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• Walter A. Shewhart
  [[Image:Shewhart.gif|right|frame|Walter A. Shewhart]] ...ievement was inventing the [[control chart]], which was ''a formulation of a scientific basis for securing economic control''.
  8 KB (1,225 words) - 05:48, 18 November 2023
• A-B Trust
  '''A-[[B trust|B Trust]]''' is a way to avoid property taxes (if you have a fairly large building) for married couples. The AB Trust [[system]] allows ...erred to as marital trust (L. Rush Hunt, Lara Rae Hunt 2004, p. 48). Trust A must belong to the federal subtraction of marriage property tax (L. Rush Hu
  4 KB (749 words) - 17:05, 17 November 2023
• Starting a project
  '''Starting a [[project]]''' can be a daunting task but it is important to have an organized [[plan]] of attack. ==Example of Starting a project==
  5 KB (774 words) - 05:59, 18 November 2023
• Class a shares
  55 bytes (6 words) - 14:36, 18 February 2023
• Type a personality
  58 bytes (6 words) - 14:54, 18 February 2023
• Budget of a project
  The preparation of the budget because of its significance is a complex [[process]] and usually consists of several stages. ...the system is developed and how much decision-making levels must pass such a project, depends on the size of the company.
  4 KB (559 words) - 18:35, 17 November 2023
• Economic profile of a sector
  ...ment]], which determines the conditions for all firms in the sector. It is a [[method]] of assessing the reality in which the [[company]] operates. * The rate of growth of the market as a percentage of annual sales volume changes,
  3 KB (390 words) - 21:37, 17 November 2023
• Ability to work in a team
  ...ob. It involves the ability to work collaboratively with others to achieve a common goal. This includes the [[ability to communicate]] effectively, dele .... In the first place among these competences is the ability to [[work]] in a team.
  14 KB (2,204 words) - 17:07, 17 November 2023

Page text matches

• Main Page
  ...related to [[management]], business, and [[economics]]. The website offers a wealth of [[knowledge]] and resources that can be used by students, manager ...tures articles, case studies, and other resources that can help users gain a better understanding of different aspects of management and business. These
  3 KB (434 words) - 07:50, 18 November 2023
• Quality
  ...[[evaluation]] (good ~, bad ~, high ~, low ~). Today we define quality as a group of [[product]] characteristics (features) that guarantee fulfilment o D.A. Garvin in his paper<ref>Garvin D.A.: What does [[product quality]] really mean, Sloan [[Management]] Review, 1
  12 KB (1,806 words) - 04:13, 18 November 2023
• Slawomir Wawak
  Sławomir Wawak is a management consultant since 2001. He cooperates with [[consulting]] firms l ...sponsor]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Innovative research]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Project support office]]}} }}
  2 KB (330 words) - 05:38, 18 November 2023
• Kaoru Ishikawa
  A [[quality circle]] is a group of workers that meet regularly in order to analyse and solve [[work]] [[Fish diagram]] is a cause and effect diagram, which shows causes of specific event (problem). T
  8 KB (1,112 words) - 22:19, 17 November 2023
• Genichi Taguchi
  ...titutes. In 50-ties he worked in Indian Statistics Institute with [[Walter A. Shewhart]]. Design of experiments is the [[method]] of designing tasks in a way that allows find explanations of variation. Origins of systematic trial
  9 KB (1,327 words) - 22:57, 17 November 2023
• Knowledge management
  ...ng, tagging), [[organizing]], using and development of knowledge assets of a given [[organization]]. The goal of Knowledge Management is to give access ...en knowledge developed by an organization is not used or is forgotten, and a problem is solved once more, absorbing time ([[project]] takes longer than
  3 KB (419 words) - 00:33, 18 November 2023
• Business Intelligence
  Business Intelligence systems are used primarily as a support in [[management]] of two groups of problems. ...re: decision on entering a new [[market]] or development of a prototype of a new, ground-breaking [[service]] or [[product]].
  3 KB (398 words) - 18:39, 17 November 2023
• Options
  ...wner the right * not an obligation * to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specified [[price]] (strike/ exercise price) at some point in the future. W And the buyer/holder - the party that holds option. The buyer pays a writer (or the seller) the premium, which is kept by the writer whether the
  8 KB (1,332 words) - 02:40, 18 November 2023
• Futures
  ...instrument]] at a price established now, but payment and delivery occur at a specified future date. The commodities can be: gold, oil, cattle, frozen or ...They usually constitute small percentage of the value of underlying asset. A typical margin can be anywhere from 10 to 20 percent of the price of the co
  7 KB (1,035 words) - 22:53, 17 November 2023
• Interest rate swaps
  '''[[Interest]] rate swap''' is a type of derivative, so its value depends on underlying assets, for example, ...period of time. Usually, interest rate swaps exchange a fixed payment for a floating payment - often linked to an interest rate (ex.LIBOR).
  3 KB (552 words) - 00:07, 18 November 2023
• Bonds
  ...al instruments which are issued to raise capital. In other words, they are a loan made by investors to corporations, local or state governments. As ment There is a large variety of bonds, the most common one are:
  3 KB (472 words) - 18:25, 17 November 2023
• Project steering committee
  The '''[[project]] [[steering committee]]''' is a body supporting the [[management]] of the [[project]] in its activity durin The steering committee may designate to project manager a certain margin of financial discretion, so that spending small amount of [[
  9 KB (1,291 words) - 04:00, 18 November 2023
• Monetary union
  ...and economic policies, common authority which acts like a central bank and a common [[money]]. The Economic and [[Monetary Union]] (EMU) established in 1992 as a result of Maastricht Treaty is the best known example of [[Monetary Union|m
  3 KB (439 words) - 01:57, 18 November 2023
• Negotiation
  ...d offers in order to achieve common objectives that satisfies both side of a [[process]]. ...ation''' - Also known as win-lose or "fixed-pie" type of negotiation where a final result is often an agreement that is not equally satisfactory to both
  8 KB (1,192 words) - 02:12, 18 November 2023
• Six sigma
  ...d]] of [[production]] [[system]] improvement performed in order to achieve a [[product]] of perfect [[quality]]. The method base on [[statistical proces ...If you measure the thickness and draw a histogram you'll probably end with a bell curve. The most of slices will have thickness about the mean, and the
  11 KB (1,612 words) - 05:36, 18 November 2023
• Arthur Cecil Pigou
  ...e. He was a student of [[Alfred Marshall]] and in 1908 he succeeded him as a professor of political [[economics]] at University of Cambridge. He stayed ...become one of the bases of an analysis on [[government]] intervention with a relation to externality. In ''The Theory of [[Unemployment]]'' (1933) he ex
  4 KB (576 words) - 17:48, 17 November 2023
• Alban William Phillips
  ...e Rehunga, New Zealand, died 4 March 1975 in Auckland, New Zealand. He was a British [[economist]], adherent to Keynesian Theory. He is most well known ...ut soon switched his course to [[economics]] and within 11 years he became a professor of economics at the statistics department in LSE. 9 years later,
  7 KB (1,139 words) - 17:35, 17 November 2023
• Common consolidated corporate tax base
  ...ivide the aggregated tax base to particular member countries, according to a specific key. The key has to be agreed between member countries firstly. On ...oposes that member countries harmonize their corporate income tax rates to a uniform rate. This would help to reduce tax avoidance and evasion, as compa
  6 KB (949 words) - 19:30, 17 November 2023
• Tax principles by Adam Smith
  ...te budget the same percentage of income by every taxpayer - what is called a flat tax nowadays (this view was supported by Adam Smith) or diversifying t ...]] An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, provide a sound basis for taxation that is fair, efficient, and promotes economic gro
  7 KB (1,104 words) - 04:45, 18 November 2023
• Bancassurance
  ...ch the insurance products are being sold by a bank, by the same channel as a traditional bank's products. ...urance can have many positive effects on the bank. First of all, it can be a new and very successful source of the capital. Then, the [[risk]] of sellin
  7 KB (1,026 words) - 18:04, 17 November 2023
• Hedge fund
  ...to keep 20% of all investment gains. In the theory hedge funds should have a positive return when the [[market]] is up, down or even sideways. ...While mutual funds are designed to have stable investment [[strategy]] in a given class, hedge funds are much more flexible. Manager of hedge funds hav
  2 KB (376 words) - 21:02, 17 November 2023
• Meaning of synergy
  '''Synergy in business''' means a specific type of relation between factors, which results that final effect ...nt accounting. Synergies can be divided into those that can be achieved in a short time (e.g., by use of the basic management techniques, access to cash
  9 KB (1,349 words) - 23:35, 17 November 2023
• Sponsorship marketing
  ...sorship marketing''' is one of the fastest growing [[forms of promotion]]; a tool promoting products, companies or brands within the sponsored unit. It is a contract where a sponsor provides the sponsored unit with resources needed to achieve its go
  3 KB (491 words) - 05:54, 18 November 2023
• Jean Baptiste Say
  ...litteraire et politique". After fulfilling various public functions he was a lecturer in [[economics]], in particular in Conservatoire des Arts et Metie ...ur. However, what distinguished him from the classical English school, was a more optimistic vision of capital economy.
  3 KB (472 words) - 00:23, 18 November 2023
• John Maynard Keynes
  ...to the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance. In 1908 he became a lecturer at Cambridge University. Throughout all his life Keynes was seriou ...University of Cambridge, where Keynes worked as a lecturer, was a place of a serious theoretical reflexion.
  2 KB (362 words) - 00:27, 18 November 2023
• Milton Friedman
  '''Milton Friedman''' was born in Brooklyn on 31 July 1912. Being a leader of the Chicago School of [[Economics]], in the years 1965-1990 he ga ...rcent rule," which recommends that the money supply should be increased at a steady rate, regardless of the state of the economy.
  4 KB (589 words) - 01:51, 18 November 2023
• Alfred Marshall
  ...His [[work]] entitled "Principles of [[Economics]]" published in 1890, had a big influence on his generation. Even now the introduction to [[economics]] ...period. The [[market]] period is the amount of time for which the stock of a commodity is fixed. The short period is the time in which the supply can be
  7 KB (1,043 words) - 17:35, 17 November 2023
• John Stuart Mill
  ...estricted to the role of "state-policeman", it should fulfill some role at a point when the [[competition]] mechanisms seem to be insufficient to achiev John Stuart Mill was a highly influential thinker and writer during the 19th century. He made sign
  4 KB (587 words) - 00:27, 18 November 2023
• Mergers and acquisitions
  ...itions]] (abbr. M&A) are the financial transactions which aim is to create a [[company]] with the assets value increasing the total value of assets of t ...ished itself as the new owner, the purchase is called an acquisition. From a legal point of view, the target company ceases to exist, the buyer "swallow
  3 KB (385 words) - 01:47, 18 November 2023
• Friendly takeover
  In a private company, because the shareholders and the board are usually the sam # *In 2011, pharmaceutical giant Pfizer acquired rival drugmaker Wyeth in a friendly takeover valued at $68 billion. The deal was approved by Wyeth’s
  7 KB (963 words) - 22:47, 17 November 2023
• Hostile takeover
  ...the assets by using the stock-exchange. However, according to the law when a certain threshold of owning the company assets is exceeded then acquiring c Threats of a hostile takeover include the following:
  3 KB (451 words) - 21:11, 17 November 2023
• Warrant
  ...[[firm]]'s common stock directly from a firm at a specified [[price]] for a given period of time. Warrant is characterized by the number of shares of s ...iduals while warrants are issued by firms and when a warrant is exercised, a firm must issue new shares of stock, what causes the increase in number of
  3 KB (406 words) - 07:47, 18 November 2023
• Poka yoke
  ...ty for error (human mistake) either by making it more difficult to produce a defected product during [[production]] process or by making mistake so obvi .... the element won't leave the workplace if photocell didn't noticed taking a screw from bin.
  8 KB (1,191 words) - 03:15, 18 November 2023
• Technical analysis
  '''Technical analysis''' is a popular technique used by investors in order to predict future prices of fi ...s]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Chande Momentum Oscillator]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Forecasting]]}} }}
  4 KB (539 words) - 06:43, 18 November 2023
• Fundamental analysis
  ...earnings of the firm, growth plans of the firm, [[economic situation]] of a country or particular [[industry]], etc.) in order to maintain perspective ...ined by dividing net [[profit]] by total sales, the result is presented as a percentage. In order to calculate net margin, analyst should use net [[prof
  4 KB (533 words) - 22:52, 17 November 2023
• Belbin team role inventory
  ...hat person. The outcome of that personal skill investigation is a profile, a team role, that shows which of the 9 [[team roles]] is currently the strong Each Team Role brings an important contribution to a team, and each is associated with particular strengths and typical weakness
  11 KB (1,690 words) - 18:14, 17 November 2023
• Project cost management
  * cost [[budget of a project|budgeting]], ...ed on approximate [[market]] value). It is necessary to create [[budget of a project]].
  11 KB (1,548 words) - 03:53, 18 November 2023
• BCG growth-share matrix
  ...divided into two segments: more and less than 10 percent growth per year. A [[market growth]] above 10 percent is considered high Therefore, this varia ...y the share of its biggest [[competitor]]. Relative market share serves as a measure of the [[company]]'s strength in the relevant market segment.
  12 KB (1,797 words) - 18:02, 17 November 2023
• Marketing mix
  ...hat is offered in a market to satisfy a specific [[need]] of [[customer]]. A product may be physical but also may have immaterial form (e-book, mp3 tune ...sidered separately from the element of product. The key objective of using a price is obviously to generate and maximize [[company]] revenues.
  9 KB (1,274 words) - 01:35, 18 November 2023
• Product life cycle
  * ''Introduction'': A period of slow sales growth as the product is introduced in the market. Pro * ''Growth'': A period of rapid market acceptance and substantial [[profit]] improvement.
  10 KB (1,565 words) - 01:40, 18 November 2023
• Project
  ...oject''' is an one-time effort limited by time (it has a starting date and a fixed end date), characterized by specific goals and conditions, with defin Project [[Management]] Institute (PMI) defines a Project as:
  10 KB (1,402 words) - 03:52, 18 November 2023
• Downsizing
  ...h the staff reduction means lowering costs of an [[enterprise]] as well as a scale of its [[action]]. This type of reorganization has recently taken pla ...literature downsizing means reducing the number of people who [[work]] in a [[company]]. In practice downsizing may refer to such areas as: [[organizat
  8 KB (1,106 words) - 19:13, 17 November 2023
• Fixed cost
  ...f the amount of [[business activity]] in a given period but are subject to a change in longer time frame (e.g. due to macroeconomic changes, [[investmen Fixed costs are an inherent part of expenses for a number of businesses, especially in the field of services, including restau
  7 KB (1,119 words) - 20:19, 17 November 2023
• Special economic zone
  ...o attract foreign [[investment]] and promote economic growth. The goals of a SEZ can vary depending on the specific policies and regulations established * Attracting foreign investment: One of the main goals of a SEZ is to attract foreign companies to invest in the zone, through the prov
  3 KB (486 words) - 05:51, 18 November 2023
• Barings bank collapse
  ...ed merchant banks in the United Kingdom, until its collapse in 1995 due to a loss of over £800 million. ...on the emerging markets. Its brokerage, Barings Securities Limited, played a crucial role in Asia and Latin America.
  7 KB (1,092 words) - 15:41, 17 November 2023
• Credit rating agency
  ...d with [[investment]] in its issued securities. A credit rating aggregates a number of scores from risk [[evaluation]] of given economic, social and [[P ...bjectivity. The fact that the data is analysed on an ongoing basis is also a considerable advantage of credit reports.
  3 KB (442 words) - 20:24, 17 November 2023
• Informal economy
  ...result is an increase in costs and often a bankruptcy of the employer and a subsequent increase in [[unemployment]]. ...re not limited to: moon-shining, manufacture and sale of narcotics etc. As a rule illegal market activities are highly profitable.
  3 KB (447 words) - 23:50, 17 November 2023
• Business angel
  '''Business angel''' is a private investor, usually former [[entrepreneur]], who is investing his own ...ally. The informal nature of the relationship between a business angel and a financed company can result in varying [[investment]] periods and condition
  4 KB (595 words) - 18:39, 17 November 2023
• Securitization
  ...curitization of assets''' is a [[process]] through which an issuer creates a [[financial instrument]] by transforming an illiquid asset such as receivab Securitization is a common form of [[financing]] an operational business especially among banks
  2 KB (369 words) - 05:17, 18 November 2023
• Operating system
  ...can execute other applications (e.g. [[Management information system]]) in a comfortable and efficient manner. ** there is a noticeable delay after a task has been fed in and executed
  3 KB (494 words) - 00:31, 18 November 2023
• Federal reserve system
  ...l Reserve Banks expand and contract the monetary supply, provide credit as a lender of last resort, clear checks during times of insolvency. While natio The [[Board]] of Governors, consisting of 7 member called for a 14-year term, is the governing body of the FED count rate in addition to in
  3 KB (387 words) - 20:10, 17 November 2023
• Deming wheel
  '''Deming wheel''' is also known as '''PDCA cycle'''. It is a basic tool that helps to [[continuous improvement|continuously improve]] th ...ult in effective [[action]], and must move on again to careful planning in a continuous cycle.
  10 KB (1,578 words) - 20:56, 17 November 2023
• Muda mura muri
  ...he waste created by actions that don't add value to the customer. There is a list of 7 wastes in production and another list for services. ...hole enterprise can require sub-optimization of its parts. It shouldn't be a surprise.
