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...m of [[action]] and the area of freedom of decision. Job design is part of a wider set of actions, which defines [[process]] of [[organizing]]. ...n of the [[organization]] will be divided into smaller components. This is a limitation of the scope of freedom of action and freedom of decision and co

...ement of the [[organizational structure]] of each [[organization]]. It has a range of their own responsibilities and competences in order to carry out t ...e equated only to material thing. It could not have the characteristics of a typical thing e.g.: computer program.

...ion of the best candidate. The basic requirements are then translated into a job offer available to potential candidates. ...filling a vacancy and finding the candidate that would be the best fit for a given [[organisational structure]]. As mentioned by Araujo, "the success of

...omers by the [[company]] or any of its units. It can also be understood as a set of products offered by the entire [[industry]]. This range can be more A product range is important for a company for several reasons:

The advantage of CAD systems in relation to traditional drawing methods is a digital record of the geometry of objects that allows to quickly and easily ...ere the user could interact with the computer using a light pen to draw on a cathode ray tube display.

...- '''C'''omputer-'''A'''ided '''E'''ngineering. The generic name given to a set of computer-aided techniques used in types of mechanical engineering <r ...ng more interesting and realistic <ref>Franklin G.F., Rabins M.J., Kheir N.A 2014, p. 10</ref>.

...a specified CIM architecture. One of the possible structures is the use of a large central computer, which is responsible for processing the data. Anoth ...process equipment, which receive data from the CAP and PPC. It can also be a source of information for them. The process allows for the [[continuous imp

* broad: a [[production process]] that begins with raw materials and ends with finishe ...terials, production, assembling, packaging and distribution. An example of a production cycle in manufacturing is the automobile assembly line, where ra

...hnology]] at given moment. Technology that uses the most capital is called a capital intensive, while technology demanding large number of humans work i ...e fixed because they are difficult to change in the short-term and require a significant amount of time and [[money]] to alter.

* better utilization of labour market in a particular region, ...ng]] and [[research and development]], over a larger output. This leads to a cost advantage over smaller companies.

...use of computer systems to [[plan]], manage and control the operations of a manufacturing plant through either direct or indirect computer interface wi ...geometry can be easily and quickly programmed for machining <ref>Madsen D.A. 2011, p. 152</ref>.

'''Form of [[production]]''' treated as a set of processes regulating flow of parts, assemblies, [[product]] between * Improved [[communication]] - forms of production create a clear [[line of communication]] between departments, allowing for better co

** X-maximum production possible within a specified time using the specified amount and combinations of the factors o With very large capital and non-zero [[work]] and very large [[work]] and a non-zero capital corresponds to the very large size of the manufactured pro

...-acquisition of these tools. They are useful, because they can be used for a variety of tasks, which also reduces the overall costs of activity. ...ice]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Efficiency of management]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Tensor structure]]}} }}

...maintenance refers to the tasks and activities that are performed to keep a manufacturing or production facility in good working condition. Some common ...Scheduled inspections, tests, and maintenance tasks that are performed on a regular basis to prevent equipment failure and prolong the life of the equi

...chnology]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Product stewardship]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Green innovation]]}} }} * Morrissey, A. J., & Browne, J. (2004). ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p

'''Readiness of [[production]] facilities''' refers to the ability of a facility to quickly and efficiently produce goods or services. Factors that ...on]]. One common [[method]] is to use a facility readiness index, which is a numerical value that represents the overall readiness of the facility. This

* the formulation of product [[development strategy]]: specifying a target [[market]], [[identification]] of users' [[needs]] and the attractiv ...the planned parameters are feasible, the approval of parameters which are a [[compromise]] between the requirements and opportunities. At this stage, c

...o calculate the optimum size of the [[production]] batch. This method uses a graphical or analytical techniques. Both of these techniques use the same a ...components of the unit of production. Increasing the quantity of units in a lot of simple products does not change the unit [[fixed cost]]s. Level of u

...This set of activities is called a [[production cycle]]. The end result of a production line can be result of: processing, handling, [[transport]], pack ...amount of produced parts. By analyzing manufacturing processes, there are a few basic types of manufacturing activities:

'''Lean manufacturing''' is a [[production]] [[management]] [[system]] in the [[company]], which aims to * Next steps of adding value must be combined to achieve a smooth flow of production.

...omponents, and systems. CAD systems are used by engineers and designers in a wide variety of industries, from aerospace and automotive to [[consumer]] e ...]] to machine programming and toolpath generation. CAM systems are used in a variety of industries, including automotive, aerospace, and medical device

...ify where they are generated, calculation how much does it cost to produce a given quantity of goods, and also gives the answer to the question how to r ...tems, with a total volume of changes in direct proportion to the number of a given type of products produced. These components are called variable costs

...cal [[knowledge]] and special properties discovered by the manufacturer as a result of its ongoing research, and not known to the [[competition]]. ...ganization]] to perform a specific task or solve a specific problem. It is a type of hidden knowledge that is often gained through experience and practi

...] [[management]] [[method]]. The word Kanban comes from Japanese and means a piece of paper. In free translation it means "visible description". ...tem]] are kanban cards. [[Kanban card]] acts as a [[production order]] and a document describing the contents of the containers. Its main task is to pro

Graphical representation of the capacity curve may take the form of a straight or convex line. Shows quantity of goods, which [[company]] has to give up in exchange for a production of number of other good.

* km - the storage costs of the [[product]] in a single period, * D/2 - average number of product in storage in a single period.

