to use the [[hoshin kanri]] [[method]] to define policies, objectives and tasks, it is necessary to set up teams that will develop proposals for indi

...ity of services. The method was one of the first tools created to evaluate and improve quality of services. Therefore, is became popular very soon. ...of the critique was [[SERVPERF]] method, which was statistically validated and simper to use, however it didn't became so popular.

...targeted and have a wide reach. ATL isusing to done to build the [[brand]] and inform about the [[product]]. Conversions are given less importance in abov ...customers, and much more effective when the [[target group]] is very large and difficult to define. One of the major drawbacks in the ATL campaigns is the

...mployees. Paving career paths are designed to facilitate their recruitment and increase productivity by helping employees move to the professions that sui ...reers. At the individual level, career paths take into account the planned and unplanned sequence of [[employee]] professional positions over time<ref>Bro

'''Spendthrift clause''' "is a simple and valuable feature included in almost every trust. It has long been used in e ...it is no longer subject to the clause - it is now the beneficiary's money, and hence, third parties (creditors) can reach for it (M.T. Palermo 2005, p. 22

...r 2013). Undertaking organizational phenomena may cause many complications and this model classifies important organizational dimensions that help to dete ...e]] and performance helps to understand and recognize what are the drivers and the implications of particular change. In the model, change drivers are pre

...otential defects before they occur. It is a modification of [[Failure Mode and Effects Analysis]]. PFMEA was designed for [[Six sigma]], however it can be [[Qualitative analysis]] concerns possible failures, their causes and effects:

...company [[strategy]], [[mission and vision]], business systems and models, and human resources<ref>Value Drivers White Paper (2007) p.1-3</ref>. ...distribution or the new ways of reaching the customer using [[marketing]] techniques.

...te. The [[organization]] has to keep additional capacity, inventory, staff and is unable to optimize process. ...stability, predictability and flexibility. It is one of the most difficult methods of lean.

...rkplace]]. Waste reduction enables [[enterprise]] reduce [[quality cost]]s and improve value for the [[customer]]. In that way the [[company]] increases i ...ry. The TPS was popularized in 80s and 90s as [[Total Quality Management]] and [[lean manufacturing]], which has evolved into wider idea of [[lean managem

...easurable and unmeasurable uncertainty. The risk is measurable uncertainty and uncertainty (sensu stricte) - uncertainty uncertainty, ...count its dynamics. When testing a risk, factors that affect its substance and size should be taken into account.

...components of the [[Six sigma|Six Sigma]] approach. [[Quality]] assurance and total quality [[management]] (TQM) are two other principles that are closel ...s]] and services. The goal of Six Sigma is to reduce the number of defects and improve [[customer]] satisfaction.

==Data types and charactericts== ...i A., Chaouchi M., Jung T. (2016) </ref>. Other types are demographic data and psychographic data<ref> Rud O. P. (2001), p. 26-27 </ref>.

..., number of impressions, effects on sales). It also contains basic message and [[technology]] used for [[communication]] (mass media, social media, print, ...hensive findings relating to the operational objectives - schedule, budget and resources needed for their implementation (E. Applegate 2005, p. 1).

...fficient production operators, which will increase the [[company]]'s costs and slow down daily operations. ...e they can be re-used. The value of the item's scrap depends on the supply and [[demand]] for materials to which it can be divided

...e or age and requirements are "fixed and mostly internal" (Harrington H.J. and McNellis T. 2006, p.88). ...Nellis T. 2006, p.88). Nowadays, companies are getting consumers' opinions and recognizing their new wants through the [[Internet]].