  9 KB (1,339 words) - 02:03, 18 November 2023
• Kaizen
  ...h new, yet unknown. Sometimes investment is necessary, but it shouldn't be a first solution to choose. The Kaizen means: ...for uncovering improvement opportunities and making small changes. This is a low [[cost]] approach, that uses simple [[quality control]] tools: Pareto,
  11 KB (1,654 words) - 00:29, 18 November 2023
• 5S method
  ...in connection with [[Kaizen]], [[Lean manufacturing]]. However, 5S can be a stand-alone program. The 5S stand for the five first letters of the Japanes ...Seiso, Seiketsu. Later, a fifth rule was added - Shitsuke (discipline) (T. A. Fabrizio, D. Tapping 2006, p. 2). As the popularity of 5S [[System]] has g
  12 KB (1,812 words) - 17:03, 17 November 2023
• Vilfredo Pareto
  ...called ''"Pareto Optimum"'', which explains allocation of the resources of a society.'' ...title of engineer, he was employed by a large ironworks and also worked as a director of an Italian railway. In later years Vilfredo studied Walras's wo
  3 KB (433 words) - 07:43, 18 November 2023
• Ecology
  ...th years the "social ecology" was started, including natural population as a whole in studies. ...pollution, deforestation, and climate change. Additionally, ecology plays a crucial role in conservation efforts by providing the knowledge needed to p
  3 KB (415 words) - 21:34, 17 November 2023
• Apartheid
  ...as legally introduced as a state policy. Apartheid collapsed in 1994 after a long time of struggles of the opposition with Nelson Mandela at the vanguar ...[workplace]], disable whites received annually more than disable blacks in a lump sum payment. Apart of the huge earning gap, which for example in 1969
  3 KB (481 words) - 17:43, 17 November 2023
• Redenomination
  ...The money reform usually lowers denomination of existing currency which is a result of high [[inflation]] which result in emission notes about high deno ...e stabilization of currency, liquidation of excessive quantity of money as a result of high inflation,
  4 KB (563 words) - 04:34, 18 November 2023
• Tax evasion
  ...claiming false deductions, or using other illegal methods. Tax evasion is a criminal offense and can result in fines, penalties, and even imprisonment. ...s an illegal practice opposing a tax law. Its is defined as a crime and as a result it is punishable in accordance with the law of the given country. Ta
  4 KB (562 words) - 06:40, 18 November 2023
• Strategic hrm
  '''Strategic HRM''' is a part of Human [[resource]] [[management]] (HRM), concept which discusses th '''SHRM''' takes a long-term perspective and it is concerned with issues such as [[corporate c
  4 KB (613 words) - 06:11, 18 November 2023
• Information security management system
  * monitoring of the system with the aid of internal audits and a management review. * a description of the scope of the standard,
  11 KB (1,483 words) - 23:54, 17 November 2023
• Information security in local government
  ...by the head of the office. In the event whereby errors have been found in a decision it is the office that is held responsible, not the civil servant w ...ry obligation]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Adverse Action]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Accreditation]]}} }}
  3 KB (494 words) - 23:53, 17 November 2023
• Implementation of information security management system
  * preparation of a statement of applicability, * development of a risk treatment [[plan]],
  13 KB (1,913 words) - 23:33, 17 November 2023
• Primary market
  '''Primary [[market]]''' is a subset of '''financial market''', where surplus funds are invested in new c .... The players in this market can be both corporations and individuals with a surplus of funds, who are interested in the purchase of issued securities.
  9 KB (1,408 words) - 03:28, 18 November 2023
• William Edwards Deming
  ...gher [[quality]] can mean lower costs. When he returned to USA, he founded a [[consulting]] [[company]]. ...as a highly influential statistician and business consultant who developed a [[system]] of Total Quality Management. He developed the "Deming Cycle," wh
  7 KB (974 words) - 07:51, 18 November 2023
• Joseph M. Juran
  ...an independent consultant and lecturer. In 1954 he was invited to deliver a series of lectures for Japanese engineers. They proved to be very successfu Joseph M. Juran was a prominent business [[management]] theorist, who is best known for his contr
  8 KB (1,242 words) - 00:28, 18 November 2023
• Tax haven
  '''Tax haven''' or fiscal paradise are terms used to refer to a jurisdiction which enables its foreign residents or companies to reduce the ...iversal tax haven is a country's offer to entrepreneurs and investors with a wide range of financial and tax benefits. Such havens include colonial terr
  3 KB (416 words) - 06:40, 18 November 2023
• Venture capital
  '''Venture capital (VC)''' is a modern type of raising funds for the inwestments and projects. Venture capi ...ertise, connections, and mentorship to the table, which can be helpful for a [[startup]] trying to navigate the early stages of business.
  3 KB (514 words) - 07:41, 18 November 2023
• Business cycle
  ...d shock]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Over-valued currency]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[David Ricardo]]}} }} * Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). ''[https://cambridgeforecast.wordpress.com/2007/12/page/7/ The the
  3 KB (400 words) - 18:41, 17 November 2023
• Monopoly
  ...a patent, copyright or [[exclusive right to sell]] a given [[product]] in a given [[market]]. ...rmined in relation to the size of the existing [[demand]].. In the case of a [[pure monopoly]], product has no substitutes, which means that elasticity
  8 KB (1,172 words) - 01:59, 18 November 2023
• Individualism
  '''Individualism''' is a [[national culture]] attribute describing the degree to which people prefer ...ce been updated, the original data are from 30 years ago and were based on a single [[company]] (IBM). Second, few researchers have read the details of
  3 KB (433 words) - 23:47, 17 November 2023
• Organizational behavior
  * A man only increases effort because of influence of economic incentives (posi * Man acts as a machine (of particular strength, speed, endurance)
  9 KB (1,196 words) - 02:42, 18 November 2023
• Uncertainty avoidance
  ...ar cultural dimension. This measure reflect extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have beliefs ...ce been updated, the original data are from 30 years ago and were based on a single [[company]] (IBM). Second, few researchers have read the details of
  8 KB (1,146 words) - 07:24, 18 November 2023
• Laissez faire government
  '''Laissez-faire government''' is a doctrine stating that a [[government]] should not directly interfere with economic affairs but rath ...alth care, which the private enterprises would not be able to. At present, a doctrine which is close to the discussed one is the economic liberalism, wh
  7 KB (1,103 words) - 00:39, 18 November 2023
• Power distance
  ...at power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. It is a range of expectations and acquiescence on the unequal distribution of power ...lass or caste [[system]] that discourages upward mobility of its citizens. A low-power-distance ranking indicates the culture discourages differences be
  8 KB (1,261 words) - 01:16, 18 November 2023
• Interbank market
  ...e the possibility of lending to each other their liquid assets. It is also a closed market as the transactions in financial instruments can be carried o ...eceipt or grant of one bank to another of a specified amount of cash, with a pre-determined date and [[interest]] rate. There are two kinds of interbank
  8 KB (1,268 words) - 00:06, 18 November 2023
• ISO 17025
  ...ally has increased the [[need]] to ensure that laboratories can operate to a [[quality]] management [[system]] that is seen as compliant with ISO 9001 a ...s specifying the technical requirements for [[technical competence]]. When a laboratory does not undertake one or more of the activities covered by ISO/
  8 KB (1,081 words) - 23:29, 17 November 2023
• Organizational culture and project management
  ...rojects]] (it uses common [[knowledge]] of methods and techniques), but to a large extent is influenced by the impact of organizational culture of [[com ...g a [[competitive advantage]] requires competences and skills to implement a long-term strategy of [[continuous improvement]]. They can take many forms.
  16 KB (2,232 words) - 02:44, 18 November 2023
• International Monetary Fund
  The '''International Monetary Fund '''is a nearly global economic [[organization]]. It's goals, as it claims, are fost ...free float]], pegging to another currency or basket of currencies, forming a [[Monetary Union|monetary union]], etc.), except pegging them to gold. Afte
  7 KB (1,070 words) - 00:11, 18 November 2023
• WACC
  ...ces - stocks, [[bonds]] and any other [[long-term debt]] - are included in a WACC calculation. ...r it finances. A firm's WACC is the overall required return on the firm as a whole and, as such, it is often used internally by company directors to det
  7 KB (1,174 words) - 07:47, 18 November 2023
• Shareholder value added
  ...alue Added''' (SVA) is a value based [[management]] performance measure of a [[company]]'s worth to shareholders compared to the weighted average [[cost ...duce the operating [[profit]]. Value creation is virtually guaranteed when a company's return on capital exceeds its cost of capital. In sharp contrast,
  9 KB (1,397 words) - 05:28, 18 November 2023
• Spin-out
  ...spin-off in the same context. But spin-off happens when a company creates a new company from one of the existing departments, subsidiaries, or subunits In contrast to the [[spin-off]], spin-out companies do not have a soft cushion in the parent company and are responsible for their finances,
  3 KB (376 words) - 05:54, 18 November 2023
• Corporate sponsor
  Companies which want to be a sponsor might choose one of above mentioned type. ...an social fund]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Company image]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Types of stakeholders]]}} }}
  3 KB (453 words) - 20:08, 17 November 2023
• Claude E. Shannon
  ...Laboratories in 1942. When he working at Bell Laboratories, he formulated a theory explaining the [[communication]] of information and worked on the pr ...eiving a master's degree and a doctorate. Shannon wrote a Master's thesis "A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits"on the use of Boole's alg
  10 KB (1,451 words) - 19:19, 17 November 2023
• World Bank
  ...onal Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) are known as a The World Bank Group. The Bank was established in 1944 during the Bretton W ...f the world is represented by 19 Directors. President of the World Bank is a chairman of [[Board of directors|Board of Directors]]. President is traditi
  3 KB (410 words) - 05:57, 18 November 2023
• Certificate of origin
  ...customs house]] in some countries. It confirms that goods were produced in a country from which they were delivered. This document is obligatory in some ...or a long time can get this document. This [[information]] can be found on a certificate.
  4 KB (583 words) - 16:46, 17 November 2023
• Protectionist policy
  ...t used to state help. The question which sectors will be protected is also a big problem. ...&mdash; {{i5link|a=[[New international economic order]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Reflation]]}} }}
  3 KB (419 words) - 02:04, 18 November 2023
• Money emission
  ...ble to regulate the obligations (debts), can't be questioned, but there is a limiting sum, above which it is possible to refuse to regulate charges in c ..., they gained the possibility of an enlargement of the quantity of cash in a way similar to the purchase of ores. Above of all, this possibility influen
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• Austrian business cycle theory
  The theory assumes that [[business cycle]]s develop as a result of [[bank credit]] expansion, which is not accompanied by an increas ...milar increase of savings, since at any given moment in time there is only a limited supply of [[money]] on the market. Higher savings rate causes marke
  10 KB (1,565 words) - 17:56, 17 November 2023
• Tax preference theory
  ...to sell the stock. Because of time value effects, tax paid immediately has a higher effective capital [[cost]] than the same tax paid in the future. ...cent of capital gains were taxed. At a taxation rate of 50%, this gives us a 50% tax rate on dividends and (0,4)(0,5) = 20% on long-term capital gains.
  9 KB (1,303 words) - 04:45, 18 November 2023
• Dividend irrelevance theory
  ...gliani] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_Miller Merton Miller] in a famous seminal paper in 1961. The authors claimed that neither the [[price] * A company declares a dividend of $1 per share for the next quarter. According to the Dividend Ir
  7 KB (1,093 words) - 19:10, 17 November 2023
• Bird-in-the-hand theory
  ...his theory was developed by Myron Gordon (1963) and John Lintner (1964) as a response to Modigliani and Miller's [[dividend irrelevance theory]]. Gordon and Lintner claimed that Modigliani and Miller made a mistake assuming lack of impact of dividend policy on [[firm]]'s [[cost]] o
  8 KB (1,270 words) - 18:22, 17 November 2023
• Global demand
  ...income (or in other word - at given prices) in given period. In literature a shortcut - AD (aggregate demand) is used very often. Net export is a separate category (NX - Net eXport) and represents difference between natio
  9 KB (1,423 words) - 22:58, 17 November 2023
• Austrian theory of money
  When analysing supply and [[demand]] for money, Mises uses a concept proposed by Philip Wicksteed: supply of money is the total stock of ...ay of quantities of all other goods and services that can be exchanged for a given amount of money.
  10 KB (1,640 words) - 17:56, 17 November 2023
• Washington consensus
  ...ransformation to the [[market]] - based economy. The document consisted of a set of instructions, policy guidelines and recommendations which should be * '''Privatization''' - emphasis of a superiority of the private sector above state - ownership
  3 KB (341 words) - 07:48, 18 November 2023
• Jidoka
  ...t Jidoka implementation was made by Sakichi Toyoda in 1902. He constructed a utility that stopped the loom when the thread was broken. It is regarded as ...ne or some part of it (depending on used [[technology]]). Usually there is a time limit set by top [[management]], in which the problem must be solved.
  8 KB (1,157 words) - 00:23, 18 November 2023
• Andon
  '''Andon''' is a visual [[system]] that notifies managers and workers of a problem with [[production]] [[process]]. It can be in form of large [[board ...rested people. The large board with signal lights was usually installed in a place visible for everyone on the production floor. When the computer and i
  7 KB (1,083 words) - 15:15, 17 November 2023
• Heijunka
  ...ds to imbalance of the [[process]]. Thus the fluctuation in performance is a cause of waste. The [[organization]] has to keep additional capacity, inven Let's assume the [[enterprise]] manufactures five [[types of products]]: A, B, C, D, E. Whole [[Lean manufacturing]] [[system]] is implemented, includ
  9 KB (1,289 words) - 23:17, 17 November 2023
• Genchi genbutsu
  ...rience and observation of new engineers. However, this story might be only a part of Toyota legend. ...m time to time detach from their usual [[work]] and see whole process from a distance. Together with leaders they can discuss their observations and fin
  7 KB (1,087 words) - 20:41, 17 November 2023
• Total quality control
  '''Total [[Quality]] Control (TQC)''' is a [[system]] developed by [[Armand Feigenbaum]] to integrate the efforts of d ...quality management on a company-wide scale. Concern for quality should be a priority at all levels of the company's activity <ref>Neyestani 2017, pp.3-
  12 KB (1,756 words) - 07:01, 18 November 2023
• Continuous improvement
  '''Continuous improvement''' (also: continual improvement) is a [[process]] of constant searching for improvement of all aspects of [[organ ...y continually improving its processes and products, a [[company]] can gain a competitive edge over its competitors.
  11 KB (1,555 words) - 19:57, 17 November 2023
• Armand Feigenbaum
  .... He graduated from Union College, the with title of bachelor and then got a master's degree from MIT Sloan School of [[Management]]. From 1958-1968 he ...of [[quality control]], making the fragmented and limited [[knowledge]] of a coherent system of principles, practices and technologies, known as Total Q
  9 KB (1,268 words) - 17:47, 17 November 2023
• Philip B. Crosby
  ...ladder. He worked for Crosley, Martin-Marietta and ITT. In 1979 he created a [[consulting]] [[firm]] that dealt with the popularization of preventive ap Crosby is the author of process cost model - a model of [[quality cost]]s accounting - which enables enterprises to detect
  10 KB (1,504 words) - 03:10, 18 November 2023
• General cargo
  ...collected and combined by the [[freight]] [[forwarder]], and then sent as a one bigger load to individual [[customer]]s. * [[bill of lading]] is issued for a collective load of the vehicle.
  5 KB (726 words) - 22:56, 17 November 2023
• Crowding out effect
  ...n tax revenues. By spending more than it earns the government is left with a budget deficit that [[needs]] to be made up by either raising taxes or borr In crowding out private investors, economic productivity tends to take a rather immediate downturn as government spending is rarely aimed at constru
  8 KB (1,170 words) - 20:29, 17 November 2023
• TOWS analysis
  ...rategy]] formulation. He also notes, that "...many writers ...suggest that a [[firm]] uses its strengths to take advantage of opportunities, but they ig It is based on a simple [[classification]] scheme: all of the factors influencing the curren
  15 KB (2,133 words) - 04:38, 18 November 2023
• Compromise
  According to common notions compromise is a form of agreement between at least two parties, based on mutual concessions ...pointed out that it is one of the two basic forms of ending the conflict. A compromise has to deal
  11 KB (1,705 words) - 19:41, 17 November 2023
• Marginal revenue
  ...the total revenue depending upon the evolution of the [[demand]] curve for a [[company]]'s [[product]]. ...inal [[cost]] are used to calculate the production volume that would allow a company to maximize its profits. When the marginal revenue exceeds the marg
  6 KB (1,005 words) - 23:19, 17 November 2023
• Value added tax
  ...x]], (VAT)''' - is a form of consumption tax. In the European Union VAT is a general, broadly based consumption tax assessed on the value added to goods * a general tax that applies, in principle, to all commercial activities involv
  4 KB (703 words) - 07:35, 18 November 2023
• Lean development
  ...ip strategy|minimum costs]], the lean development's objective is to create a product/software that will fulfil requirements of users. ...s, the idea of [[7 wastes of lean]] and [[7 wastes of services]] are used. A toolkit consists of [[lean manufacturing|lean manufacturing tools]] extende
  11 KB (1,478 words) - 00:43, 18 November 2023
• BIMBO
  ...' is the combination of a management buy-out and a buy-in (Watson D., Head A. 2007). Management Buy-Out involves acquisition of an equity stakes in an e In the case of BIMBO a company is acquired by existing management joined by new, key directors or
  6 KB (877 words) - 18:02, 17 November 2023
• Quality objectives
  ...rmulated objectives that makes the [[company]] the [[market]] behaves like a ship adrift, who can not get to any port. The [[objectives of the organizat * Provide guidance for employees and give their [[work]] a single direction,
  3 KB (409 words) - 02:19, 18 November 2023
• Information
  ...on making]], [[behaviour]] or an outcome of certain event. For example, on a stock exchange if there is an information of [[company]] reporting signific ...formation is specified as any fact, judgement or any data transmitted over a medium like telephone but not only the content of signals transmitted, also
  3 KB (491 words) - 23:51, 17 November 2023
• Principles of financial planning
  ...nal [[needs]] of the enterprise. This strategy determines the direction of a company in the field of finance, which would help in achieving its objectiv * Optimization of costs by finding a level of costs that would avoid problems in the area of ​​finance. It i
  8 KB (1,138 words) - 03:31, 18 November 2023
• Centre of excellence
  '''Centre of Excellence''' (COE) is a single cell or a complex organizational structure, whose primary responsibility is [[researc * effective use of accumulated [[knowledge]] in a variety of institutions,
  9 KB (1,189 words) - 19:08, 17 November 2023
• Internal audit
  '''Internal audit''' is a [[process]] of obtaining and evaluating data and appraisal of requirements ISO 19011 [[standard]] can be a good guide for internal auditors. Sections below discuss listed elements.