To determine the optimal size of a single order manager must take into account two factors: ...specification of process) expressed in natural units in a given period for a given volume of production,

...count the potential number of disturbances in supply. This system requires a continuous control of the flow between the supplier and the recipient as we ...lculate the number of components which are part of the final production in a particular period which is covered by the subject of planning. Plans for de

==Planning for a period of one year== To create a [[plan]] for the production for a period of one year managers should take into account [[production capacity]

...the respective weekly or daily plans. This is possible only where there is a complete activities record and workshop documentation. ...ps to align the plans and activities of individual production units within a department with the overall [[goals and objectives]] of the company.

'''[[Production]] process''' is a complex of phenomena and activities that involve materials and goods gradua ...It involves producing a single unit or a small batch of items according to a specific [[customer]] order. It is suitable for making unique items that ca

...innovation process performed in [[company]]. Prior to the introduction of a new product on the market, company has to design and develop it in [[proces ...ogression of a product throughout its life cycle. There are four stages of a product. They include, Introduction to the market, Growth, Maturity, and fi

...next stages. Ideas that have not gone further can be recycled and wait for a new process in other circumstances, be resold to the entity for which they * a roadmap that organizes the chaotic time, inception to launch new [[product

The production is a very broad term, which can be understood in several ways. Most important ar ...[[process]] consisting of several consecutive steps, which goal is to make a final good. The [[manufacturing process]] uses among others: raw materials,

...ch [[process]] each [[product]] unit is closed whole. [[Company]] produces a single item or multiple items of the same type. In this type of production, ...change of the product. The production range is very wide, characterized by a limited repeatability.

...n items between them are minimal. Mass production is also characterized by a high repeatability of the manufacturing [[process]]. ...] for a given sum of expenditures, which in turn decreases the [[cost]] of a single item produced.

[[Knowledge]] of the length of the production cycle is a very important economic aspect in the [[production management]]. Production ...f stamping, plating and packaging, which can be automated and completed in a matter of minutes.

...uct is created only after order by the customer. Such order is preceded by a phase of negotiations during which terms of the contract are adjusted. A special type of [[production]] on the order is engineering-to-order. It inv

...up of multiple sub-components or subsystems, each of which is produced by a different [[supplier]] or manufacturer. Nested production can have several ...etry is a type of nested production that involves building cabinets to fit a specific design and size. The process begins by assembling the frames for t

...}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Single minute exchange of die]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Work cycle]]}} }} ...iteseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.58.7585&rep=rep1&type=pdf A machine learning approach to automatic production of compiler heuristics. I

...is one of the main types of [[organization]] of [[mass production]]. It is a technique used in the manufacture of products in series made in the same wa ...In the case of mass production manufacturing of products is carried out on a continuous basis, there is no production breaks.

The [[production]] is a very broad term, which can be understood in several ways. Most important ar ...[[process]] consisting of several consecutive steps, which goal is to make a final good. The [[manufacturing process]] uses among others: raw materials,

Measuring the uniformity of production uses a number of indicators. They do not, however, represent the level of uniformi ...ensuring that products meet [[customer]] expectations and are produced in a timely and efficient manner. Applications of uniformity of production inclu

Rhythmic production requires both precision and a clear division of tasks and resources to the various units as well as the q ...epeating itself. Master schedule for the production is constantly updated. A period of repetition is the most important parameter of organizational prod

...ion]], which will enable simultaneous minimizing effects and occurrence of a problem. ...or software failure, can cause significant disruption to the operations of a business, resulting in lost productivity and lost revenue.

...terial distribution in the supply chain. Material stream [[management]] is a set of [[planning]], organizational and control activities carried out to e In the [[logistics]] of supplies of a [[company]], three basic material stream phases can be distinguished (Mario

...technologies shall apply where part of the technological operations shows a resemblance to most of the technological operations performed during produc ...ping based on similarity of technology. Group technology allows to connect a lot of individual products in four groups of similar technology, which can

...ines and equipment. It refers to a specific machine center, which provides a crucial link in the basic structure of the manufacturing [[process]]. ...duction]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[IT management system]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Common cause variation]]}} }}

...nits per day, or units per month. Production capacity can be influenced by a variety of factors, including: ...ss. For example, a [[company]] may [[plan]] to manufacture 10,000 units of a certain product, but only manage to produce 9,800 units. The difference, 20

...the basic unit of territorial division, i.e.. division of the territory of a state for the purposes of local and central [[state administration|administ ...consumption]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Regulatory data]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Policy makers]]}} }}

...s]], is the amount of the [[product]] which the [[company]] can produce in a given time. The company may use estimates of [[demand]] for certain good in ...nits per day, or units per month. Production capacity can be influenced by a variety of factors, including:

...ductivity and personal realization of life goals. '''Time management''' is a systematic [[process]] of [[planning]] and executing of scheduled activitie ...e divided into processes that [[need]] to be achieved in order to complete a task.

Start-up - a temporary [[organization]] in the early stage of the life cycle, created in Start-up functions based on a business model that defines the way in which the [[organization]] intends t

...the purchase decision-making [[process]] by an individual [[consumer]] or a whole family. The author of a model F.M. Nicosia identified three stages that gradually moves the consume

...nges over time]]. It is particularly useful in analyzing systems that have a finite number of states and where the future state of the system depends on It is a stochastic model, describing the problem of decision-making under [[risk]].

* significant incentives - physical characteristics and the attributes of a [[product]], such as [[price]], [[quality]], originality and accessibility, ...its of the consumer, membership of a social group, the financial status of a consumer, the pressure of time.