...ol actions from beginning to end of activity<ref>System Safety Engineering and Management.1990 </ref>. * scientific and technical [[knowledge]],

...ment of the allowance for doubtful accounts has a direct impact on income, and therefore proves to be of high importance for companies which use the reser ...o impairment tests resulting in a comparison of the asset's carrying value and its probable recoverable amount. The allowance deducts the asset's carrying

...es. As analyses have shown, over 3/4 of all failures during [[production]] and using of product can be prevented during product design [[process]]. ...hod, it still finds new applications. The method can be easily digitalized and used in semiautomatic mode in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_

...'''ecological conditions''' at the local and global level, '''in the short and long term''' (Schneider F., Kallis G., Martinez-Alier J., 2010)." and the end-state '''should be sustainable''' in the thought of living

...bution that describes many phenomena in [[production]], sociology, finance and other areas. See examples below. ...Pareto|Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto]], Italian engineer, [[economist]] and sociologist (at that time scientist in fact - distinction of disciplines ca

...efficient processes, [[controlling]] - making sure that goal was achieved, and results attained ...because of evolution of management, different point of view of scientists and relations between them.

...ality, in place of the [[audit]] approach. In the 90s he provided lectures and seminars on quality. * 1991 - retirement from PCA and foundation of Career IV, Inc.

...relations, digital marketing, content marketing, word-of-mouth marketing, and experiential marketing. ...ch as keeping up with changing trends, managing [[customer expectations]], and maintaining an effective message.

...and to the creation of new opportunities. It is the process of developing and presenting innovative ideas to meet [[needs]] or solve problems. The creati * use of imagination (originality and [[efficiency]])

...different types of capacity and [[capabilities]] for general transmission and movement in a specific time unit <ref>M. O’Neill, G. Warren, 2016, p.1</r ...given period of time, in specific conditions defined by current technical and organisational factors. Technical factors determine the payload or load cap

...two approaches to [[management]]: authoritarian, which refers to Theory X, and participative, in the case of Theory Y<ref>Douglas McGregor (2006) [https:/ ...h style of management is used, employees usually perform repetitive tasks, and appraisals focus on quantitative results, which can be [[profit]] margins,

...al portfolio]], [[economic profile of a sector]], [[simulation scenarios]] and strategic trajectory [[method]] <ref>Kalkan A. & Bozkurt Ö. Ç. (2013), pp ...he environment that can have impact on the functioning of the organization and its future strategy of operation.

...valuable. Using [[demand]], [[cost]], and [[risk]] data, ABC ranks things, and inventory managers categorize them into distinct groups. This is useful for ...tegory''', a somewhat larger number of products in the '''"B" category''', and a huge number of products in the '''"C" category''', which encompasses the

...includes all phases of technological change, invention (idea), innovation and diffusion (dissemination). ...to the introduction of a new product on the market, company has to design and develop it in [[process of innovation]]. It consists of:

...ployees and society as a whole. There is many similarities between ethical and [[legal factors affecting business]]. Ethical factors refer to the moral principles that govern decisions and actions within a business. Ethical factors in business are essential to con

...ebt conversion can concern both the debt of organisations (e.g. companies) and of countries. Debt conversion can be carried out on a domestic or internati ...As a result of such a debt-to-equity swap, the company's liability expires and the existing creditor becomes its shareholder (S. Albertijn, et all., 2011,

'''The pull [[system]]''' (including [[Kanban]] and just-in-time) is a [[production]] [[management]] system called suction (PUL ...ends on the specificity of the process (size of the assortment, the number and time of conversions, the length of the [[production cycle]], etc.) (S. Sing

...]] should consist in their [[classification]], description, [[evaluation]] and verification of effects. However, when it comes to the definition of change ...institutions and [[work]] as well as psychological, sociological, economic and technical [[knowledge]].

...applying processes, goods / or services, resulting from the [[creativity]] and implementation of new ideas in the [[organization]]. ...le structure, as well as activities that are necessary for the preparation and practical application of modern technical solutions through the definition

...litary industries. As shown by the analysis, 3/4 defects in [[production]] and use can be prevented at the design stage. ...A is still finding new applications. The method can be easily computerized and used in semi-automatic mode using MRP / ERP systems.

...ruction include focusing on value, delivering quickly, pursuing perfection and creating continuous flow. ...esult is a more streamlined [[process]] that is cost-effective, efficient, and produces high-quality results.