  13 KB (1,829 words) - 00:10, 18 November 2023
• Analytical sheet
  * How many times a specific problem happened? ...should be constructed to be clearly seen for what purpose serves. This is a very effective and simple utility that primarily serves to collect and orga
  9 KB (1,441 words) - 17:40, 17 November 2023
• Best value
  ...duced in 1997 in the UK by the newly elected Labour [[government]]. It was a reaction to the inefficiency of large, bureaucratic structures that support ...]]s, which in total are optimal relative to the [[demand]] requirements of a legal person or [[public authority]]. Concept of Best value is used when it
  4 KB (607 words) - 18:18, 17 November 2023
• Strategic alliance
  ...oal of both partners. It is created when there is weak [[competition]] and a strong partnership between companies. ...better [[competitive position]] on [[market]] by the partners and to make a [[merger]] or acquisition of selected areas of activity.
  4 KB (479 words) - 06:07, 18 November 2023
• Company situation analysis
  '''[[Company]] situation analysis''' is a [[process]] which aims to disclose all opportunities (capacity) and the ris ...he sales and allows for a coordinated policy to ensure steady business for a long period of time. The disadvantage of this analysis is assessing of the
  11 KB (1,561 words) - 17:13, 17 November 2023
• Research and development definition
  ...company's development team or acquired from other units should be seen as a kind of innovative activity. Research and development are the first stage o ...ropean Commission in 2005 the companies issued on research and development a total of 371 billion EUR, i.e. about 7% more than in 2004. European compani
  8 KB (1,153 words) - 04:42, 18 November 2023
• Mobility barriers
  * the least attractive sector groups can be a threat to other groups. ...tric barriers to intra-industry mobility - moving to another group is just a matter of [[investment]],
  12 KB (1,733 words) - 01:53, 18 November 2023
• Biosphere
  ...[organization]] [[environment]], stressing that every organization is only a ''relatively isolated from the environment''. The term''relatively isolated ...apabilities]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Voluntary sector]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Resource]]}} }}
  2 KB (344 words) - 18:22, 17 November 2023
• Industry
  ...ally in a factory or special area. The level of industry's development has a large impact on the pace of economic development. ...onomic strength of a country often depends on the types of industries that a particular country has.
  5 KB (713 words) - 23:48, 17 November 2023
• Objectives of the organization
  ...ion of associations and feedback with the [[environment]]. Objectives have a strong influence on the interaction with the [[environment]]. [[Environment Organizations have a variety of objectives that they strive to achieve. These objectives can be
  14 KB (2,019 words) - 02:28, 18 November 2023
• Creation of goals system
  ...e, these criteria must be particularized and applied together. This allows a comprehensive analysis of the system of objectives and thereby make the rig As a result of this step, managers create the classification of the objectives i
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• Corporate social responsibility
  * businesses and the public are immanent elements of a complex whole in which the idea of mutual solidarity between people has the ...sibility decide societies having particular [[standard]] of living, and in a particular stage of social development (mainly their demands for corporate
  4 KB (518 words) - 20:08, 17 November 2023
• Project lifecycle
  ...mplex project. The [[project]] as a single [[enterprise]] is burdened with a certain degree of uncertainty. Usually it is divided into phases to make it ...e entire [[project]] to be able to control [[project]] costs. To this end, a [[final inspection]] is performed after each stage. Review is necessary to
  10 KB (1,447 words) - 01:54, 18 November 2023
• Diversification in business
  ...isting customers and is it includes offering them a new product. Launching a new product in the application of this strategy may rely on the creation of ...r an entirely new product offering. For example, Apple Inc. started out as a computer company and has since diversified into smartphones, tablets, and w
  8 KB (1,128 words) - 21:23, 17 November 2023
• Definition of strategic management
  Strategic [[management]] is understood as a [[process]] of [[information]] and [[Decision making|decision-making]], whi * second, it is a company activity on every [[market]] of the world.
  4 KB (543 words) - 20:51, 17 November 2023
• Strategic foresight
  ...source of diagnoses of major social and economic problems over time and as a tool for [[forecasting]] and decision-making both by the [[government]], bu ...olicy of the state. Sometimes foresight as well as its results are used as a means of cultural development in society in terms of thinking about the fut
  11 KB (1,573 words) - 06:10, 18 November 2023
• Strategic management functions
  # Creating a [[mission and vision]]: #* preparation of a [[Strategic portfolio analysis|portfolio of projects]] for implementation o
  10 KB (1,208 words) - 06:12, 18 November 2023
• Strategic planning functions
  ...expectations of customers as well as to improve position of the company in a [[competitive environment]], ==Strategic planning as a system==
  10 KB (1,342 words) - 06:15, 18 November 2023
• Merger
  It is a form of cooperation between the potential [[Competitor]]s, [[Supplier]]s, [ ...gh [[Mobility barriers|barriers to entry]]. It is used also in the case of a high level of maturity of the previous or next sector.
  4 KB (661 words) - 01:47, 18 November 2023
• Religious tourism
  ...ips are places connected with the history of religion, religious events of a religious nature and the sacred objects. ...t. Their main purpose is mainly educational. Pilgrimages involve travel to a Holy place mainly for spending time in prayer. Only additionally tourists w
  9 KB (1,389 words) - 04:39, 18 November 2023
• Franchise
  ...eur]] (franchisor, the franchise network organizer, or otherwise providing a network of franchise), provides another, independent entrepreneur (franchis ...network is a company with a reputation in the market that wants to create a network through franchising, extend the distribution of goods or services.
  3 KB (429 words) - 22:42, 17 November 2023
• Interest group
  ...the potential to both positively and negatively affect the functioning of a democracy. ...est groups can present a number of potential threats to the functioning of a democracy. Some of these include:
  4 KB (647 words) - 00:06, 18 November 2023
• Goodwill
  ...d: intangible assets. Goodwill (the name of a company's [[brand]]) becomes a component of the value of the company, being fairly estimated surplus value ...(including traceability and individuality), valuation of goodwill becomes a complex problem, and managers devote much attention to it.
  7 KB (1,101 words) - 23:05, 17 November 2023
• Golden parachute
  ...of defense devised in the 80s of the twentieth century aimed at preventing a [[hostile takeover]] in the capital [[market]]. ...ement]] company providing a very high clearance operations in the event of a successful takeover and loss of their previously occupied position.
  6 KB (843 words) - 20:48, 17 November 2023
• Business incubator
  '''Business incubators''' are organized economic complexes covering a broad group of distinguished real estate-based centers, which offer facilit * creating a proper climate for the establishment and implementation of innovative proje
  3 KB (354 words) - 18:42, 17 November 2023
• Capital group
  ...complex group structures may happen that the parent is a [[subsidiary]] of a higher order parent company. With regard to the parent [[subsidiary]] is characterized by: ownership of a majority of the total number of votes in the [[subsidiary]] or the right to
  4 KB (606 words) - 18:55, 17 November 2023
• Strategic group
  ...itive strategies. Understanding the dynamics of a strategic group can help a [[company]] identify potential competitors and inform its own [[strategic d They are subsets of the sector, which consists of companies that have pursued a similar approach to the competitive struggle, offering comparable products
  12 KB (1,734 words) - 06:11, 18 November 2023
• Innovation
  ...e existing possibilities to new ideas and putting them to practical use. J.A. Schumpeter introduced ''innovations'' to the area of economic sciences. Scientists often use a definition of innovation as the [[process]] of converting the existing poss
  9 KB (1,231 words) - 23:55, 17 November 2023
• Investments
  ...e estimated rate of [[inflation]] and investment [[risk]]. Investor can be a private person, governmental agency, pension fund or corporation. * commercial, where the investor is expecting a financial benefits,
  3 KB (505 words) - 00:22, 18 November 2023
• Stakeholders
  * Special interest grupups - unite people in a group to spread common views on some specific issues and to express their o ...ages of cooperatives]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Holding]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Chamber of Commerce]]}} }}
  3 KB (450 words) - 05:57, 18 November 2023
• Subsidiary
  ...assets and liabilities which are part of the parent company. Possession of a subsidiary is associated with certain ineffectiveness (duplication of resou ...ble. Treatment of both units as one unit by the lender can only occur when a subsidiary has the parent company's guarantees.
  3 KB (423 words) - 06:22, 18 November 2023
• Strategic investor
  '''Strategic Investor''' is a business operator acting on the capital [[market]], which under the relevan ...from the nature of the [[investment]] itself. Acquired company is part of a long-term development [[strategy]] of the investor, and therefore he never
  3 KB (387 words) - 04:13, 18 November 2023
• Cluster
  ...model - small and medium enterprises with a high degree of specialization, a strong rivalry, relations based on trust (e.g. Silicon Valley) * '''Satellite''' model - a group of small and medium businesses dependent on external companies (e.g.
  3 KB (454 words) - 19:23, 17 November 2023
• Syndicate
  The syndicate is a type of [[oligopoly]] agreement which is used to facilitate the entry on in ...s companies of similar size, operating in the same [[industry]] and having a similar [[level of development]].
  8 KB (1,297 words) - 06:32, 18 November 2023
• Strategy wheel
  ...the supply chain, this tool allow not only the determination of limits on a scale of one cell in chain, but also support the determination of boundarie Use of the strategy wheel should be preceded by a preparatory phase, in which relevant [[information]] about [[company]]'s pr
  7 KB (979 words) - 04:22, 18 November 2023
• Consulting in management
  Consulting is a consultancy contract characterized by: ...that many companies face complex business processes, which often requires a very sophisticated methods and procedures. This in turn intensifies the [[n
  3 KB (396 words) - 19:51, 17 November 2023
• Strategic control
  ...he [[implementation of strategy]] phase. It can be generally understood as a comparison of measures of the effects of implementing the [[strategy]] with ...es - according to changes in the [[environment]]. This task is intended as a [[continuous process]] of obtaining and processing [[information]], done in
  8 KB (1,131 words) - 06:09, 18 November 2023
• Experience curve
  '''Experience curve''' is a graph that shows the effect of improving the [[organization]] and functioni There is a relationship between the scale of production and the size of the unit [[cos
  7 KB (1,117 words) - 22:11, 17 November 2023
• Teleworking
  * doing a [[cost]] analysis ...[Communication]] [[Technology]]. Both an [[employee]] and an employer have a possibility to be in touch with each other.
  8 KB (1,216 words) - 06:47, 18 November 2023
• Culture of participation
  ...ere advertisers, games, media producers, network executives, bloggers show a very high activity in the creation of [[consumer]] culture. Defining the culture of participation led to the emergence of a strong contrast in comparison to earlier beliefs about the role of the medi
  7 KB (979 words) - 20:31, 17 November 2023
• Forwarder
  ...rt]], storage, packaging, [[insurance]], distribution, etc.). Forwarder as a transportation broker transmits and/or receives the goods from the carrier. Forwarder also has a duty to provide advice to its client, to the best of his [[knowledge]]. In
  4 KB (557 words) - 22:41, 17 November 2023
• Evaluation
  ...lude documents, activities, processes, people, results, etc. Evaluation is a [[continuous process]] and its results are used to improve activities. * "A systematic process involving the collection of information, and reporting s
  3 KB (384 words) - 22:02, 17 November 2023
• Certificate
  * ''econ.'' [[Bond]] or certificate repalacing a state loan * ''Security certificate'' - a document confirming an inspection by the competent authorities of the state
  3 KB (371 words) - 19:08, 17 November 2023
• Arrow diagram
  ...xecution of a particular [[project]]. It graphically (visually) represents a deliberate [[plan]] of [[work]], paying attention to the critical operation * Specify a list of actions necessary to complete a task ([[planning]] activities)
  7 KB (1,111 words) - 17:47, 17 November 2023
• Documentation
  ...have written (documented) evidence of the development and introduction of a system, it is also one of the main sources that provide the necessary [[inf ...nd maintenance of [[quality]] [[management system]]. Documentation is also a record of specific actions and activities performed within the system.
  4 KB (590 words) - 21:25, 17 November 2023
• Quality improvement
  ...omer]]. The second, which we will be more widely applicable, is to prevent a recurrence of inconformity. ...tion of corrective measures must be verified. Therefore, make sure that as a result of the changes the non-compliance can not be repeated.
  5 KB (688 words) - 04:17, 18 November 2023
• Quality costs record
  ...changes. Then records may be conducted by: the type of costs occurring in a given company, the type of activity and media costs, or other expense recog ...nduct [[quality cost]] analysis and provide rapid response in the event of a deviation from the assumed costs. '''Sampling''' concerns on rapid one-time
  8 KB (1,199 words) - 04:15, 18 November 2023
• Identification
  ...O 9001 is a [[quality management]] standard that outlines requirements for a quality [[management system]]. Identification and traceability are two impo ...include identifying the source of raw materials, tracking the progress of a product through the [[manufacturing process]], and identifying the location
  7 KB (1,062 words) - 23:30, 17 November 2023
• ISO 9004
  '''ISO 9004''' is a [[standard]] containing guidelines for the improvement of the [[quality man ...2000), new title "Managing for the sustained success of an organization - A quality management approach".
  10 KB (1,342 words) - 21:15, 17 November 2023
• Innovativeness
  '''Innovativeness''' is a broad concept connecting [[innovation]] and [[creativity]] of people in org ...e some new, better idea in some fields. This individual is characterize by a great creativity and cleverness in realization of many tasks and original a
  11 KB (1,661 words) - 00:00, 18 November 2023
• Product quality
  ...product excellence and its ability to meet [[customer]] [[needs]]. This is a group of functional attributes, both tangible (e.g., durability) and emotio ...h the level of utility value, for which the [[consumer]] is willing to pay a price most favorable to the [[producer]].
  3 KB (394 words) - 01:40, 18 November 2023
• Types of transport
  ...to the low capital barrier to entry to road carriers [[market]], there is a very large number of companies providing this type service in this branch o ...large portion of shares in this companies are held by the State). There is a large barrier to entry (high [[cost]] of [[investment]] in terminals, equip
  8 KB (1,224 words) - 07:22, 18 November 2023
• Hospitality services quality
  ...ustry]] because of the complex nature of the service provided, it includes a number of services (e.g. accommodation, food), usually dependent on the cha When a [[customer]] is dissatisfied with the service then there is a distortion of the [[quality]] of hotel services. Typically, dissatisfaction
  12 KB (1,748 words) - 23:25, 17 November 2023
• Origins of controlling
  Controlling is a business [[management]] [[process]] driven by [[planning]], reporting and c * Controller in the U.S. is a person standing at the head of finance and accounting department, responsib
  8 KB (1,074 words) - 02:48, 18 November 2023
• Quality loss function
  '''Quality loss function''' is a [[method]] of measuring losses that are incurred due to not perfect, howeve ...reduce the impact of these causes. This type of procedure allows to create a product resistant to interference.
  11 KB (1,643 words) - 04:18, 18 November 2023
• Quality of public administration
  ...factor in services. Customers of public administration are all citizen of a country or region, which assess quality of services provided by the state. It should be noted that there is a relationship between the needs, expectations and satisfaction. Needs create
  12 KB (1,638 words) - 04:22, 18 November 2023
• Quality of tourist service
  ...staff: front-office, back-office and [[management]]. Front-office staff is a kind of showcase of tourist enterprises in dealing with clients and so they * Costs of non-compliance (a service offered does not correspond to the customer, even though he tried t
  8 KB (1,059 words) - 04:22, 18 November 2023
• Quality in tourist agency
  '''[[Quality]] standards of travel agencies''' depends on qualifications of a person who organizes tourist events or deals with contracting [[service]] p ...guages. Language fluency is also checked by the exam. It is also necessary a medical [[certificate]], which contains [[information]] about the [[absence
  3 KB (431 words) - 04:17, 18 November 2023
• Hotel categorization
  '''Hotel rating''' is based on a scale of 1-5 stars, 5 stars means the highest level of services, 1 star mea .... Locations of the 5* hotels can vary from the very exclusive locations of a suburban area, to the heart of down-town.