...decision making process|consumer behaviour]]. It is a holistic model, with a full description to the [[decision making]] problem, reflecting [[consumer] ...of the problem''' - involves generating consumer [[needs]], consumer sees a gap between the ideal and the current state of things.

Bettman model is a structural concept of overall [[decision making]] [[process]] of individual ...s process is controlled by the internal mechanisms. It is adjusted in such a way as to make the process of choosing went smoothly in accordance with the

...uy, where to buy? The decision maker can be described as follows: can make a decision and take responsibility for it. ...rchase, the decision-maker is usually an individual [[consumer]], but also a manager choosing the future [[supplier]] for the [[company]].

Public administration is the incorporation of a variety entities acting within the scope of central [[state administration] ...rial government]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Stakeholders]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Organizational forms of local public sector entities]]}} }}

...State in meeting the [[needs]] of individual and social is boiled down to a minimum. ...entralization]] of [[public authority]], in turn, requires the transfer of a large number of possible public tasks by ensuring legal right of independen

E-Government is a continuous process of improvement of the quality of governance and the prov Machine learning (ML) and [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) can play a significant role in e-government by helping to automate and improve various

Local authorities can create a self-governing entity that perform specific tasks entrusted to them, but th ...the country or region, but in most cases, local government is organized as a [[system]] of elected officials and appointed officials.

* Allocation function - public finances are a tool for [[allocation of resources]] - to provide public goods and services * Stabilization function - is used for easing effects that arise as a result of the implementation of allocation and redistribution functions of

...], in accordance with the provisions of the Act on [[public finances]], is a [[system]] of signs that are used to describe the income, expenditures and It is a kind of income due to the origin or nature of any expenditure, its legal na

* majority government - is created by parties with a majority in parliament, ...s not have an overwhelming number of seats and is not being able to create a strong coalition

...idy meaning support, help) is a constitutional principle in Poland. It has a direct link with the territorial [[Government]] and with the concept of [[d ...e appropriate competences to efficiently and effectively execute. There is a presumption that municipality is responsible for each public tasks, as this

'''Statistical Process Control''' is a set of techniques and [[statistical methods]] used to assess the stability SPC is a response to the ineffectiveness of [[quality inspection|traditional quality

...procedure, which includes the all basic issues of finance of government in a calendar year. Budget resolution is not a normative and widely applicable act. Main user of budgetary resolutions is

Budgetary execution [[system]] is a refinement of [[budget resolution]] required for the elaboration of annual ...r, it is not possible to quantify precisely the amount of funds needed for a specific budgetary units or [[subsidiary]].

...ences, while at the same time the existence of the interests of society as a whole. ...ers in the change in the mentality of the community. This is the result of a democratic choosing of competent local authorities

...udget. In turn in case budget revenue are lower than expenditure, there is a deficit. The budgetary surplus of local government entities may appear as a result of:

...ncial and material resources. Although the county/municipality operates in a market economy, [[profit]] is seen rather in the social than financial sens ...r free of charge to interested groups of customers. County/municipality as a [[non-profit organization]] primarily provides public services, mainly in t

...democracies of Europe. The main aim of creating the Charter was to develop a European [[standard]] for [[local government]]. Acts of local governments m The European Charter for Local Self-Government provides a framework for the principles and practices of local self-government in Euro

According to the Charter region is a self-governing entity carrying its own policies and international cooperati ...ons for the people in the region, and greater prosperity for the region as a whole.

...panies. This may impact adversely the outcome of implementation - there is a danger that the changes made in the Office will not go as far as it would b ...xternal actors, and a higher level of [[competitiveness]]. From it follows a number of [[goals and objectives]] relating to more specific areas of activ

...ntial for the functioning of society and are provided by the government as a public [[service]]. Some examples of public tasks include: ...the resources and expertise to ensure that these services are delivered in a timely and efficient manner.

Local self-[[government]] is entitled to a substantial part of public duties. The scope of public tasks, for [[local g * Improving [[quality]] of life: Local government can make a significant impact on the [[quality of life]] for residents by providing pu

...itures. According to the authority of a local [[government]] may establish a list of budget expenditure, which will become permanent expenses and determ After establishing such a list, at the end of the year, these expenses are an independent [[plan]]. A

The expenditure budget of the [[local government]], is a category of public financial resources at the disposal of the local [[gover The expenditure budget of the unit of local self-government take a different shape:

...proposal of the relevant Minister of [[state administration]]. Voivode is a representative of the Council of Ministers in the region. ...l state property located on the territory of the province. Voivode is also a higher level authority under the provisions of the administrative proceedin

The tasks of a tax office can vary depending on the specific laws and regulations of the c * Collecting taxes: One of the main tasks of a tax office is to collect taxes from individuals and businesses, in accordan

...inistration]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Municipal office]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Government]]}} }}

...ting the vital [[needs]] of the residing community and inhabitants. It has a number of organizational units, based on subject matter and scope of the ac The goals of a municipal office can vary depending on the specific municipality and the se

...o Portsmouth, where, thanks to the intrigues and help of his mother earned a job at the University of Edinburgh. ...ndship with the Scottish philosopher David Hume. In 1773 the professor was a member of the Royal Society, Which was the highest ennoblement for scientis

Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) was born into a family of landowners in Rookery, in the south-east of England. The father w ...In the years 1793-1797 he was a lecturer there. And in 1797, was ordained a priest and was for some time vicar in his native County. He then became pro

...pur University. Sen is not discouraged, finishes with a thesis and obtains a scholarship. After defending his phD thesis, he decided to pursue further s ...Harvard, UCLA, and others). Eventually, he settled in Boston, where he got a job at Harvard as Professor of Economics and philosophy. In 1990 he took pa

Starting from 1961 he was a member of the Committee of Economic Advisers to US President John Kennedy, ...concept of "potential GDP", meaning [[production]] that can be achieved in a given period by the full utilization of material and human resources. This

...y lead to financial crises. He believed that this instability is caused by a combination of factors such as external [[financing]], short-term liabiliti He was a supporter of State intervention, an opponent of the deregulation of financi

...icardo is one of the greatest classics of [[economics]], he was considered a follower of the works of [[Adam Smith]]. His most famous [[work]] "Principl ...reated demonstrates that the benefits of foreign trade arise when there is a difference in the relative [[cost of production]] of goods traded. [[Compar

...r famous economists like [[John Richard Hicks]] and A.L. Bowley. Allen was a member of the International Statistical Institute. ...eritus professor<ref> Stone J. R. N., (2008), p.122-123</ref>. He also was a treasurer of the British Academy.

...rded the Nobel Prize (along with George Akerlof and Micheal Spence). He is a supporter of the idea that free, unregulated markets do not always lead to ...rnational Monetary Fund]] and the US Department of State. Since 1999 he is a professor at Columbia University.

...-quoted article "Mr Keynes and the Classics"(Econometria, 1937) introduced a new interpretation of [[macroeconomics]]. He was a member of many prestigious scientific societies in the world. He is Doctor

'''Gary S. Becker''' is a Nobel Prize Winner, one of the first economists, who reached into topics no ...ured at Columbia University and University of Chicago. In 1967 he received a John Bates Clark' medal, awarded by the American Association for young econ

...cago, called henceforth The Mincer Prize. From 1960 until his death he was a member of National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). He died on 21 August ...h states that the rewards from investing in human capital are reflected in a person’s wages.

...yment]], he moved to study in University of Chicago, where he got a job as a teacher of [[economics]] and became editor of "Journal of Political Economy According to Veblen the subject of economics should not be a division of scarce resources between alternative uses, but study of the evo

...ts on the advisory [[board]] of Academics Stand Against Poverty (ASAP), is a member of the UN in matters of development policy, participates on the boar ...cs in the United Nations. Development Program (1979-1985) Subsequently, as a Deputy Resident Representative in Burundi (1985-1987), Chief Economist and

...r interested parties, including [[industry]] and trade associations. It is a [[non-profit organization]] founded on 6 September 1968. in Tokyo. The main * promotion on a global scale for the development of [[technology]], science and packaging e

...ments generated, for example: [[resource]] purchase order or acceptance of a lot to store. In the initial phase of the order, user creates a printout of the order confirmation and sends it to customer. Printing is po

...mpetition: characterized by a large number of small, independent firms and a homogeneous product. * [[Monopolistic competition]]: characterized by a relatively large number of independent firms that sell differentiated produ

...t]] entity, which competes with other entities in the market, by providing a more favorable market offer. * bad, who cause a lot of problems and initiates unfair [[competition]]..

...the [[opportunities and threats]] that arise from it. Usually company has a significant impact on its [[market position]]. Strategies pursued by the co ...weak, then company should apply a selective strategy, which is to focus on a limited number of segments and market niches.

...d too often, their [[nominal value]] is usually low, which means that with a small number of shares, the costs of transferring the [[dividend]] to the s ...rican companies). This is due to some fluctuations in the exchange rate of a given currency in relation to the dollar.

...drop in [[demand]] in the domestic [[market]] or an exceptional harvest in a given year. ...production]]. Competitive enterprises using predatory dumping will become a monopolist on the market, after that it raises prices in order to pursue mo

...petition is a topic of great [[interest]] to economists who perceive it as a coordinating power, leading to the compatibility between the volume of [[pr Both price and non-price competition that exist in a capitalist [[system]] are the result of rivalry between companies having li

Perfect [[competition]] is a [[market]] model in which there are many buyers and many sellers, and none ...e market price, so the pricing below the market price does not make sense. A distinctive feature of the company operating in perfect [[competition]], is

As a result of risk identification, a list of identified risks and a list of potential responses to risks is obtained. * the impact that the occurrence of a given risk will have on the project

...rinciples and dimensions of [[employee]] absences during the year, or over a longer period of time. The basic components of absenteeism are holidays and ...nvironment]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Workload analysis]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Business activity code]]}} }}

New employees, often having a lot of [[knowledge]] and experience, are not able to work as effectively as ...ployee, the sooner he reaches the required [[performance level]], which is a benefit for the employee (satisfaction) and for the company (strong [[motiv

Employee personal data can include a wide range of information, including: * it is necessary for the exercise of rights and duties resulting from a provision of the law,

...ns of taking the job, and job resignation in particular [[company]] during a specified period. * termination of the job contract, which was signed for a fixed term,

...organization]] [[hierarchy]]. The second one has a close relationship with a person's personal development, its aspirations, values ​​and [[needs]]. * a conscious choice of career with the conviction of its rightness,

...oll. Simplifies the [[management]] of human resources. Is used to organize a lot of documents necessary to calculate wages for workers. Thanks to the data included in the file, the employer may make a decision about:

...pically, such an agreement determine only kind of job or position, without a specific indication of what actions will belong to the employee. The employ Labour Code no longer requires the development of a written scope of activities, however, the employer shall prepare it, at lea

'''Employment''' - number of people who show a professional activity. Expressed in commitment and [[capability]] of manpow ...forget that too large and rapid savings on staff costs, undeniably lead to a reduction in the [[quality]] of human resources in company. This is contrar