  9 KB (1,291 words) - 23:25, 17 November 2023
• Quality inspection
  ...ustration, this problem was solved by replacing the defective product with a new one. Conducting this type of procedure entailed generating considerable [[Organization]] which uses quality inspection, treats inspector as if he was a customer. The optimum form of quality inspection is the man who's aim is th
  12 KB (1,723 words) - 04:17, 18 November 2023
• Crisis of work
  ...and directly remains linked to the fact that the one who carries it out is a conscious and free - that is, constituting about the subject" [John Paul II ...ies and restore the proper meaning of work. The crisis has brought work to a:
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• Group conformity
  ...a group of students, made up of seven, eight or nine people) he introduced a real person - test subject - which did not know that other people are co-wo ...n of exerting pressure, it succumbed to the pressure of the respondents to a much lesser extent than if all those exerting pressure were unanimous,
  7 KB (1,124 words) - 23:11, 17 November 2023
• Crisis of work - the overcome
  Was it possible to avoid a [[crisis of work]] in Poland, which arrived with a six-year plan (it was something like the state [[strategy]] of productivity ...ill, emotions, and physical strengths are involved. The ideal [[image]] of a working man is when none of these gifts of man is excluded from participati
  9 KB (1,447 words) - 20:25, 17 November 2023
• CE marking
  ...vironmental]] users. CE marking means that the manufacturer or importer of a product meets the basic requirements of ESR (Essential Requirements). ERS a ...dards and basic requirements for health and safety that are applicable for a given product,
  8 KB (1,188 words) - 18:48, 17 November 2023
• Importance of teamwork
  ...of its objectives and targets - also affect the achievement of the team as a whole. ...organizational units) Projects that do not change the organization in such a radical way, as the creation of autonomous groups, but significantly affect
  13 KB (2,004 words) - 23:38, 17 November 2023
• Business process outsourcing
  ...hin the same country), offshore (in a different country), or nearshore (in a nearby country). ...tical analysis and the improvement of this process. The process is seen as a set of activities requiring inputs and generating result on the output.
  9 KB (1,304 words) - 18:46, 17 November 2023
• Culture and QMS implementation
  ...he implementation cannot change the culture at once. To change the culture a long time period is needed. During the development of quality [[management] ...tions will be applied in that case, however, it's difficult to treat it as a fully running system. Improvement stage of QMS operation can be used to sha
  11 KB (1,643 words) - 20:30, 17 November 2023
• Attestation services
  ...tion and verification statement of evidence that meets the requirements of a measuring instrument, or activities carried out by the state legal metrolog The measuring device - a general term defining a range of tools (equipment) used for measuring physical, chemical, surveying
  5 KB (647 words) - 17:54, 17 November 2023
• Waste level monitoring
  ...ons of a phenomenon, or the presence of harmful substances, carried out in a pre-determined time intervals. Data collected help managers to take appropr ...tion to carry out waste quantity monitoring applies to companies which, as a result of doing business produce waste, as well as those which deal with th
  2 KB (371 words) - 07:48, 18 November 2023
• Bank for International Settlements
  ...rganisation which promotes monetary and financial cooperation and which is a bank for central banks. The BIS has assisted * and continues to assist * th * a forum for discussion for central banks and international organisations
  12 KB (1,734 words) - 18:04, 17 November 2023
• Reddin's basic management styles
  ...is focused on people, tasks and [[efficiency]]. Concept of W.J. Reddin is a development of the two dimensional [[Blake and Mouton managerial grid|manag ...that happy people are more efficient, hence manager should care more about a pleasant atmosphere in the team, than on efficient performance. Problems ar
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• Economics
  '''Economics''' - a study of how society decides how and for whom to produce good and services< There are a variety of modern definitions of economics. Some of the differences may ref
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• Knowledge
  * Tacit knowledge - used every day by people, but difficult to capture in a formal record, its substance can not be expressed with words; According to the [[economics]] of knowledge, it is a positive externality. Knowledge comes from [[education]] and research. To u
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• Engagement marketing
  ...which is based on an psychological and social [[analysis of customer]] as a human being. ...the brand by using the theory that the customer is a social being and has a natural [[need]] for [[communication]], interaction and active participatio
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• Method of calculating the BCG matrix
  ...d methods of [[Strategic portfolio analysis|portfolio analysis]], which is a direct reflection of research participation and the [[competitiveness]] of ...two parts at the point equals the share of its nearest [[competitor]] with a vertical axis at the point equal to half the span of [[market dynamics]]. T
  9 KB (1,353 words) - 01:48, 18 November 2023
• Strategic management model
  A '''strategic management model''' is a framework or approach used by organizations to make [[strategic decisions]] A strategic management model and a business model are both frameworks used by organizations to guide decision-
  9 KB (1,245 words) - 06:13, 18 November 2023
• Strategic marketing
  Strategic [[marketing]] is a [[process]] consisting of: ...red as a component part of this [[management]], as an instrument to create a broader framework for strategic success in the market.
  4 KB (481 words) - 06:13, 18 November 2023
• Hoshin kanri
  ...volves every [[employee]] into processes of [[strategic management]]. It's a Japanese version of [[management by objectives]] (MBO). Hoshin kanri begins with a strategic [[plan]] developed by top [[management]]. Then mid-level managers
  10 KB (1,410 words) - 21:10, 17 November 2023
• 7S model
  ...carry out specific activities, processes, or are used to solve problems in a company, 7S model is not a recipe for building a perfect [[strategy]], but it is a stimulus to rethink the internal activities of the company that affect its
  8 KB (1,229 words) - 17:04, 17 November 2023
• State administration
  '''State administration''' is defined as a [[system]] of entities created by statute and in the competence to carry ou * administration is a team of people, who are professional staff,
  9 KB (1,241 words) - 05:59, 18 November 2023
• Strategic option
  ...and plans leading to the achievement of this objectives. It also contains a package of measures to ensure their achievement, allowing [[risk]] reductio * The feasibility of the [[strategy]] - a necessary condition, which should be meet by the strategic option,
  8 KB (1,154 words) - 06:13, 18 November 2023
• Human resources management
  Human resources department plays a consequential role in the fluid running of the [[organization]] because it ...about a set of concepts, methods and techniques from which you can select a specific one. Each [[organization]] has different set of methods.
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• Audit
  '''Audit''' is a process of obtaining and evaluating data concerning operations and events i * Audit is cooperation - audit should be a cooperation between auditor and audited in order to find solutions.
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• Poison pill
  As a result of severity of hostile takeovers in the 80s of the twentieth century ...n purchase these shares at any time and withdraw from the market by paying a nominal amount.
  7 KB (1,107 words) - 03:14, 18 November 2023
• Production structure optimization
  ...uce such [[range of products]] that the [[profit]] made from their sale is a maximum. ...st management]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Cost advantage]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Activity-based management]]}} }}
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• Bureaucratic organization
  * Only a small fraction of workers are fully using their [[knowledge]] ...onal corporation with a bureaucratic structure. The company operates under a top-down structure, with corporate executives making all major decisions an
  8 KB (1,074 words) - 18:38, 17 November 2023
• Non-profit organization
  ...not be split between people working in these organizations. Generally, in a non-profit [[organization]], the [[board]] of [[management]] is responsible ...ntal part of social systems whose role and scale are a side [[product]] of a complicated set of historical forces (K. Akingbola 2006, p. 267). Studies a
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• Near environment
  ..., businesses, banks, [[government]] bodies) that affect the functioning of a [[company]] and which the company can influence. The [[management]] of a company should only to examine relationship with entities of near environme
  9 KB (1,261 words) - 02:08, 18 November 2023
• Competitive environment
  ...very large impact on the overall [[market]] situation and the situation of a particular company. IT is associated with the effectiveness of creating pre ...]], which is why the company should understand what is and what can become a substitute for its products and who is the real [[competitor]] of the compa
  9 KB (1,304 words) - 19:36, 17 November 2023
• Tax environment
  * Normative - the tax environment is here understood as a system of tax law. For the company it is vital to separate of tax law from * Psychological, means a specific effect of taxes on taxpayers. Frequent irrational behavior towards
  2 KB (369 words) - 06:39, 18 November 2023
• Plan
  '''Plan''' is a document which is a [[project]] of the [[organization]]'s future, what owners and managers want ...s the foundation of all other functions of [[management]], because without a plan it is difficult to perform other vital [[management]] tasks e.g.: orga
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• Strategic partnership and negotiations
  ...]s. On the one hand we are dealing with difficult conditions to compete in a complex and dynamic [[environment]], on the other hand - the [[need]] for e * Substantive issues concerning a particular transaction,
  3 KB (406 words) - 06:14, 18 November 2023
• Project risk analysis
  ...[[risk management process]], a part of [[project risk assessment]]. It is a two dimensional analysis where likelihood and consequences of risks (or opp ...an be presented as a monetary value. Therefore, to each level on the scale a financial impact should be added. The impact value describes how severe wil
  9 KB (1,304 words) - 01:58, 18 November 2023
• Monopolistic agreement
  * A small number of companies in the [[industry]] ...higher form of the cartel agreement, where the [[joint venture]] involves a commercial office, which handles the sales price or policy
  7 KB (963 words) - 01:59, 18 November 2023
• Strategic portfolio analysis
  ...(of product or services) in order to reduce the [[risk]] of functioning in a changing [[environment]], and increase the effects of the implemented [[str ...ervice [[training]] program, an automated customer support [[system]], and a [[customer satisfaction]] survey.
  9 KB (1,372 words) - 06:15, 18 November 2023
• Private equity investments
  ...isted on stock exchange. Private equity [[money]] can be used to establish a [[company]], expand its operations, repurchase all or part of an existing b ...The financing of the Private equity is obtained in exchange for shares in a company and investors' profits depend on the company growth and profitabili
  3 KB (502 words) - 03:33, 18 November 2023
• Economic profile of a sector
  ...ment]], which determines the conditions for all firms in the sector. It is a [[method]] of assessing the reality in which the [[company]] operates. * The rate of growth of the market as a percentage of annual sales volume changes,
  3 KB (390 words) - 21:37, 17 November 2023
• Program of global activity of the company
  The global activity program ([[GAP]]) of a business - refers to the [[organization]], functioning and development of t The global activity program can be prepared in a condensed or expanded form (depending on the [[needs]] of the management).
  3 KB (415 words) - 03:51, 18 November 2023
• Competitive advantage
  ...uires leading position on the [[market]] in relation to competitors. It is a relative measure of success on the market. It allows managers to offer cust ...ans the extension of freedom to manipulate the various instruments in such a way that allows the company to increase the financial effects of activity o
  4 KB (616 words) - 19:36, 17 November 2023
• Market advantage
  Market advantage is achieved by a company whose employees have the relevant expertise. The advantage may be o A company can achieve a market advantage by differentiating its products or services from those of
  4 KB (529 words) - 23:20, 17 November 2023
• Methods of restructuring
  * Restructuring of the debt (debt reduction) - the pursuit of a settlement between the creditor and debtor, ==Restructuring as a tool for organizational improvement==
  10 KB (1,421 words) - 01:49, 18 November 2023
• Organizational development
  '''Organizational Development''' - is a long-term [[process]] of successive changes, both in the [[organization]] a ...f affairs, passing and ordered in time, remaining relatively stable (up to a [[crisis situation]]). In this sense it refers to the potential of the comp
  8 KB (1,103 words) - 02:44, 18 November 2023
• Development by restructurization
  ...ss where there is a [[need]] to introduce changes immediately to stabilize a deteriorating situation. ...nctional teams. For example, the introduction of cross-functional teams in a large manufacturing company could result in improved [[communication]] and
  9 KB (1,252 words) - 21:06, 17 November 2023
• Operational risk
  ...he institution. Typically, in this case the negative opinion translates to a loss of [[consumer]] confidence, reduced profits or loss of liquidity. This Staff risk - this is a risk of a situation where an employee intentionally or unintentionally acts to the de
  3 KB (482 words) - 02:38, 18 November 2023
• Scenarios of possible events
  ...run. These methods predict different types of phenomena that can occur in a changing [[environment]] and help managers in preparing for them. ...creasing) of each factor. Then they should assess impact of each factor on a scale of - 5 to 5, or 1-10 (where - 5 (1) represents the most negative impa
  11 KB (1,581 words) - 05:12, 18 November 2023
• Scenarios of processes in environment
  Scenarios are a tool used to provide alternative routes for the development of possible eve #* Key processes - the processes that have a strong impact on the organization, and their probability of occurrence is v
  7 KB (1,116 words) - 05:13, 18 November 2023
• Scenarios of states in environment
  # Selecting factors that have a decisive impact on [[company]] #* The strength of impact of a factor to the company on a scale of - 5 to +5.
  3 KB (442 words) - 05:13, 18 November 2023
• Secret company
  It takes the form of a separate non-registered entity, belonging to the partners. Its purpose is t ...shareholders which could be their competitors. Such companies usually have a place in trade activities. There are not known in Poland.
  3 KB (513 words) - 05:17, 18 November 2023
• Assets funding strategy
  ...ng long-term bank loan. Seasonal company [[needs]] are also financed using a long-term capital (equity and long-term [[bank credit]]). It is important t '''Moderate''' strategy is a combination of conservative and aggressive strategies. Consist of actions a
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• Tax strategy
  ...egy]] is the direction and scope, which the [[company]] intends to take in a long time perspective to achieve their goals and gain [[competitive advanta ...other goals of company and can not limit them. Managers should choose such a way of proceeding, that the main objective of company is achieved at the lo
  6 KB (882 words) - 06:41, 18 November 2023
• Knowledge gap strategy
  ...een relations (with customers, suppliers, etc.) that company must have and a relations is has in present moment. # Create a vision of knowledge.
  9 KB (1,290 words) - 00:33, 18 November 2023
• Success factors of company
  Following factors can determine success of a [[company]]: ...tated ranges of decision-making powers and responsibilities is critical in a well-functioning organizations in which each [[employee]] knows and accepts
  3 KB (358 words) - 06:24, 18 November 2023
• Promotion strategy
  ...he rate of sales of products. It is also important to form and consolidate a positive [[image of the company]] on the [[market]]. Through promotional ac * Establish a promotional budget
  3 KB (420 words) - 04:02, 18 November 2023
• Strategic business unit
  ...mpany General Electric. Strategic business units are small businesses with a high functional and [[Decision making|decision-making]] autonomy. Such unit There are several different types of strategic business units (SBUs) that a company can use in its [[organizational structure]], including:
  15 KB (2,155 words) - 06:08, 18 November 2023
• Technology
  ...ctivity and capital productivity. The technology can also be understood as a combination of [[knowledge]], skills, experience and organizational solutio ...alue of technologies based on the growing knowledge base allows to produce a steady stream of products and services.
  3 KB (458 words) - 06:46, 18 November 2023
• Identity of the company
  ...om others, especially its competitors. It is a set of attributes providing a particularly clear way to correctly identify company and its products or se ...ldings, [[transport]], working clothes and uniforms of [[employee]]s, etc. A properly built and managed identity is one of the most effective means of i
  3 KB (406 words) - 23:31, 17 November 2023
• Image of the company
  ...the logo. The image does not necessarily coincide with reality, it can be a subjective image of the company or its services. The image is therefore a way to receive the [[identity of the company]]. It can be:
  8 KB (1,188 words) - 23:31, 17 November 2023
• Targeting
  ...tiveness of the selection of target markets, growth should be in a form of a snowball effect in relation to expenditures on [[marketing]] and thus also ...rent [[marketing]] tools and activities, such as: advertising, exposition, a new form of sale, price change, discount, etc.
  3 KB (405 words) - 06:38, 18 November 2023
• Crisis in the enterprise
  ...alyzing the phenomenon of crisis, managers can identify three main phases: a potential, hidden and overt crisis. The first phase applies to all enterpri ...does not guarantee development and success. In crisis management requires a focus on [[strategic issues]]. Implementation of the strategy in the crisis
  9 KB (1,407 words) - 20:25, 17 November 2023
• Crisis management
  ...does not guarantee development and success. In crisis management requires a focus on [[strategic issues]]. Implementation of the strategy in the crisis In a [[crisis situation]] the most important is quick decision making resulting
  3 KB (494 words) - 20:25, 17 November 2023
• Management by values
  ...ft" to be turned into a serious approach to management, now it turned into a central part in discussions about [[strategy]] and [[organizational change] ...f the world's emerging economies, management by values is quickly becoming a major force for the rebuilding of sustainable and competitive culture.
  11 KB (1,638 words) - 01:17, 18 November 2023
• Quality manager
  '''Quality manager''' is a manager who is responsible for maintenance of [[quality management system]] ...he quality manager also has to do additional tasks related to maintenance. A misunderstanding around this issue was one of causes of change in [[ISO 900
  10 KB (1,428 words) - 02:19, 18 November 2023
• World class manufacturing
  '''World Class Manufacturing''' (WCM) is a [[method]] of improving the cycle of [[production]] and [[logistics]]. The The World Class Manufacturing is a concept developed by FIAT and partnering companies in 2005. However the nam
  9 KB (1,387 words) - 07:56, 18 November 2023
• House of total quality model
  ...has been developed by F. Voehl in 1992 and modified by W.M. Lindsay and J.A. Petrick in 1997. It consists of six groups of elements (T.P. Mani, N. Muru ...he pillars. [[Organizational culture]] makes all these activities not just a façade. Thanks to it, they not only exist inside the [[company]] but also
  7 KB (970 words) - 23:26, 17 November 2023
• Optimization of transport
  ** method of the minimum element of a row or column of a cost matrix, ...o check which solution is optimal. For this purpose it is necessary to use a measure of optimality: ''o = (ui + vj) - cij = 0'', where ''cij= ui + vj''
  10 KB (1,498 words) - 02:40, 18 November 2023
• Reliability
  ...however, is the overriding concept, because reliability does not guarantee a high [[level of quality]]. * Damage - a loss of ability of product to meet requirements.
  9 KB (1,301 words) - 04:38, 18 November 2023
• Non-conformity
  '''Non-conformity''' is a failure to meet the requirements. Occurrence of non-conformity decreases [[ ...checked during the [[production]] process which can lead to manufacturing a number of products with wrong dimensions.
  11 KB (1,645 words) - 02:22, 18 November 2023
• Standard
  '''Standard''' is a document setting out rules of conduct, rules, patterns, guidelines or chara ...in solving conflicts between [[supplier]]s and [[customer]]s, or to create a reference point for contracts.