* as a result of redundancy, The departure of an [[employee]] voluntarily may be caused by a number of economic, psychological, health factors, etc. The greatest influe

...tation of the project and the expected results, but at the same time it is a valuable tool for project [[management]]. The main function of the project ...lso noted that a project charter in various organizations may be called in a different way. Its level of detail can vary depending on the [[company]] or

The result of [[risk identification]] should be a list of risks with description (risk register). If this step is performed a ...f each risk. This assessment is typically done using a matrix that assigns a numerical value to each risk based on the probability of occurrence and pot

...l conditions existing in the economy. This definition shows that the it is a component of the total number of people of working age in the economy. ...a disadvantage. He believed that the working class was the key to creating a more just and equitable society, and that the overthrow of the capitalist [

...ing the project or may come from the outside. Groups that are derived from a specific organization are often associated with specific departments functi ...|a=[[Project]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Project charter]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Decision types in business]]}} }}

...onscientious, subjective reflection. In the case of problematic tasks with a high degree of complexity, team may find new opportunities to conduct, if o ...the opinion of group as whole, which is more reliable than the opinion of a single [[employee]].

...he project is also supported by the capital and technical base, as well as a full range of methods, but the decisive element is its [[human capital]]. T ...personnel selection to the team is assigning tasks and responsibilities of a person with natural abilities corresponding to this task. The person respon

...re required in every [[organization]] to achieve its objectives. Leader is a manager who effectively and efficiently manages the entire [[enterprise]], ...otential and the ability to learn quickly, mastering new skills along with a dynamically changing [[environment]] and organization,

...merit of the individual, but a lot of people. Another disadvantage may be a character mismatch within team, which leads to frequent conflicts. Wrong ch ...d only directly (in four eyes). Conflicts are situations in which there is a conflict of interests, and its members are trying to impose their will on e

...with significant status in the organization. The team meets several times a month to discuss ways to improve the [[quality]] of [[work]] and [[working * [[Virtual team]] - A team of workers from different locations and different time zones. Such tea

* closed - refers to a person reluctant to seek, but also reveal new information * blind - describes team members, from whom you can learn a lot, but who themselves are not looking for information, because it seems t

...of the organization and its approach to project [[management]]. There are a number of models for project teams: * the role of a leader can be transitive

'''Teamware''' is a software solution used for supporting the development of [[knowledge]] in t ...as between team members, e.g. in projects. Suitable software and access to a network allows members of intense dialogue and above all reduces the time t

This is a form of an expanded collaboration or cooperation in the [[enterprise]]. * Knowledge sharing: CoPs provide a platform for members to share their knowledge and experiences, which can le

...a test that shows the strengths and weaknesses of the candidate and gives a clear picture of his personality and natural ability. ...s to adjust persons to appropriate [[work]] position. This test consist of a list 172 of adjectives called "Organizational Survey". The filling takes ab

* Teams are generally useful where results require a breakthrough and [[creativity]], where [[method]] leading to the objective ...ive greater satisfaction from the project, they share the sense of "making a difference" in relation to the project.

...ose main goal is to conclude a contract of sale of goods or a contract for a specific [[service]]. During canvassing following actions are performed: di * '''Initial contact''' - preliminary visit to establish a list of buyers worthy of further effort.

...e requirements of the [[job description]] and intended design of the team. A useful tool in the selection of candidates is the model of William Marston, ...ed by positive behaviour in hostile environments, such attitudes represent a person active, enterprising, who like challenges and is able to stick and c

...vironment]] where it lives and depending on the nature of that environment a person can manifest as an active or passive [[attitude]]. The theory that h ...of man, achieving the objectives, even in adverse conditions. People with a high D coefficient are determined, motivated by difficult task and power.

The questionnaire is a computer program that by analysing the answers to several questions quickly The Occupational Personality Questionnaire (OPQ) is a personality assessment tool that measures 32 characteristics or traits that

...ist Poul van der Maesen, who in 1990 worked at MOA (the [[company]] within a [[holding]] MyersGroep which dealt with the [[consulting]] within [[organiz ...ychological perspective. These dimensions were derived through analysis of a huge number of AC projects. Another component of MBS are the QUEST tests (p

'''[[Work]] team''' (working group) is a group linked with the [[organization]] ([[enterprise]]). It can exist withi * functional groups - are groups created within the organization to achieve a number of objectives; its existence is indefinite; group still exists even

...seven steps scheme serves as the tool for the manager who intends to build a team. ...asis is the definition of what the [[company]] wants to obtain by creating a team, what are the specific expectations, what are the priorities. It is ne

A set of techniques and tools used primarily to promote the exchange and diss ...sts itself in the fact that using advanced [[communication]] technologies, a team of people scattered in different places of the globe can [[work]] toge

...hieve these goals. In this regard, the leader manager can be called simply a leader who has the formal authority within the organization, but the impact ...alization of the deeper purpose, so people have the conviction of pursuing a common goal. Leaders are promoters, all persons involved in the [[project]]

...is obliged to perform. K. Marx, however, indicates that [[work]] should be a deliberate activity providing utility values ​​from the adaptation of n ...Paul II. In his opinion, a man is called to work. Every human activity is a job, regardless of its nature and circumstances. Through work, on the one h

There is a relation between designed quality, technical level and [[quality cost]]s: * Technological advances can, however, cause a reduction in production costs and the improvement of the designed quality w

...f the management practices and processes within an [[organization]]. It is a measure of the ability of the management team to lead and guide the organiz ...ement]]: The ability of the management team to attract, retain and develop a talented [[workforce]].

'''Quality [[management]] [[system]]''' is a system composed of [[Quality management principles|principles]], procedures * Approach to improving effectiveness and flexibility of [[organization]] as a whole (J.S. Oakland).

Product is a good or a [[service]]. Good is a tangible commodity that fulfils human [[needs]] and provides utility to the Product is a result of [[process]]es in the [[organization]] which is presented to the [

Efficiency is a measure of compatibility between the model ([[planning]], set) and the actu ...ion of the action. Action is good, if the difference between the result of a useful and effort incurred for the implementation of this measure is greate

...ssociated with the operation of normal activities by the [[enterprise]] in a specific period of time. ...ion, that are related to the running of a typical enterprise's activity at a given time. The cost incurred in the ordinary course of business are divers

...with regulations regarding air pollution and waste disposal to operate in a particular location. ...at is sensitive to cultural differences may be more successful in reaching a diverse audience.

* legal personality - can act as a legal entity (this occurs at the moment of entering into the proper registr ...nit that converts three [[types of production]] factors into good which is a uniform, durable, meets [[need]]s of the [[consumer]]s. This specialised sm

At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, as a result of social change in Western Europe and the United States capitalism * prices are self-regulated, with a view to its natural level, ensuring a balance between the supply and [[demand]],

...understood as collection of items and relations between them, which act as a whole and have common objective. Defining the system involves extracting: e System (from the Greek ''systema''), is a set of mutually interrelated elements functioning as one whole (inputs, tra

'''Quality management''' makes a step forward. As every activity in the [[company]] can impact the quality o * [[statistical process control]] by [[Walter A. Shewhart]],

...r representing the frequency of occurrence for each category. For example, a Pareto Chart can be used to analyze [[customer]] complaints, to identify wh ...plete the process. For example, a Process Flowchart can be used to analyze a [[manufacturing process]], to identify potential areas for improvement and

...f application of this method was initially limited to [[industry]], but in a short time, it has proven to be useful in many other areas. ...team should consist of people with high expertise, who, in addition, have a willingness to disclose the causes of defects, also those caused by themsel

...[[statistical process control]]. The creator of control charts is [[Walter A. Shewhart]], who presented them in his book in 1924. Control charts are gra ...minate the real cause of problem in process. Such a signal is presented in a control card in the form of:

'''Pareto chart''' is a tool that enables managers to find the most important causes of the problem ...t shows that the incidence of most types of events can be observed in only a small portion of possible circumstances. This is true in many areas, e.g.:

''Histogram'' is a compilation of data, in the form of a statistical chart consisting of adjacent bars (rectangles), which illustrat This [[method]] of construction is used when a number of distribution ranges are equal. If the series has unequal interval

...ting and [[organizing]] [[information]], which relates to the specifics of a given [[product]] or process. Information about specific activities that ar * How many times there was a specific problem?

...e tools that are used in the [[process]] of [[quality]] improvement. It is a graphical illustration of the view of the relations between the two variabl ...ervation consists of two variables (X, Y) which can be shown as a point in a two-dimensional coordinate [[system]]. How the points are grouped together

* operate with a broad base of suppliers * '''Cross-Docking''': Cross-docking is a logistics practice that involves the consolidation of shipments and the imm

...order i.e. critical volume of stocks, which if reached, causes ordering od a certain size. The size of the order depends on the time required to receive * A - the cost of ordering

...t]] and get the effect in the form of meeting [[customer expectations]] in a way that is faster, better and cheaper. ...ply, [[production]], distribution. Customarily, in many companies there is a principle, that restock occurs when they have received the order from the n

...inventory of the material, while maintaining the same level of [[risk]] of a run out in one of the sub-stores, district stores (i.e. the point directly Examples of structures that use a two-tier inventory control can be:

...the sea carriage states that the goods have been received and loaded onto a vessel. It defines the place of shipment, carrier information needed to del ...hrough endorsement, that statement holder that persists with its rights to a specified person.

'''Storage [[documentation]]''', used in a proper way to document magazine operations, allows for conducting effective * Instructions for storage - is a document defining the organization and warehouse [[management]] [[technolog

...are stored in the logistics center in an organized manner, typically using a system of racks, shelves, or pallets. This allows for easy access and retri Overall, logistics centers play a critical role in the supply chain by helping organizations manage the flow

'''Logistic audit''' is conducted usually on a voluntary basis. Can be carried out at the request of the [[management]] of ..., manufacturing and distribution), each of the issues should be subject to a separate analysis to provide more complete information on the whole. It is

...sociated services at using at least two different modes of transport under a single contract of carriage. The transport agreement concluded by the [[mul ...[[organization]] of a multimodal transportation system typically involves a combination of [[government]] [[planning]] and private [[enterprise]].

...To be able to reload the materials of the vehicle it must be equipped with a ramp to allow free movement of the means of transport inside the warehouse. * A typical receiving area includes a dock, where trucks can back up and unload their cargo, and an office where

...services, capital goods and R&D services. It is often broadly described as a '''procurement [[management]]''' on operational level, '''strategic procure * there is a problem of profitability,

...The optimal location of the warehouse helps reduce [[cost]] and to create a well-organized logistics [[system]]. ...mum of the square of the distance, so that the function Q does not contain a square root).