  2 KB (323 words) - 05:57, 18 November 2023
• Hansei
  The hansei is a way of life. It is taught in Japanese schools. ...t is already accomplished. Also, a good habbit will be to get used to take a minute every hour to analyze what was done wrong, what was done correct and
  8 KB (1,335 words) - 23:15, 17 November 2023
• Nemawashi
  ...approval of a proposed idea or [[project]] is sought from every person in a significant organizational position. For foreigners [[planning]] research i ...2575615 Nemawashi: A Japanese Form of Interpersonal Communication]'', ETC: A Review of General Semantics, Vol. 39, No. 3 </ref>
  9 KB (1,303 words) - 02:13, 18 November 2023
• Strategic goals
  ...l or [[organization]]. Goals of an organization are usually established in a formal way. Goals are always the result of internal and external [[needs]] ...partial. The development of the general goal shows partial objectives (in a form of goals tree) Objectives should be specific, measurable, ambitious, r
  4 KB (594 words) - 06:10, 18 November 2023
• Mission and vision
  ...ed in an emphatic manner, with flair and a lack of authenticity. It may be a certain slogan used to identify employees with the company and its objectiv ...the company's positive image in the distant future. This is the concept of a certain model of organization in the future.
  3 KB (421 words) - 01:52, 18 November 2023
• Beam of objectives theory
  The main objective of a [[company]] is usually to maintain the equilibrium and its development. The ...e, the economic and technological conditions. The second way is to conduct a particular activity, such as industrial, economic, administrative or other.
  7 KB (1,069 words) - 18:11, 17 November 2023
• Managament of development
  It is a [[system]] whose goal is to shape the of economic, organizational, personne In the '''pioneering period''', there are numerous hazards, caused by a lack of experience, low skills, poor self-[[financing]] [[capability]] and
  4 KB (550 words) - 01:13, 18 November 2023
• Change management
  ...s or processes in organization ([[system]]) or object. It is determined in a given period of time and due to the adopted basis for comparison. The chang ...e a natural tendency to fall. In this case change is needed, understood as a struggle against entropy, and aimed at improving of company's position.
  12 KB (1,721 words) - 19:13, 17 November 2023
• Integrated measuring system
  Therefore, many managers now returns to the [[need]] for a broader look at the issue of application of indicators to assess the [[ente Integrated measurement systems are a tool for extending the scope of [[strategic analysis]] beyond the narrowly
  6 KB (841 words) - 00:03, 18 November 2023
• Significance of strategy
  ...at managers try to prepare and [[plan]] [[organization]]'s activities over a longer period of time. It includes reactions to any changes which may occur By using well-developed strategy a company can not only gain a [[competitive advantage]], but also it can become the market leader.
  7 KB (1,090 words) - 05:34, 18 November 2023
• Source of financing
  Shareholders making a contribution of the capital to the company can get it back only when the co Short-term (with a maturity up to 1 year):
  5 KB (697 words) - 05:48, 18 November 2023
• Profit
  ...only it is surplus of sales over the general expenditure. It is considered a remuneration for companies engaging and putting at [[risk]] its resources t * Net profit - a margin from the sale after deduction of discounts, operating costs and taxe
  4 KB (596 words) - 03:49, 18 November 2023
• Resource
  ...n [[company]], resources are presented in balance sheet of the company, at a particular point in time, e.g. 31 December. A resource can also be defined as the amount of one particular component of a
  8 KB (1,200 words) - 04:44, 18 November 2023
• Financial planning
  ...conomic [[system]] there is uncertainty, it is therefore necessary to make a detailed analysis of the impact of potential decisions on the financial res ...rate in accordance with the guidelines drawn up centrally by the state. In a free [[market system]] planning ensures that managers make rational decisio
  3 KB (478 words) - 22:28, 17 November 2023
• Turnover
  It is a measure of the scale of business activity and is used to determine the [[fi ...oices or sales receipts for a specific period of time. This can be done on a monthly, quarterly or [[Annual Basis|annual basis]].
  2 KB (392 words) - 07:12, 18 November 2023
• Controlling variants
  ...rganization]] in achieving its objectives. Idea of controlling is to build a logical [[system]], which through the orderly combination of different stru ===Controlling as a management subsystem===
  4 KB (568 words) - 20:03, 17 November 2023
• Unemployment
  ...k, willing to work, actively seeking [[employment]]. Unemployed constitute a part of population in productive age. ...cal, frictional (passing) and structural. In the recent textbooks there is a division of voluntary and compulsory (forced) unemployment. Unemployment ca
  3 KB (424 words) - 07:27, 18 November 2023
• Just in time
  ...e (JIT)''' is a [[production]] [[system]] that increases [[efficiency]] of a [[company]] by reducing inventory and eliminating costly and wasteful eleme ...tury and was used by companies such as 7-SEVEN where Taichi Ohno worked as a corporate vice president (K. Ficon 2001, p.&nbsp;211).
  8 KB (1,229 words) - 00:28, 18 November 2023
• Total Quality Management
  ...mproper management of the company, work organization, [[motivation]]. Only a few percent of the errors caused by employees at the [[production]] line. I ...because only the long-term use of above mentioned principles can result in a [[competitive advantage]]. The success can be reflected not only in the act
  12 KB (1,822 words) - 05:04, 18 November 2023
• Logistics
  ...h supplies. Infantry that was also a big part of his army had a slave with a horse with supplies. ...f logistic activities was the use of standardized uniforms and weapons. As a result, it lowered the costs of equipping the army and reduced the problem
  11 KB (1,596 words) - 01:02, 18 November 2023
• Supplier
  ...s receiver. Every [[producer]], distributor or [[service]]-provider may be a supplier: it works as an [[employee]] of the [[company]] or an entity that ...upplier there is a [[risk]], in case of a breakdown, leave the [[market]], a walkout. The company is then heavily dependent on this one supplier. Howeve
  3 KB (492 words) - 06:26, 18 November 2023
• Brand
  A '''brand''' is a name, term, symbol, sign, pattern, or any combination thereof, combinations It may consist of a part of the verbal (name) and nonverbal (symbol, logo).
  6 KB (843 words) - 18:29, 17 November 2023
• Customer
  '''Customer''' is a party that receives or consumes products. Several definitions narrow the me # Never argue with a customer.
  9 KB (1,279 words) - 20:34, 17 November 2023
• Motivation
  ...son to behave in a specific, goal-directed manner. Actually we can call it a psychological mechanism that contains all of actions, instincts and wishes. ...and actions of colleagues and superiors, the climate of the organization, a system of penalties and rewards)
  14 KB (2,166 words) - 02:01, 18 November 2023
• Definition of controlling
  Controlling is sometimes defined as a new management function, but it combines elements of other crucial [[manage * Searching and recognition of a distinguished road for the future development.
  7 KB (937 words) - 20:51, 17 November 2023
• Managerial controlling
  '''Managerial controlling''' is a relatively new way of conducting the performance [[evaluation]] of individu * Controlling is a management function, whose essence is the measurement and correction of the
  10 KB (1,435 words) - 23:14, 17 November 2023
• Strategic controlling
  ...ategic controlling''' is a process that involves monitoring and evaluating a company’s performance and progress towards its long-term goals. It is an ...tifying the purpose and goals of the organization and articulating them in a way that is easily understood and remembered by all employees.
  9 KB (1,197 words) - 06:09, 18 November 2023
• Personnel controlling
  * Treatment of staff as a vital business asset, * Treatment of workers as a source of [[competitiveness]] for the organization,
  7 KB (919 words) - 03:09, 18 November 2023
• Operational controlling
  ...prove [[efficiency]] and productivity within an organization. For example, a manufacturing company may use operational controlling to monitor [[producti Operational controlling involves a number of steps, including:
  10 KB (1,279 words) - 02:37, 18 November 2023
• Financial controlling
  * '''[[Planning]] and budgeting''': to ensure that an organization has a clear financial [[plan]] in place and that resources are allocated effectiv Financial controlling is a broad field that encompasses many different tasks and responsibilities, wit
  12 KB (1,688 words) - 22:26, 17 November 2023
• Controller
  '''Controller''' is a [[management]] consultant, often treated as a business partner, dealing with expert interpretation of results and relatio ...}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Management information system]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Organization of administrative and office work]]}} }}
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• Revenue center
  ...f revenues and costs of sale gives the margins, through which existence of a company is secured. Criterion for separation of a revenue centres can be: geographic region, [[product]] or product group, [[
  8 KB (1,174 words) - 04:50, 18 November 2023
• Cost center
  ...necessary use of labor, expressed in terms of wages, being associated with a useful effect. ...ept is extremely important for modern companies by providing managers with a proper definition of profitability and good [[planning]] and budgeting [[sy
  4 KB (514 words) - 20:11, 17 November 2023
• Du Pont analysis
  ...the pyramid of indicators. It allows to assess the financial situation in a synthetic way. It combines the data from the balance sheet and [[profit]] a ...they are interested on [[profit]] from capital contributed by them. It is a measure of the [[efficiency]] of capital invested in the [[enterprise]]. Th
  6 KB (997 words) - 21:28, 17 November 2023
• Database
  ...lection of different files within specific restrictions. Database works as a very functional part of reality and serves to public, institutions, compani Updating Functions - a transaction is an updating function, modifying database and changing old [[
  4 KB (576 words) - 20:43, 17 November 2023
• ASTRA analysis
  ...ify the [[behaviour]] of the [[enterprise]] as a whole under the impact of a changing [[environment]]. ...rtunities and threats. This analysis is used to develop a strategy to gain a [[competitive advantage]] and to position the company to take advantage of
  9 KB (1,296 words) - 17:06, 17 November 2023
• Strategic analysis
  ...environment and the [[organization]] and confronting these results. It is a procedure with roots in the art of war [[strategy]], while it is completely ...r overall goals and objectives, which can lead to improved performance and a more engaged [[workforce]].
  8 KB (1,152 words) - 06:07, 18 November 2023
• SWOT analysis
  ...n also be used in other areas of managerial analysis and [[consulting]] as a technique for the situational diagnosis of the [[company]]'s internal and e ...ultants working in the Harvard Business School, and described in [Learned, A., Christensen, C., Andrews, RS and Guth, D. 1965].
  21 KB (3,157 words) - 05:06, 18 November 2023
• Benchmarking - Sources of information
  ...ions used by the [[enterprise]] with the same [[industry]], functional (as a comparison of selected companies in completely different industries, non-co ...f benchmarking methods to improve [[organization]], it is necessary to use a wide range of sources and methods of gathering [[information]]. List of sou
  8 KB (1,112 words) - 18:15, 17 November 2023
• Hofer matrix
  15 squares matrix was created by Ch.W. Hofer. It is a development of the [[ADL matrix|ADL]] and [[McKinsey matrix|McKinsey]] matr Below is a sample matrix constructed according to the principles set out by Hofer. In
  8 KB (1,142 words) - 23:21, 17 November 2023
• Key success factors
  ...is based on the principle of 20-80 where about 20% of all the factors have a significant influence (80% of sample) the results of the company. ...ely analyze the business, you [[need]] to find specific factors, unique to a particular [[industry]]. In principle, it is assumed that the number of exp
  8 KB (1,266 words) - 00:31, 18 November 2023
• Business process reengineering
  ...he BPR implementation. Reengineering aims to improve the [[efficiency]] in a short time through the rapid and radical redesign of main processes in the * Step 5 - Design of a new process
  7 KB (942 words) - 18:46, 17 November 2023
• Five forces analysis
  * A large share of the [[supplier]] in the creation of producers' [[profit]] in * A large impact of the [[supplier]] in making [[profit]] for the buyer,
  3 KB (492 words) - 22:31, 17 November 2023
• ADL matrix
  '''ADL matrix''' is a portfolio analysis technique. It was created in the seventies at [[consulti ...ans that the product has a greater ability to generate a surplus if it has a stronger competitive position.
  6 KB (926 words) - 17:05, 17 November 2023
• Benchmarking
  ...long been used, hence some authors suggest that '''benchmarking''' is not a [[method]] that deserves special attention. Benchmarking is a systematic [[process]] of comparing own business with others, or comparing
  11 KB (1,521 words) - 18:15, 17 November 2023
• Competitive benchmarking
  ...e used to develop strategies to improve the company's performance and gain a competitive edge in the [[market]]. [[Benchmarking]] is a [[method]] of diagnosis, design and improvement of the various areas of the
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• Business plan
  ...rposes, goals and the ways and means to achieve them. Business [[plan]] as a set of documents and analysis is widely used in many organizations. It allo A business [[plan]] should be prepared by [[management]] or by a specialized analytical unit within [[organization]]. Managers can also use
  9 KB (1,364 words) - 18:45, 17 November 2023
• Life cycle assessment
  '''Life Cycle Assessment''' (LCA) is a technique that is used to examine the [[environmental]] aspects and potenti ...ned the analysis of the [[efficiency]] of use of raw materials and energy, a pioneer in this respect was Coca-Cola [[company]].
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• McKinsey matrix
  * company should invest in products with a strong competitive position, and withdraw from those in which its competiti ...rsection of the two dimensions determine the point, which is the centre of a circle, meaning the company position (fig. 1.).
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• Map of strategic groups
  ...observe the relationships that occur in groups and between them [A.Stabryła 2000, p. 158]. Creating a map managers should perform following steps:
  8 KB (1,144 words) - 01:24, 18 November 2023
• Goal intensity matrix
  ...press the aspirations and goals of the managers, which may be expressed in a certain time horizon. The level of ambition of managers should be adequate Most commonly there occurs a few common goals: increase profitability, gain [[market]] share. Problem of
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• Strategic scenarios method
  ...methods allow you to provide various types of phenomena that can occur in a changing [[environment]], which will help prepare them. The strategic scenarios [[method]] is a tool used to help organizations anticipate and [[plan]] for potential futur
  8 KB (1,216 words) - 06:16, 18 November 2023
• SPACE method
  ...ion]] - is one of the methods of testing the total development capacity of a [[company]]. It facilitates taking decisions in relation to the [[diversifi # Draw a coordinate [[system]] whose axles (+x, - x, +y, - y are respectively: IS, C
  10 KB (1,466 words) - 05:05, 18 November 2023
• Strategic analysis methods
  In its core business and in the [[company]]'s functional areas, managers use a variety of methods described in the literature and disseminated by scientif ...mic, methods of forecasting and [[evaluation]] of [[investment]] projects. A common characteristic of these methods is to manipulate the data that is re
  16 KB (2,174 words) - 06:08, 18 November 2023
• Financial perspective
  ...Indicators are selected due to the company's goal and they are grouped in a string of cause and effect, which should bring improved financial results. ...the company and should be subject to periodic verification. At least once a year managers should determine whether adopted [[strategy]] is right and ch
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• Threshold productivity
  This is the problem a choice between continuing and discontinuing activity in specific sectors an ...als, and [[benchmark]] performance. Here are some of the benefits of using a productivity threshold:
  7 KB (1,098 words) - 06:55, 18 November 2023
• Evaluation of sector's attractiveness
  * 5 points - average (in a good way) * It allows for a better understanding of the [[market structure]], the competitive forces an
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• Learning and development perspective
  After managers specify a basic human resources indicators, they should identify measures specific to * A good example of a learning and development goal is to ensure that all employees are proficien
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• Strategic planning
  '''Strategic [[planning]]''' is a formal [[strategic planning process]] focused on the long-term activities s * Provides a framework for the planning of the tactical and operational activities, and
  10 KB (1,385 words) - 06:14, 18 November 2023
• Technological portfolio
  ...logy]], level of [[standardization]], possibility to use [[technology]] in a variety of production fields, or the versatility of the [[technology]], tim * to develop a forecast of anticipated technological changes in the [[industry]] and relat
  8 KB (1,221 words) - 06:45, 18 November 2023
• Simulation scenarios
  ...e used in [[management]] to model and test different potential outcomes of a decision or [[action]]. This can help managers to better understand the pot Simulation scenarios can be used in a variety of management applications, including:
  9 KB (1,253 words) - 05:35, 18 November 2023
• Strategic analysis of industry
  ...or, what are the [[opportunities and threats]] for business development in a particular sector, ...tors produce better or worse growth opportunities, what sectors allows for a synergistic effect, how to shape the future portfolio of operations to redu
  2 KB (344 words) - 06:08, 18 November 2023
• Spin-off
  ...ms of capital outsourcing as a form of cooperation it can be considered as a spin-off solution. ...ween the parent company and the newly created business unit, which becomes a contractor.
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• Balanced scorecard
  ...ced scorecard assumes representation of [[strategic goals]] in the form of a set of measurable objectives necessary for the execution of the mission of ...or strategic areas of the company. [[Balanced scorecard perspectives]] are a set of metrics in four different perspectives: financial, [[customer]], int
  8 KB (1,155 words) - 18:04, 17 November 2023
• Strategic trajectory evaluation
  '''Strategic trajectory [[evaluation]]''' is a [[method]] used to evaluate the performance of an [[organization]] over tim The following are some of the key steps involved in a strategic trajectory evaluation:
  9 KB (1,297 words) - 06:17, 18 November 2023
• Internal processes perspective
  In this perspective goal and measures are derived from a [[strategy]] focused on fulfilling the expectations of shareholders and cus ...the [[customer]] which determine its financial results. However, there is a general [[value chain model]], which companies can customize to suit own [[
  8 KB (1,074 words) - 21:56, 17 November 2023
• Outsourcing - Agreement definition
  ...s of cooperation with the [[service]] provider, and they should start with a determination of the range of issues that will be included in the final con ...Outsourcing]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Binding contract]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Mercantile law]]}} }}
  3 KB (384 words) - 02:50, 18 November 2023
• Outsourcing - Transfer of service
  ...the independent implementation of a particular type of processes and take a decision about the transfer of powers in this respect, to an independent se ...n realization of processes to the service provider causes the emergence of a completely new situation for the company. Some services and primary activit
  3 KB (439 words) - 02:51, 18 November 2023
• Outsourcing - Supply analysis
  ...be made by managers. Ranking makes it easier for subsequent preparation of a list of reserve service providers when managers select the major provider o ...rking]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Preparation of project]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Best value]]}} }}
  2 KB (366 words) - 02:51, 18 November 2023
• Outsourcing - agreement dissolvement
  ...rm of the relevant provisions in the agreement. Managers must also provide a detailed description of the proceedings during the finishing of the coopera ...loss for the company, such as the [[cost]] of finding and transitioning to a new [[supplier]], or the cost of completing unfinished [[work]].