'''Inventory costs''' refer to the expenses incurred by a business in relation to [[holding]] and maintaining inventory. Stocks are a * Shortage costs: These are costs that a business incurs as a result of not having enough [[inventory on hand]] to meet [[customer]] [[de

...related to the commitment of necessary resources. The fulfillment of such a condition is substantially simplified by the [[logistics]] [[information]] ==Information as a coordinator==

...f orders, as well as responsiveness to changing [[customer]] expectations. A manifestation of desire for integration in this area is use of systemic app ...activities often involve coordination between different departments within a company, such as [[production]], sales, and [[marketing]]. By improving the

...cess inventory. The production process can then be based on production for a customer order and not on [[mass production]] where we produce material for ...ial or see a decrease in demand for a given good or [[service]]. It forces a quick response to the situation and immediate solution of the problem by co

...efficiently will be able to produce more goods at a lower cost, giving it a [[competitive advantage]] in the [[market]]. Let's take a look at some specific examples of logistics in [[action]]:

Transport - is a set of actions involving the movement of material goods in time and space b ...nch of the transport, while at the same time using only one load unit e.g. a container for the whole journey.

...t storage areas and handling equipment are designed and maintained in such a way that they are safe for workers to use, and that they comply with releva ...s, stocking and creation and processing of related [[information]] require a specific storage infrastructure. which consists of:

...due to inability to predict future, the strategic risk management becomes a necessary tool for managers. It helps extend planning and increase its accu # It's a [[process]] for identifying, assessing, and managing both internal and exte

'''Master [[production]] schedule''' (MPS) - is a detailed [[plan]] of the production broken down by specific time intervals MPS is customarily presented in the form of a table where the columns are substituted for previously defined time interva

'''Waste and recyclable raw materials''' are generated as a side-effect of the processes of [[production]] and distribution (including ...is area we highlight also the flows of products consumed, which can become a secondary material or be subject to liquidation, as well as the waste. Due

...uantity, degree of compliance with the requirements, opportunity to ensure a long term cooperation, focus on closer cooperation with the [[customer]] an ...anagement''': This involves managing the storage and retrieval of goods in a warehouse. This includes managing space utilization, stock rotation, and in

A Production logistics subsystem can provide a number of advantages for companies, such as: ...ion is that production logistics is expensive to implement, as it requires a high level of expertise and the coordination of many different processes an

* '''[[Freight]] forwarding''': Freight forwarding is a service that arranges the transportation and storage of goods on behalf of ...rehousing''': Warehousing is the process of storing goods and materials in a warehouse. This includes goods that are waiting for delivery, goods that ar

...stics]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Operational management]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Dependent demand]]}} }}

A typical example is the automotive [[industry]]. ...plication of Lean Supply Chain Management in the [[production process]] is a good [[knowledge]] of the [[organization]] and its functioning. It involves

Customs clearance is a completing of all activities provided for under the rules of customs proced ...rnational treaties. Control may be imposed on full supply of goods or just a random part of it. It takes place in the presence of the importer, the cons

...rier''' is an entity that provide [[service]]s [[transport]] available for a fee. Public carrier does not distinguish their customers. Public transport ...ain (limited) number of shippers. Operation is carried out on the basis of a special agreement. Contract carrier activities is regulated.

...[shipping]], freight, and [[insurance]]. For example, the cost of shipping a package from San Francisco to New York City can include the cost of fuel fo ...ing for inventory, such as [[depreciation and amortization]]. For example, a warehouse may [[need]] to pay for storage space, equipment, and personnel t

...concept. Treating supply chain as "extended enterprise" is associated with a specific approach to enterprise collaboration, which involves the eliminati Implementation of the presented concept is associated with a [[change management model|change in the approach]] to business management.

* commercial, which is a factor with regard to the allocation of rights of ownership to the goods be ...another. For example, goods may be shipped by sea and then transferred to a truck for final delivery.

A '''purchase [[strategy]]''' refers to a [[plan]] or approach that a [[company]] or [[organization]] uses to acquire the goods and services it [ The main components of a purchase strategy include:

Logistics information systems (LIS) can provide a variety of advantages to organizations that use them, including: ...} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Production logistics subsystem]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Coordinative function of logistics]]}} }}

...ment of goods and services from suppliers to customers. These systems play a critical role in managing the flow of materials and information across the With this system, the partner companies, can find a niche in the market and to use [[information]] across whole [[logistics]] n

...tection against damage and loss of value. Means of internal transport have a very important impact on the course of [[production process]]es. ...sses and various models depending on the application. The choice of use of a specific [[system]] must take into account not only technical parameters, b

...ass-through for the entire [[product]] or with the first procedure to open a new procedure to transit of goods. In one vehicle, you can carry the consig ...same state, but a fragment of the route must pass through the territory of a foreign country. The TIR Convention exempts charge of [[customs clearance]]

...as services include: warranty and post-warranty services, which is also to a large extent of [[interest]] in the area of ​​logistics. ...oduction, inventory, location and transportation among the participants in a supply chain to achieve the best mix of responsiveness and [[efficiency]] f

...the optimal batch size is fixed at carefully selected time intervals, e.g. a month. ...d the actual stock. The main problem in planning purchases in the event of a change of the requirements is ignorance of the level of demand for this typ

...order|plans of deliveries]]. Main objective in coordination is to prevent a lack of raw material. On the other hand, there can be too much of raw mater The basic intention of the policy is determination of a pattern, which will be the basis for determining the parameters of the cont

...the decision regarding funding of the project. In the phase of formulating a main tool used to check the feasibility of the selected priority [[option]] This stage begins with a brief overview of the project aims and objectives, and after that project [

...the outside. Analysis is a helpful tool for existing companies to consider a new venture or assess its strategic position. Investors can also use it to '''Threat of new entrants''' applies to all companies that can enter a given market, both existing ones and those that are just being created. The