  8 KB (1,141 words) - 02:51, 18 November 2023
• Outsourcing - change of agreement
  ...ract should be taken into account during the preparation of agreement with a specialized outsourcing [[service]] provider. This is due primarily to the ...requirements of the [[company]], using its resources (e.g., in the form of a lease), and [[knowledge]] of the operation of the existing partner.
  3 KB (413 words) - 02:51, 18 November 2023
• Outsourcing - Supplier selection
  ...choice of [[service]] providers from entities whose skills on the basis of a [[Procurement procedures|preliminary assessment]] correspond to the greates ...to [[Service delivery architecture|Service Delivery Architecture]] (SDA). A significant role have also existing solutions used by provider (i.e. comput
  3 KB (413 words) - 02:51, 18 November 2023
• Service Level Agreement
  ...or [[quality]] assurance services (SLA) should be developed in the form of a separate document annexed to the agreement.
  8 KB (1,169 words) - 05:24, 18 November 2023
• Due diligence
  ...al, legal and fiscal health in a multi-faceted way. Its purpose is to make a detailed assessment of the current situation of the company and to identify ...e '''M&A process''' because it aims at objectively and neutrally assessing a company. In the Anglo-Saxon [[system]], its priority is to analyze the fina
  10 KB (1,477 words) - 21:29, 17 November 2023
• Outsourcing
  '''Outsourcing''' can be defined as delegating implementation of a specific process (giving ownership of the process) to the service provider ...usting decision-making powers to the implementation of outsourced tasks is a condition of outsourcing, which was also underlined in the definition propo
  14 KB (1,961 words) - 02:50, 18 November 2023
• Outsourcing of marketing
  A fresh look from the outside can help companies in overcoming temporary obst ...e implementation of the marketing [[project]] is to give it outside, where a group of people, experts in their field focus on its implementation.
  2 KB (362 words) - 02:52, 18 November 2023
• Strategic outsourcing
  ...ry distinguishing features of this type of outsourcing are associated with a [[company]] approach to objectives and benefits of [[outsourcing]]. Main as ...can help to reduce costs, increase efficiency, and improve the quality of a company’s technology services.
  7 KB (1,016 words) - 06:14, 18 November 2023
• Tactical outsourcing
  ...ment]]. As the authors point out tactical [[outsourcing]] is often used as a tool for the restructuring of the company. Main objectives of tactical [[ou * additional funds obtained as a result of sale of resources used so far to carry out the outsourced service
  8 KB (1,104 words) - 06:35, 18 November 2023
• Transformational outsourcing
  ...on and J.C. Linder. Such form of cooperation is used to achieve results in a short time, and enables incremental, sustainable and significant improvemen '''Table 1. A comparison of the main features of [[tactical outsourcing]] and transformat
  10 KB (1,370 words) - 07:08, 18 November 2023
• Subcontractor
  There are a number of reasons for hiring subcontractors. They relate to the complexity * Create a [[project]] schedule
  3 KB (345 words) - 06:21, 18 November 2023
• Relations between supplier and customer
  | Cooperation (often as a result of the spin off) based on the joint [[investment]] | Selection of a service provider who will use specialized resources and skills to improve t
  5 KB (771 words) - 04:37, 18 November 2023
• Outsourcing agreement
  ...to this considerable attention. An example would be the characteristics of a [[outsourcing]] contract presented by Ch. Gay i J. Essinger [2002]. ...ract]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Limitation of liability]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Outsourcing]]}} }}
  4 KB (482 words) - 02:51, 18 November 2023
• Request For Proposal
  ...area. From the point of view of the [[customer]], proposals are treated as a manifestation of the commitment on the part of service providers. It is imp A request for proposal typically contains the following [[information]]:
  4 KB (572 words) - 04:41, 18 November 2023
• Request For Information
  ...e document in which reliable fulfillment does not require a decision about a large amount of time, does not generate costs and does not require coming u ...nd expectations as well as the requirements contained in the tender brief. A long-list of agencies is invited to this stage, which are requested to fill
  9 KB (1,304 words) - 04:41, 18 November 2023
• Service delivery architecture
  ...regards to media communications, it can apply to any framework that gives a help (for example [[Internet]] Service, Internet Protocol TV)<ref>Toy M. 20 ...influence for a lucid vision and results on [[E-Government|e-government]] A design for administration conveyance fills different [[needs]]<ref>Oecd 201
  10 KB (1,376 words) - 05:24, 18 November 2023
• Algorithm
  ...o the output<ref>[1] A. Jędryczkowski, Algorytmy, Prezentacja, 2005</ref> (A. Jędryczkowski, 2005, p. 2) ...derstanding the problem, making assumptions, design of steps, constructing a flowchart or tree, programming, testing. Algorithms are part of larger fiel
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• Impact of information on decision-making
  ...ns. Choosing appropriate criteria for the selection of [[options]] (making a decision) is one of the fundamental problems of decision theory. One of the The decision making process can be described as a process of transformation of information. Therefore, when considering the d
  11 KB (1,636 words) - 23:32, 17 November 2023
• Sensitivity analysis
  # allows to reach optimal solutions in the case of a decision repeated in slightly modified conditions. ...he decision-making context has been correctly recognized? If there was set a proper goal? If they have considered all variants? If in the light of the e
  3 KB (431 words) - 05:23, 18 November 2023
• Operational decision
  ...ning two include '''strategic''' decisions and '''tactical ones''' (Aurum, A., 2005, p. 8). Operational decision-making refers to [[production process]] ...types have been differentiated based on the nature of the problem (Aurum, A., 2005, p. 4):
  9 KB (1,271 words) - 02:37, 18 November 2023
• Strategic decision
  ...arge amount of resources, and what is very important - are associated with a lot of [[risk]].<ref>Schroeder J., ''Badania marketingowe rynków zagranicz ...increase market share and/or reduce costs, while at the same time offering a greater [[range of products]] and services.
  8 KB (1,129 words) - 06:09, 18 November 2023
• Tactical decision
  Tactical decisions are short-term, specific actions that a company takes to achieve its [[strategic goals]]. Some examples of tactical * [[Product]] Development: Deciding on the features and design of a new product, or how to improve an existing one.
  7 KB (993 words) - 06:35, 18 November 2023
• Decision tree
  ...s a lot of uses. It can help in solving the decision problem, and creating a [[plan]]. Decision trees are useful in problems with many decision variants ...the subsets is further divided; at the end of the analysis each object is a separate class.
  8 KB (1,194 words) - 20:48, 17 November 2023
• Maximin criterion
  ...ch in decision-making (assumes the least favorable situation during taking a decision). ...k]] involved. The criterion is based on the idea that it is better to make a decision that minimizes the [[maximum potential]] loss, rather than maximiz
  6 KB (954 words) - 01:40, 18 November 2023
• Minimax criterion
  ...the expected loss associated with making worse than optimal decision, for a given state of nature. In the decision-making [[process]] such [[strategy]] ...of grief). Loss is defined as the difference between the greatest win, for a particular state of nature, and winning that corresponds to the predicted r
  6 KB (858 words) - 01:51, 18 November 2023
• Decision making models
  ...an be divided into private (taken by individuals) and commercial (taken by a person or executive [[board]] in charge of [[enterprise]] policy) (F. Benha ...decisions taken by the manager is called "management [[economics]]". It is a branch of economics very poorly known in Poland and very developed in the U
  2 KB (358 words) - 20:47, 17 November 2023
• Decision process models
  ...ions tend to self gratification, to choose the first [[option]] that meets a minimum [[standard]] of the expected sufficiency. * tend settle for a first acceptable solution,
  8 KB (1,234 words) - 20:48, 17 November 2023
• Decision making
  ...he decision maker will knowingly make a non-random choice of one act, from a set of possible variants of solutions to the problem (these variants, of co Each of these steps requires to meet specific [[information]] [[needs]], and a continuous flow of appropriate [[information]] is possible only with smooth
  11 KB (1,548 words) - 20:47, 17 November 2023
• Linear programming
  ...maximum extent. If those resources can be described quantitatively we use a mathematical model. The disadvantage of linear programming is that not ever ...pply linear programming in the decision-making process, one should develop a mathematical model that will contain:
  7 KB (1,092 words) - 00:57, 18 November 2023
• Artificial intelligence
  ...to define AI are difficult. As difficult as defining intelligence of man - a rational being. Consequently, over several years, some sample definitions a ...arthy, author of the term "Artificial Intelligence", formulated in 1955 at a conference in Dartmouth, 1955</ref>
  7 KB (977 words) - 17:48, 17 November 2023
• Game theory
  ...ix (i.e. results) depending on what [[strategy]] players choose. There are a zero-sum games (when one person wins the second has to lose) and non-zero s Prisoner's dilemma is one of the most popular games, it presents a situation where two persons accused of common crime are heard separately, e
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• Conditions of decision-making
  ...eral conditions]]: certainty, [[risk]] and uncertainty. Manager, preparing a decision, must take into account: type of decision and specific conditions A condition under which taking a decision involves reasonable degree of certainty about its result, what are
  9 KB (1,362 words) - 19:44, 17 November 2023
• Decision table
  ...at actions should be taken. Decision table is a specific way of describing a set of related decision rules. * They provide a clear and concise way to represent decision rules and conditions.
  5 KB (792 words) - 20:48, 17 November 2023
• Groupthink
  Such a phenomenon can lead to a situation where such decision is taken, which is not in the [[interest]] of ...tion. Shortly after the start on the 28.01.1986 space shuttle exploded. As a result of groupthink 7 people of shuttle crew died.
  6 KB (871 words) - 23:13, 17 November 2023
• Technical progress
  It also causes or forces a lot of other great changes in the structure of the [[cost]] of production, ...ndividual companies, industries, sectors, and thus the national economy as a whole. Technical progress gives best results in terms of the free [[market]
  3 KB (446 words) - 06:44, 18 November 2023
• Standard productivity
  ...h analyze effects of specific types of activities in the company. However, a prerequisite for its calculations is to find the share of each activity in ...al costing]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Capacity analysis]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Value added statement]]}} }}
  2 KB (347 words) - 05:58, 18 November 2023
• Structural productivity
  '''Structural productivity''' is a relation of final result of particular activity to the [[cost]] of performi The structural productivity index (SPI) is a measure of the productivity of an economy that takes into account the struc
  8 KB (1,262 words) - 06:19, 18 November 2023
• Quality strategy
  ...fective way to beat [[competition]]. quality and [[cost]] competition play a key role in determining the place of the company's products on the European ...pment of an appropriate quality strategy does require to take into account a number of factors:
  11 KB (1,542 words) - 04:24, 18 November 2023
• Socialism
  ...ons and told for reforms and political parties advocating the [[need]] for a revolution (Russia). ...s of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Socialism arose in these countries as a result of the anti-colonial struggle and not the class struggle.
  4 KB (580 words) - 05:45, 18 November 2023
• Process
  ...ocess''' is a sequence of activities. Organizational (business) process is a sequence of activities which convert inputs into outputs. Interpretation: ...the structural approach. These approaches are complementary, allowing for a more complete description of the organization.
  6 KB (818 words) - 03:35, 18 November 2023
• Globalization
  ...a universal idea which is characterized by intensity and incidence. It is a process which cannot be stopped. * opportunity to purchase a variety of goods
  3 KB (426 words) - 23:00, 17 November 2023
• Strategy and information technology
  ...s it helps organizations to improve their operational [[efficiency]], gain a competitive edge, and make better decisions. IT systems provide access to r * Allows for a significant reduction in [[employment]] in the manufacturing and administra
  3 KB (382 words) - 06:17, 18 November 2023
• Conditions of strategy implementation
  ...itions in the implementation of the strategy:<ref>Mišankováa M., & Kočišováa K. (2013)</ref> ...at it is their own strategy rather than the strategy imposed on them. Such a feeling creates commitment so essential for making strategy successful.
  14 KB (2,159 words) - 19:45, 17 November 2023
• Functional strategy
  '''Functional strategies''' in strategic [[management]] are usually a part of overall corporate [[strategy]] prepared for various functional area ...business units]] or sector of [[industry]] and at a functional level. Such a multi-level [[strategic management]] approach makes the concept of strategi
  14 KB (1,939 words) - 20:36, 17 November 2023
• Specialization strategy
  ...egy]]''' are: achieving highest level of skills in the field and providing a [[competitive advantage]]. Specialization may have a different form and selecting the right one, depends on the [[competitive po
  7 KB (991 words) - 05:52, 18 November 2023
• Development strategy
  ...planning]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Mission and vision]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Implementation of strategy]]}} }}
  3 KB (379 words) - 21:07, 17 November 2023
• Imitator strategy
  ...tegy) is based on the acceptance of a small market share, often limited to a few market segments. Companies that use this strategy do not use intensive ...nt]], as well as with regard to promotion, allows the imitator to maintain a steady market share. Sometimes lower prices may encourage people to buy, an
  7 KB (1,077 words) - 23:32, 17 November 2023
• Information strategy
  ...n helping the daily operative business, some companies, however, see it as a key factor of success and one of the basic elements of the [[strategy]]. Th ...e of [[information]] systems in enterprises, makes it difficult to imagine a successful company without functioning IT [[system]], and in particular wit
  9 KB (1,224 words) - 23:54, 17 November 2023
• Strategy
  '''Strategy''' is a program of general activities aimed at exploiting the [[production]] potent * defines the mission of the organization (a specific reason for its existence, distinguishing it from others)
  10 KB (1,471 words) - 06:17, 18 November 2023
• Strategy variants
  ...f business. It deals with the activities undertaken by the organization as a whole, and seeks to define the role it plays and roles of particular busine ...o produce a specific type of [[product]] or [[service]] and treats them as a single unit.
  11 KB (1,474 words) - 06:18, 18 November 2023
• Ansoff strategy model
  Ansoff matrix is a tool to choose directions of intensive development of the [[company]]. Firs * better adaptation of a product to different market segments,
  10 KB (1,410 words) - 17:43, 17 November 2023
• Methodology for strategy definition
  ...many methodologies for defining and implementing management strategies is a program of global activity (PGA), whose most important elements will be dis ...ividual manager or by group of managers. After ranking managers can create a goal tree, in which they divide main goal on several specific purposes and
  8 KB (1,076 words) - 01:49, 18 November 2023
• Vertical integration
  ...ct phases of the [[production]], sale, distribution, or other processes in a single [[enterprise]]. [[Company]] uses internal and administrative transac ...rgaining power can reduce supply cost and make processes more efficient as a result of reducing unnecessary processes when dealing with customers or sup
  4 KB (631 words) - 07:43, 18 November 2023
• Implementation of strategy
  ...is possible that any significant [[action]] and decision is carried out in a manner strictly corresponding to the [[strategy]]. # Design of organization capable of successful implementation of a [[strategy]]
  5 KB (621 words) - 23:34, 17 November 2023
• Need
  * '''Emotional Needs''': Humans need to feel a [[sense of belonging]], love, and acceptance.
  7 KB (997 words) - 02:09, 18 November 2023
• Stock-taking
  ...tency of data resulting from the records into conformity with the facts on a specific date, * '''systematic''' - it is repeated periodically or constantly in a continuous [[system]],
  3 KB (424 words) - 06:04, 18 November 2023
• Organizational culture
  ...: the first group includes the need for professional development, which is a source of personal development, and the second is: fair remuneration, super ...tion is the building blocks of the desired organizational behaviour, plays a large role in the organization and has the following functions:
  11 KB (1,467 words) - 02:44, 18 November 2023
• Effects of tourism development
  [[Tourism]] plays a significant part in the economic life because is one of the fastest growing Tourism, being a social phenomenon, carries both positive and negative consequences for the
  3 KB (408 words) - 21:43, 17 November 2023
• Strategic management
  '''Strategic [[management]]''' is both a field of [[knowledge]] and specific practical activities. This includes gen * Includes a comprehensive range of business [[organization]] that is, all components ar
  10 KB (1,374 words) - 06:12, 18 November 2023
• Urban tourism
  ...trips although it becomes more and more popular phenomenon since 50's. As a subject of research urban tourism didn't exist before 80's and till 90's wa * selectivity - tourists usually use only a very small portion of all that city has to offer,
  11 KB (1,613 words) - 07:33, 18 November 2023
• PEST analysis
  Macro [[environment]] has a significant effect on business entities’ activities, but most importantly * '''Political''' - first step of a PEST analysis is a study of political factors which could create plenty of [[Examples of oppor
  10 KB (1,403 words) - 02:54, 18 November 2023
• Segment of the market
  ...nt''' is a group of people (customers) who are reacting in the same way to a set of [[marketing]] activities. Marketer has to choose which segment is th ...ing variables to set a segment. Next step is about constructing profile of a potential [[customer]] in segments and sub-segments and at the end implemen
  7 KB (981 words) - 05:18, 18 November 2023
• Marketing
  ...ng to ''American Marketing Association'' is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to custo ...ating, and delivering value to satisfy the [[needs]] of a target market at a [[profit]]. Marketing identifies unfulfilled [[needs]] and desires. It defi
  11 KB (1,523 words) - 01:33, 18 November 2023
• Theory of management
  '''Management''' is a multi-disciplinary area of study. It encompasses all of the activities aime ...learly indicates its utility, manipulative character in the sense of which a man uses his hands when performing various tasks. Managing involves all act
  12 KB (1,687 words) - 06:52, 18 November 2023
• Quality cost
  ...effectiveness of [[quality management system]] in the [[company]]. Lack of a sufficient [[level of quality]] can cause very high, up to 30% losses in th ...ion of assessment costs and costs of defects. This led to the formation of a PAF model - Prevention, Assessment and Failures. The PAF model presented pr
  13 KB (1,865 words) - 04:15, 18 November 2023
• Types of organisation
  ==Organisation as a system== ...and to a whole, based on the fact that all parts acts to achieve goals of a whole,
  10 KB (1,383 words) - 07:18, 18 November 2023
• Price
  ...a certain value from which he must give up in exchange for the purchase of a good or service. For the seller, the price is the source of income. ...should cover all socially necessary [[production]] costs, should be set at a level that ensures full disposition of the [[consumer]] goods produced, pre
  9 KB (1,494 words) - 03:24, 18 November 2023
• Work
  ...d adapting them to meet [[needs]] of people. Work usually is performed for a payment. It can be consider in two ways: qualitative and quantitative. Also work is defined as a whole of actions and functions performed by specific [[employee]] or employ
  4 KB (561 words) - 07:52, 18 November 2023
• Conglomerate
  ...for various industries and providing all sorts of services resulting from a [[merger]] or acquisition, and aimed at achieving higher profitability, [[p ...s, and often completely different production profiles. The conglomerate is a way to [[monopoly]] production or provision of services, because under one
  3 KB (359 words) - 19:47, 17 November 2023
• Cartel
  * '''Vertical''' cartel is a type of agreement about reselling in certain amount and setting resale pric * OPEC ([[Organization]] of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) - a cartel of the world's major oil-producing countries founded in 1960. It is
  6 KB (895 words) - 19:01, 17 November 2023
• ISO 9001
  The '''ISO 9001''' is a [[standard]] describing [[quality management system]]. It was first issued ...ation for [[Standardization]], which publishes international standards. As a rule, all standards are voluntary, however enterprises implement them to ea
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• Quality management principles
  ...[[Iso 9000|ISO 9000]] standards since 2000 amendment. These principles are a link between [[ISO 9001]] and [[Total Quality Management]]. Top [[managemen ...planned, implemented and should be rewarded<ref>Kotler Ph., [[Marketing]] A to Z, 2004, p. 124</ref>
  12 KB (1,672 words) - 04:19, 18 November 2023
• Risk
  '''Risk''' - is defined as a potential loss of value. It is also a possibility that an investor will gain or loss of [[money]] invested in unp ...[[investment]]. In the final result a high [[standard]] deviation implies a high [[level of risk]].
  3 KB (453 words) - 04:52, 18 November 2023
• Standardization
  The '''standardization''' is a result of activities which are leading to obtain an optimum degree of the o ...ese standards are useful to mass [[production]] at lower [[cost]] and give a wider opportunity to improve commercial orders.
  3 KB (347 words) - 05:58, 18 November 2023
• Dividend
  ...ividend Yield''' is used to calculate expected return rate on dividends as a part of the market [[price]] of shares, usually dividend yield is about 1-3 * '''Dividend Pay-out Ratio''' is a financial indicator comparing [[company]]'s dividend payments to made [[pro
  3 KB (450 words) - 21:24, 17 November 2023
• Microeconomics
  ...activity, as opposed to the macroeconomics, which looks at the economy as a whole. The following are some of the main topics that are covered by microe ...consumption]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[STEEPLE analysis]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Market mechanisms]]}} }}
  3 KB (455 words) - 01:50, 18 November 2023
• Brainstorming
  ...blems coming from people who were not directly connected to the field make a very good base for unconventional solutions. ...s previously reported. The condition of the effectiveness of the method is a good [[organization]] of creative thinking. It is recommended to create two
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• Joint venture
  ...venture''' is a settlement made by two parties usually between a local and a foreign [[company]], to combine their different strengths to compete more s ...is just a very close collaboration between two companies while working on a certain [[project]].
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• Planning
  '''Planning''' is a [[process]] of setting aims and adequate actions in order to reach the aim. * Midterm (few months - one year) - a statement, what [[needs]] to be done to accomplish the long term plan
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• Franchising
  ...organize many outlets in different areas. These facilities are operated by a third party for its own account and in his own [[interest]]. They use [[com ...a license to operate an individually owned business as if it were part of a chain of outlets or stores. The most popular franchises are: McDonald's, H&
  10 KB (1,424 words) - 22:42, 17 November 2023
• Corporate culture
  * '''The culture of power''' - it's based on the individual leader (or a group of leaders), who has an impact on whole [[organization]]. Decisions a ...re is designed to meet the [[needs]] of the [[employee]]. They are usually a group of lawyers, accountants, architects - skliied professions.
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• Oligopoly
  ...le as they were in a [[market]] with perfect [[competition]]. Oligopoly is a [[market]] structure in which: * a small number of firms compete
  6 KB (981 words) - 02:31, 18 November 2023
• Cultural tourism
  ...of [[interest]] to learn about a region’s past. A good example of this is a visit to the Great Wall of China, which is one of the oldest and largest hi ...experience the flavors of a particular region. A great example of this is a visit to the Napa Valley in California which is renowned for its wines and
  9 KB (1,378 words) - 20:30, 17 November 2023
• Business tourism
  ...meetings, conferences, trade shows, and other events. Business tourism is a significant contributor to the global economy, and is often organized by tr ...ays business tourism is one of the fastest growing form of tourism and has a significant role on global [[market]].
  12 KB (1,630 words) - 16:22, 17 November 2023
• Money
  # Money as '''a medium of exchange''' - primary function of money recognizing medium of exc # Money as '''a measure of value''' - a measure of value is a single [[standard]] or "''yardstick''" used to assign values to and compare
  8 KB (1,225 words) - 01:57, 18 November 2023
• Consumer
  ...''' in a very simple meaning is a person who buys things or uses services. A consumer is the final user of products or services. The consumer's use is f ...the person who has the stuff to use, consume or use is not treating it as a good fit to continue trading and good having to serve him or her economy.
  3 KB (401 words) - 17:33, 17 November 2023
• Museum
  ...f them are made to witness the development of sciences and [[technology]]. A museum is an institution where compilations of pieces of art and collection ...ditionally, the visitors were supervised when admiring exhibits. Museum as a public institution was established in 1753 with the opening of the British
  4 KB (630 words) - 02:05, 18 November 2023
• Demand
  The demand creates a collection of goods and services, which are consumed at specified prices. The demand curve is a graph illustrating negative relationship between the [[price]] of the good
  8 KB (1,242 words) - 20:54, 17 November 2023
• Motivation system
  '''[[Motivation]] [[system]]''' is a term that describes one of the [[management]] instruments. It consists of p ...ocesses of undertaking decisions, [[planning]] and [[controlling]] (Stabryła 1996).
  9 KB (1,370 words) - 02:02, 18 November 2023
• Internet
  Internet is a global, worldwide computer network, often proclaimed as "network of the net ...he existing definitions is 100% correct and can be referred to Internet as a whole. Currently the Internet works under an agreement of variety of compan
  3 KB (514 words) - 00:15, 18 November 2023
• Human capital
  '''Human Capital''' is accumulated by a person stock of [[employee]]'s skills, [[knowledge]], attributes, abilities ..., books, courses. The second one is opportunity cost that is earnings that a person could get in time spend for education.
  2 KB (355 words) - 23:26, 17 November 2023
• Market
  The concept of '''market''' has been known since the beginning of a transformation from subsistence economy to goods economy. Gradually the exc ...nowadays, when "the world moved forward ", transactions can take place at a distance, via letter, telephone, telegraph, or computer [[system]] without
  2 KB (359 words) - 01:26, 18 November 2023
• Holding
  Holding is a formal institution, i.e. that the holding company and the subsidiaries are ...ving, by one of the companies (often referred to as "parent" or "mother"), a substantial part of the assets of another company or companies (hereinafter
  5 KB (709 words) - 23:22, 17 November 2023
• Auction
  ...iew of the object. Auctions are organized as public tender. The seller has a chance to get the best [[price]]. Auctions take place when there are many p ...d actions. There are also emergency auctions, which are held when there is a [[need]]. This kind of auctions can be organized by the producers, other tr
  6 KB (1,024 words) - 17:55, 17 November 2023
• Renewable resources
  ...ey do not wear out during their usage and their exploitation does not pose a threat of their lack for the future generations. Another definition states, Renewable resources started to be of a major focus in the 90’ies due to new international commitments, establish
  3 KB (415 words) - 04:40, 18 November 2023
• Service
  Frequently a '''service''' has been described as an act, a progress and a performance. More widely definition can described it as economic activities * Service as core [[product]] - the profitable outputs of a service [[organization]].
  3 KB (378 words) - 05:24, 18 November 2023
• Displacement of employees
  ...result of individual development of the [[employee]], or the next step on a [[career]] path. Purpose of position changes can be: the acquisition of new * external - release, resignation, transfer to a separate [[organization]] ([[outsourcing]])
  6 KB (936 words) - 21:19, 17 November 2023
• Walter A. Shewhart
  [[Image:Shewhart.gif|right|frame|Walter A. Shewhart]] ...ievement was inventing the [[control chart]], which was ''a formulation of a scientific basis for securing economic control''.
  8 KB (1,225 words) - 05:48, 18 November 2023
• Deming prize
  ...Award, European Quality Award). Prestigious Deming's award is regarded as a symbol of the Japanese concern for [[quality]]. * a [[method]] of collecting and providing organisational units with [[informat
  8 KB (1,155 words) - 18:42, 17 November 2023
• Call center
  ...l [[information]] about the [[product]] and services. Experts believe that a modern call center should use the CRM [[system]]. The main procedures for t ...eceiving a message and passing it on, caller's problem recognition, ending a conversation,
  3 KB (388 words) - 16:27, 17 November 2023
• Bonds in finance
  ...or a [[company]] to finance expenditure or [[investment]], redeemed after a fixed period. ...ing bonds (usually underwritten by an investment bank) than to borrow from a commercial bank.
  11 KB (1,654 words) - 18:25, 17 November 2023
• Overproduction
  ...[customer|internal customer]] concept it treats each next [[workplace]] as a customer of earlier one. In that approach more overproduction is revealed. ...to the demand. This can lead to high [[inventory costs]], lost sales, and a decrease in profits.
  8 KB (1,156 words) - 02:53, 18 November 2023
• Communication in management
  ...ion that takes place when a message is sent. It is a [[process]] of making a connection between units, groups or institutions. Its aim is to exchange th ...fective communication]] is possible only when the message is understood by a receiver.
  5 KB (744 words) - 19:31, 17 November 2023
• Tax
  ..., which is named as "taxpayer", by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law. ...ender, public [[work]]s, social engineering and [[government]] activities. A part of taxes are also used to pay off the state’s debt, as well as the [
  3 KB (429 words) - 06:39, 18 November 2023
• Insurance
  ...ntity to another on the way of payment exchange. It can also be defined as a form of [[risk]] [[management]] used to [[Hedge fund|hedge]] against the [[ A [[company]] selling the insurance is called as an insurance carrier, or an
  3 KB (386 words) - 00:01, 18 November 2023
• Competitiveness
  ...[market]]-driven factors) in its [[development strategy]] has a chance for a successful entering the [[market]]. The situation in which an enterprise tr ...eness. He was trying to establish conditions in which an enterprise can be a successful [[competitor]] and how to empower its influence on the [[market]
  3 KB (419 words) - 19:38, 17 November 2023
• Vertical diversification strategy
  ...ategy]]''' is one of the business development [[options]]. Managers choose a new [[market]] in which the [[company]] wishes to go with the new [[product ...factured by the company. Results of actions can be measured by relation of a prior [[business results]] to planned goals. In addition to vertical divers
  7 KB (1,039 words) - 07:42, 18 November 2023
• Criteria of market strategy evaluation
  Criteria for the [[evaluation]] of the [[marketing strategy]] is a set of factors, parameters, characteristics, properties on the basis of whi ...is not looking for the [[product]] as such, but a product that can provide a solution to the problem." The most important role of strategic marketing is
  9 KB (1,283 words) - 20:26, 17 November 2023
• Price strategy to eliminate competitors
  This [[strategy]] involves the fixing of prices at a low level to destroy the [[competition]]. Prices are usually below the leve ...pany]]. Only after the elimination of competition, prices can be raised to a level ensuring the [[profit]].
  7 KB (1,093 words) - 03:27, 18 November 2023
• Prestigious price strategy
  ...life cycle|product life cycle]] it is constantly perceived by customers as a [[product]] of high [[quality]] and luxury. The high [[price]] is an import ...of caused the drop in their sales. In such cases, the increase in sales as a result of lower prices do not usually balances loss of sales in [[client]]
  4 KB (604 words) - 03:24, 18 November 2023
• Differentiation strategy
  '''Differentiation strategy''' is a collection of cognitive and emotional features, different people with diffe ...rs. The company strives to be unique (or convince buyers of uniqueness) in a given [[industry]]. It meets the [[needs]] of the recipients, those who pre
  2 KB (325 words) - 21:10, 17 November 2023
• Diversification strategy
  ...already on the [[market]], or which is to be expected in the future. Such a [[strategy]] is particularly reasonable if the existing [[system]] does not ...eduction: By diversifying into different products, markets, or industries, a company can reduce its overall risk as the performance of one area can offs
  6 KB (785 words) - 21:24, 17 November 2023
• Procedure for creating marketing strategy
  '''[[Marketing strategy]]''' is a set of medium-and long-term policies, which create [[market]]-based operati ...is level is formulating the impact on buyers. Main techniques of impact is a combination of two instruments: [[quality]] and [[price]].
  3 KB (360 words) - 03:35, 18 November 2023
• Preventive pricing strategy
  ...'' is a pricing strategy that is used to prevent competitors from entering a market or to discourage existing competitors from expanding their market sh * Price leadership: Setting prices high in order to establish a market leader position and to discourage new competitors from entering the
  8 KB (1,232 words) - 03:24, 18 November 2023
• Horizontal diversification strategy
  Horizontal [[diversification]] involves the extension of a [[production]] of products or [[service]] above and beyond the [[industry]] ...fication Strategy|diversification strategy]] allows the company to achieve a number of advantages, among which following can be distinguished:
  8 KB (1,105 words) - 23:24, 17 November 2023
• Lateral diversification strategy
  .... It requires the effort associated with the [[process]] of manufacture of a new [[product]] ([[planning]], purchase of [[technology]], acquisition of m ...e side activities of the company. It is also linked to the introduction of a new product (s) not related to the current range of [[market]] and existing
  9 KB (1,268 words) - 00:41, 18 November 2023
• Expansionary prices strategy
  ...s [[strategy]] [[price]] are set at a very low level in order to establish a massive [[market]] share, sometimes at the expense of other competitors. ...ith a high [[price]] elasticity of [[demand]], so that low prices leads to a substantial increase in sales volume. This [[strategy]] is used by many cou
  4 KB (535 words) - 22:10, 17 November 2023
• Maturity phase strategy
  This phase is followed by a decline in sales growth, which is associated with the saturation on the [[m The [[product]] maturity phase is a stage in the [[product life cycle]] where sales growth begins to slow down
  3 KB (344 words) - 01:40, 18 November 2023
• Decline phase strategy
  ...ion]], distribution and sale activities. They also use seasonal sales with a significant decrease in prices. There are several strategies that companies can use to extend the life of a product in the decline phase:
  3 KB (400 words) - 20:49, 17 November 2023
• Market placing phase strategy
  ...earch and development definition|research and development]] and to promote a new product. In this phase, the [[risk]] of failure is very high, due to th ...ket can be a risky venture, as there are several potential challenges that a [[company]] may face. Some of the main risks include:
  4 KB (590 words) - 01:31, 18 November 2023
• Growth phase strategy
  ...product will is welcomed by the customers. This phase is characterized by a high capital expenditure, although relatively smaller than in the developme To increase product sales during the growth phase, companies can employ a variety of strategies such as:
  3 KB (375 words) - 23:13, 17 November 2023
• Market niche strategy
  ...have clearly defined [[needs]] and are ready to pay a higher [[price]] for a specific [[product]] ([[service]]) or its [[quality]] to satisfy them. ...herefore, the company is focused either on the geographic [[market]] or on a specific group of buyers (usually not too large) and at the same time at th
  8 KB (1,126 words) - 01:30, 18 November 2023
• Penetration strategy
  ...increase in the sales volume after [[price]] drop. A high sales volume and a large [[market]] share leads to lower costs. The use of [[economies of scal ...nd distribution capacity, which are used to satisfy high [[demand]] caused a successful implementation of this [[strategy]].
  4 KB (618 words) - 03:01, 18 November 2023
• Marketing planning rules
  ...deciding how these objectives will be achieved and established and setting a detailed timetable and costs of the resources necessary for the implementat ...ess should start with some idea about what managers want to achieve within a specified time in the category of sales, [[market]] share, profitability, c
  3 KB (461 words) - 01:35, 18 November 2023
• Implementation and control of marketing plan
  ...ectives]] adopted by the [[company]]. A special role in this process plays a function of [[organizing]] and directing people. It involves preparing comp ...[[marketing]] resources of the company. Selection of the [[strategy]] has a significant impact on the subsequent functioning of the company, because it
  11 KB (1,650 words) - 23:33, 17 November 2023
• International trade strategy
  ...company]] has to deal with other economic, social [[environment]] and with a different infrastructure. * opening a branch abroad,
  3 KB (346 words) - 00:14, 18 November 2023
• International marketing mix strategy
  ...''' or '''multinational strategy''' - for each country [[company]] applies a separate [[marketing strategy]] adapted to specific [[needs]] and preferenc ...e pricing policy at home and abroad. In this case, the company carries out a '''global [[pricing strategy]]''', when the processes of [[internationaliza
  11 KB (1,465 words) - 00:13, 18 November 2023
• Pricing strategy
  ...ositioning in the [[market]] involves selection of consumers, to establish a [[market]] area that is the target to which it is addressed, as well as the ...decisions on issues related to prices on a given [[market]], organized in a logical whole, within which the [[management]] takes into account the decis
  9 KB (1,332 words) - 03:28, 18 November 2023
• Skimming pricing strategy
  ...cts or most wanted versions of all available products. These products have a relative [[competitive advantage]], because the [[demand]], at least in the ...raise them. By applying the strategies companies can bring down prices in a situation of [[competition]]. [[Strategy]] of cream collection is also very
  7 KB (1,034 words) - 05:37, 18 November 2023
• Sales and profit growth strategy
  ...he volume of sales and [[market]] coverage, and at the same time achieving a certain amount of [[profit]] in the short or long time. They can be general ...s seek to cut costs, as well as use of low [[profit]] margins, by offering a wide [[range of products]] to consumers who prefer lower prices. Through th
  7 KB (1,134 words) - 05:07, 18 November 2023
• General and target market strategy
  ...sists of buyers with essentially similar [[needs]] and sellers who provide a variety of ways to meet them. ...r requirements as needed. [[Market]] is a relatively homogeneous whole. As a result, the enterprises applying this type of [[strategy]], offer their con
  3 KB (510 words) - 22:55, 17 November 2023
• Cost leadership strategy
  '''[[Cost]] leadership strategy''' involves achieving a cost advantage relative to competitors and attract clients by lower prices ...mpany will make a [[profit]] even if the competitors lost profitability as a result of [[competition]],
  5 KB (765 words) - 20:12, 17 November 2023
• Product strategy
  ...gement]] of [[innovation]] in products and services. They provide not only a maximum of benefits but also minimizing costs and risks. [[Product]] [[stra ...osition]] of [[company]], and that will enable survival and development in a changing [[environment]].
  3 KB (405 words) - 03:43, 18 November 2023
• Strategic management system
  ...egic management]] in the company, managers have to identify basic areas of a [[strategic management]]. Based on this, managers acquire [[knowledge]] of * activities involving adding new business units to a portfolio of activities,
  10 KB (1,271 words) - 06:13, 18 November 2023
• Strategic IT System
  This system is called a strategic [[information]] system - SIS. Its task is the acquisition, proces ...rmation resources]] and means of obtaining them, while in others it can be a very extensive, integrated, independent, computerized [[database]] system.
  4 KB (517 words) - 06:07, 18 November 2023
• Specialty tourism
  * Personal qualifications, which must be possessed by a tourist, ...distinguish cycling on-road and off-road. This kind of tourism may include a high-performance touring as well and competitive forms of activities. In te
  8 KB (1,222 words) - 05:53, 18 November 2023
• Structure of enterprise planning system
  ...and mission) through its [[strategy]], ending with operational planning (L.A. Toledo, 2011, pp. 172-186). It is important to closely integrate the var ...beneficial means, objectives, tasks and means (D.F. Neis, M.F. Pereira, E.A. Maccar, 2017, pp.24-26).
  14 KB (2,101 words) - 06:20, 18 November 2023
• Structure of strategic information system
  ...o-day activities and transactions, SISs are intended to give organizations a competitive edge by providing them with the information and tools they [[ne ...s of trends - of primary key measures of business efficiency, allowing for a better understanding of the changes taking place in time and in relation to
  2 KB (333 words) - 06:20, 18 November 2023
• Strategic information system
  ...e]] includes patterns of conduct, [[behavior]] and responses of workers in a variety of situations. ...terprise]] and allows appropriate [[identification]] with it, resulting in a growing level of [[employee]] [[motivation]]. Creating and cultivating the
  7 KB (1,053 words) - 06:12, 18 November 2023
• Models of strategic personnel management
  ...rect. [[Personnel strategy|Strategic human resources management]] model is a set of rules and activities needed to provide best employees when they are ...ployees. All listed features of Michigan model are interconnected and form a [[process]] (cycle of human resources). In addition, these functions at the
  9 KB (1,190 words) - 01:55, 18 November 2023
• Personnel strategy
  ...in the [[enterprise]]. Well developed personal [[strategy]] should include a [[plan]] for matching existing potential of employees to the achievement of * '''adaptation''' - introducing of a new [[employee]] to a company, making him acquainted with the company, department, team and scope
  14 KB (1,976 words) - 03:09, 18 November 2023
• IT systems in value chain management
  ...nd [[customer relationship management]] (CRM) systems. ERP systems provide a centralized platform for managing various business processes such as financ ...chain model]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Logistic center]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Computer information systems]]}} }}
  3 KB (331 words) - 23:30, 17 November 2023
• Value chain model
  ...el developed by M.E. Porter presents in a simplified way [[enterprise]] as a sequence of activities (processes), arranged in the sequence of phases from This model allows in a simplified way to present the successive phases of the [[company]] activity
  3 KB (412 words) - 07:35, 18 November 2023
• Added value chain
  ...by Michael Porter presents a business as a string of related activities in a logical whole, taken at the time of manufacture of the [[product]] manufact In [[service]] company a string of activities will reflect how to perform a certain [[service]] for customers.
  10 KB (1,475 words) - 17:22, 17 November 2023
• Formalization
  ...e validity of statements, and can also be used to express complex ideas in a clear and unambiguous way. '''Formalization in [[management]]''' refers to the process of creating a set of rules, procedures, and guidelines that dictate how tasks should be p
  19 KB (2,669 words) - 22:38, 17 November 2023
• Organizational documentation
  * the rationale underlying the development and implementation of a document ** in force by a specific time
  8 KB (1,093 words) - 02:45, 18 November 2023
• Departmentalization
  ...nisms for the creation of the [[organizational structure]], which involves a logical, efficient and effective linking of tasks and employees. Otherwise In practice, these types of departmentalization often co-exist within a single organizational structure, as well as appear in the forms of merging
  9 KB (1,228 words) - 20:57, 17 November 2023
• Delegation of authority
  ...o achieve objectives, and not only from the formal scheduling of tasks and a cool assessment of the results. The theory clearly specifies which tasks sh ...lack of time to control and giving instructions to an employee might be by a serious barrier.
  8 KB (1,202 words) - 20:53, 17 November 2023
• Decentralization
  ...nalysis of [[market]] issues and sales, development of the [[product]] and a sound [[investment]] policy. Executives control such units through assessme Decentralization allows for better adaptation to local [[needs]] in a changing [[market]] [[environment]]. Effective use requires that the follow
  3 KB (428 words) - 20:47, 17 November 2023
• Centralized organizational structure
  ...ly centralized or decentralized. You can only say that the [[company]] has a relatively centralized functions, others relatively decentralized. In theor ...nd any decision made by the generals is binding. This structure allows for a clear chain of command and makes it easier for the military to achieve its
  13 KB (1,829 words) - 19:07, 17 November 2023
• Characteristics of bureaucracy
  A characteristic feature of the bureaucracy is to replace the authority of tr It is a specific type of [[organization]]. An extensive definition of the bureaucra
  9 KB (1,271 words) - 19:15, 17 November 2023
• Anglo-Saxon model of corporate governance
  '''Anglo-Saxon model of [[corporate governance]]''' is a [[system]] of supervision and control over the corporation, functioning in ...om [[investment]] banks. Investment banks are rarely used, for example, in a situation where there is planned takeover ([[BIMBO|MBO]] and LBO transactio
  8 KB (1,170 words) - 17:42, 17 November 2023
• Adhocracy
  ...uctures, where power and decision-making are centralized and controlled by a small group of people at the top of the organization. ...y through a small degree of [[formalization]] of structures. Works best in a dynamic [[environment]], in small organizations. Concept of adhocracy was d
  9 KB (1,275 words) - 17:23, 17 November 2023
• Classification of goals and functions
  Goals or [[objectives of the organization]] usually mean a particular state, situational or [[behaviour]] requirements for anticipated ...on undertaken to achieve previously set goal, also function is regarded as a structural property of [[organizational system]]. Functions are all activit
  8 KB (1,172 words) - 19:19, 17 November 2023
• Homeostasis
  Homeostatic balance between a [[company]] and its surroundings is the main condition for surviving. That ...y implies that the company, like any biological organism, seeks to achieve a state of dynamic balance (i.e. homeostasis). This state company achieve by
  8 KB (1,186 words) - 23:23, 17 November 2023
• Hierarchy
  ...e most senior manager responsible for the [[organization]]'s operations as a whole; on subsequent levels are the lower degrees of [[management]]. ...s who commands who in [[organization]]. That kind of [[bonds]] are part of a broader concept, namely the organizational links, i.e. dependency relations
  8 KB (1,112 words) - 23:19, 17 November 2023
• Hegemony
  ...an: leader or guide. Today the term is used when an entity or person holds a dominant advantage over others. This entity is called then '''hegemony'''. However a very important issue for the hegemony is military advantage. Hegemony takes
  3 KB (452 words) - 23:17, 17 November 2023
• Grouping of posts
  ...he basis of the similarity of the acts performed by them as well as around a common subject of the [[work]]. In addition to above mentioned two basic cr ...supervision and allows for [[economies of scale]] in the implementation of a function. Weaknesses of grouping by functions can be: slower and bureaucrat
  9 KB (1,366 words) - 23:12, 17 November 2023
• Boundaryless enterprise
  A boundaryless enterprise offers a variety of advantages for the organization. These include: * A greater [[sense of ownership]] among employees, as they all feel responsibl
  5 KB (721 words) - 18:28, 17 November 2023
• Boundaries of the enterprise
  You should also pay attention to a different approaches to the boundaries of the enterprise: ...ies of the organization take place. For example, a retail store would have a physical boundary that is limited to the area within the building, parking
  8 KB (1,201 words) - 18:28, 17 November 2023
• Virtual organization
  Virtual [[organization]] is created on a voluntary basis. It is based on mutual trust between organizations that eng ...son for the cooperation (or dissolution) is the desire to use a particular a chance,
  7 KB (1,030 words) - 07:44, 18 November 2023
• Virtual structure
  ...objectives. It has no legal personality, property or personnel employed by a single entity. ...dinate deal with particular [[customer]]. When it comes to the duration of a virtual organization, this can not be strictly defined. Organization will e
  7 KB (955 words) - 07:44, 18 November 2023
• Divisional structure
  ...s to a group of intermediate organizational structures. This is in essence a hierarchical structure with some organic structure characteristic: greater ...Du Pont (in years 20th of the 20th century) and next at General Motors by A.P.Sloan (he has made [[decentralization]] of the structure through the segm
  6 KB (882 words) - 21:25, 17 November 2023
• Specialization
  ...flow of customers. It is used for example in offices, in which to receive a specific [[service]] you [[need]] to go through several departments. ...customers. To better track their needs and be able to respond to changes, a lot of emphasis is put to the specialization based on customers.
  7 KB (986 words) - 05:52, 18 November 2023
• Organizational chart
  ...ncies between functional units in organization, which may be, for example, a single workstation or group of posts separated due to their functions. Put ...unity of the management. Characterized by [[centralization]] of power and a clear chain of command. Teams of people are built around tasks, rather than
  9 KB (1,320 words) - 02:43, 18 November 2023
• Span of control
  ...Some authors concluded, however, that situational variable in this case is a management level. They argued that as head of the [[organization]], is prom ...ctively control. Typically, potential span of control varies from a few to a dozen people (average being 7 people),
  8 KB (1,313 words) - 05:51, 18 November 2023
• Distribution of decision-making powers
  ...employee]] does not have to every time ask for acceptance of the owner, so a business owner can devote his time to make other more important decisions. ...ance of responsibilities, powers and responsibilities", which says that if a position in the organization has to do some task, we [[need]] to also grant
  8 KB (1,181 words) - 21:22, 17 November 2023
• Board of directors
  ...composed of not only independent, external members (external advisor), but a person directly involved in the [[management]] of the [[company]], for exam ...nisation]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Powers of directors]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Management rights]]}} }}
  3 KB (446 words) - 18:24, 17 November 2023
• Learning organization
  ...inuously look for new opportunities to achieve the desired effects, create a new patterns of thinking, develop [[teamwork]], constantly learn. P. Senge ...of the [[innovation]] [[strategy]] in the [[enterprise]]. Innovations are a consequence of changes in the [[environment]] and the development of the [[
  9 KB (1,283 words) - 00:46, 18 November 2023
• Corporate governance
  '''Corporate governance''' - a way of ownership control, in relations between shareholders, their formal r The concept of governance has a wider meaning and its scope includes formal and informal structure of the i
  3 KB (408 words) - 20:07, 17 November 2023
• Continental model of corporate governance
  Continental [[corporate governance]] model (internal, Japanese) is a [[system]] of supervision and control over the corporation common in contin ...actively involved in the exercise of control over the actions of managers. A characteristic feature of this system for certain countries (e.g. for Germa
  8 KB (1,228 words) - 19:55, 17 November 2023
• Tensor structure
  ...n problems that occur in one-dimensional structures, managers can also use a combination of structures to benefits of each type of activity. ..., it is flexible and innovative solution, which creates the conditions for a comprehensive solving of complex problems.
  5 KB (692 words) - 06:49, 18 November 2023
• Social structure
  ...nits are subject to modification, there are also replaced by other, but in a way that does not lead to violation of the stability of the entire [[system ...a given society rang system makes some big groups of people referred to as a class or social stratum they stand against each other higher or lower.
  8 KB (1,189 words) - 05:45, 18 November 2023
• Network structure
  ...anizational solutions and bring new ways of managing. Today there has been a move away from the organizational solution characteristic in the industrial ...holders]] from both inside and outside the organization, they in turn, are a source of additional benefits.
  13 KB (1,784 words) - 02:18, 18 November 2023
• Radial structure
  ...the [[hierarchy]] and division of labor. Such solutions have appeared for a long time, although they were mostly informal. Indeed, it is hard to imagin ...keep it, if the organization is growing fast. In such case, it develops to a linear structure or other structural solution. This evolution involves the
  7 KB (1,163 words) - 04:27, 18 November 2023
• Project structure
  ...ucture''' consists of a [[project team]] appointed to carry out tasks with a unique, comprehensive and innovative character. It is created for both shor ...nsibilities between [[company]]'s native [[organizational structure]], and a temporary project structure. To solve this problem, managers should choose
  6 KB (868 words) - 04:00, 18 November 2023
• Organizational structure
  ...ationships among the different [[levels of the organization]] and provides a framework for how [[work]] is divided and coordinated. ...department, and a human resources department. Each department is headed by a manager who reports to the CEO or another top executive. This structure is
  4 KB (530 words) - 02:47, 18 November 2023
• Matrix structure
  ...ructure''' was introduced in the 1960s in aerospace [[industry]]. NASA has a pioneering role in the use of this structure. The matrix structure is mostl ...ix structure grouping is based on object and functional criteria, there is a double subordination of employees, possible conflicts of competence are add
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• Staff structure
  ...anagement]] may decide, however, that a better solution would be to create a general staff of experts helping head manager (CEO), and not individual exp * '''Organizational Chart''': This is a visual representation of the staff structure which outlines the positions,
  7 KB (1,029 words) - 05:56, 18 November 2023
• Linear structure
  '''Linear structure''' is a type of [[organizational structure]] where: every employee has only one sup ...cess. This type of structure tends to be more rigid and bureaucratic, with a clear set of rules and procedures to follow.
  15 KB (2,192 words) - 00:57, 18 November 2023
• Functional structure
  ...by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor F.W. Taylor] as a way to solve the problems of [[linear structure]]. Another way was the [[li ...he excess tasks of linear managers could be solved by the establishment of a number of officers with different specializations. In this way, each manage
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• Hierarchical dependence
  The first rule of development is unity of [[management]]. It says that a subordinate should receive the commands and orders from one superior. Critics, however, believe that such a strict vertical hierarchical subordination is not conducive to the effectiv
  7 KB (1,018 words) - 23:19, 17 November 2023
• Board
  The Board is the executive body of a public limited liability [[company]], LLC, cooperatives, foundations and ot Commonly it is a small group of people appointed by the Board of Directors or the General me
  5 KB (731 words) - 18:24, 17 November 2023
• Organizational dependence
  ...and resources and dependencies within [[organization]]. This structure is a network of positions and formal patterns of conduct, created to smooth oper ...is based on the traditional pyramid structure where each [[employee]] has a supervisor above them and is expected to report to them. Each position has
  9 KB (1,194 words) - 02:44, 18 November 2023
• Functional dependence
  * In a manufacturing setting, the functional dependence could be between the engin * In a [[customer]] [[service]] environment, the functional dependence could be be
  7 KB (1,016 words) - 22:49, 17 November 2023
• Social bond
  ...onsciousness, [[attitude]] toward others and the whole universe. It may be a reflection of living conditions of the population, as well as the character ...s rely on each other for emotional and financial support, and they provide a sense of belonging and security.
  7 KB (1,071 words) - 05:40, 18 November 2023
• Job description
  ...] [[evaluation]]. Job description is also the basis for the development of a range of activities for the [[employee]]. Depending on [[needs]], manager c Properly prepared job description gives a number of benefits to both workers and management:
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• Profile of qualifications
  ...dividual professional qualities, for which the [[company]] will pay off to a specific [[employee]]. ...fy and describe the skills, knowledge, and abilities that are required for a particular job or role. They are often used in recruitment and selection, a
  8 KB (1,130 words) - 03:48, 18 November 2023