...tically determine the personal and team objectives. Objectives should have a moderate degree of difficulty, be substantiated, and at the same time such ...l effort in [[work]] is as natural as play or rest, commitment to goals is a function of rewards associated with their achievement, people acting on obj

...he PCM methodology. This stage examines the existing situation, to develop a vision of the desired situation in the future and to choose appropriate str ...alysis of the [[strategy]] (comparison of different [[options]] to address a given situation)

...s and characteristics which make up the service. Each state corresponds to a certain level of fulfilling the [[needs]] of consumers, and thus also their ...n of the consumers all activities focused on quality will be burdened with a large [[risk]] of failure. An extremely important feature influencing the s

...ceptance by the [[freight carrier]] to ship the item amount covered by it. A bill of lading constitutes the legal relationship between the carrier and t The bill of lading can function as a security. It represents an item for which it has been issued and is entitle

...thnic group. And it is hard to precisely differentiate ethnic tourism from a sentimental tourism. ...ot themselves come from places visited, but have taken the trip because of a desire to meet with the place of origin of their ancestors. An important te

...pproach to managing organization by creating value for [[customer]]. It is a long-term approach that requires [[continuous improvement]] in all areas of ...s and 90s, and it was known more as a philosophy and set of ideas, less as a set of tools. This pragmatic approach is typical to lean management.

...in such a way that each component function will detach and perform sets at a certain level of expertise, the overall amount of work and the means of [[p ...curacy of selection (harmonization) of elements whose work is divided into a maximum time of alignment, the size of the useful effect of the team depend

...efine and its essence is expressed as a lifetime relationship that creates a superior managerial influence over the subordinates. Management style is ch Research on management styles led to the creation of a variety of concepts, which are often not so much the reality but rather ing

...ng]] and sightseeing, sea and coastal sailing cruises. Maritime tourism is a type of tourism including seagoing tours, coastal shipping, sailing, kayaki ...m of trips offshore, giving the opportunity to see what was the subject of a lecture at the school; such cruises complement the school curriculum, as we

* Projects with a '''high degree of novelty''' (originality), examples: * Projects with a '''low degree of novelty (originality)''', examples:

'''[[Risk]] [[management]] process''' is a sequence of activities which aim at reducing the risks to acceptable level. ..., [[financial management]], [[quality management]] and others areas. It is a universal approach to risks. Therefore, it is recommended to implement one

...purchasers to buy a [[product]] or [[service]] over the phone or by way of a [[call center]]. Telemarketing helps companies to boost profits, reduce sal ...e a conversation if the potential [[client]] does not show [[interest]] in a purchase.

==Strategizing as a planning process== [[Strategic planning]] processes is first in a sequence of [[strategic management]] whose goal is to introduce and impleme

'''Value stream mapping''' is a [[method]] used to analyse the [[production]] [[system]]. It shows how the Value stream mapping is a tool that can be used with a sheet of paper and a pencil. It helps in seeing and understanding the flow of materials and [[in

...in the implementation of the tasks with the norm, which can be defined as a base (reference) for comparison. [[Process]] control operations should incl ...t for [[planning]] and remuneration; provides [[relevant information]] for a possible correction standards).

...uality assurance]] and [[quality management]]. In quality control there is a feedback link between [[quality inspector]] and workers at the [[production ...at allowed early [[identification]] of quality problems. The main tool was a [[control chart]]. Thanks to this improvement, workers could react faster t

...h suppliers, companies and final customers to deliver the highest value at a lowest [[cost]] for the entire chain. Most important feature in supply chai ...s been in practice from the second half of the twentieth century. This was a consequence of the severity of the [[need]] for cooperation of enterprises

...uties during the organization of the warehouse. But that information is of a temporary nature, and for best results, managers must continuously monitor An effective warehouse organization should take into account a number of principles to ensure the smooth functioning of the logistics proc

...mer, but it increases [[quality cost]]s. Quality inspection doesn't create a value for customer (customer won't pay more if you perform the check 1 or 5 ...nternal/external standards that define [[acceptable quality level]] (AQL). A list of standards and some calculators can be found on SQC Online website<r

...[[turnover]] and thus gain a larger [[market]] share. Target [[market]] is a [[market]] where the [[company]] should focus, locate its activity. In orde ...on of these factors.By comparing these effects with each other one obtains a measurable picture of the effectiveness of the impact of individual factors

...ints, during [[transport]] of goods. The logistics chain can be defined as a logistics network extending between the markets of supply and sales of fini ...ply chain of a [[company]]. This includes all the steps involved in taking a [[product]] from raw materials to the [[finished product]], and then delive

...bout their activities). In the case of entrusting such an entity status of a full service logistics provider, it becomes an intermediary in providing [[ * Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) - EDI is a secure and highly efficient way to transfer data and documents between two

Dr. Krzysztof Wozniak is a member of the faculty in the Department of [[Management]] [[Process]] in Cr * Cooperation with the Kraków [[Technology]] Park - as a technological expert in the "Foresight Labs ", conducting workshops and pre

As opposed to the bill of lading, waybill can not be traded as a security. In the implementation of standardized, common [[transport]] waybi ...ate waybill (HAWB) is drawn and a collective letter in which the sender is a [[forwarder]], and recipient is forwarder who split consolidated cargo to s

...as first used in 1972 in Japan, in the yard belonging to Mitsubishi. After a few years, it gained popularity in the United States, where it was used suc ...ign [[cost]]s and shorten its duration meant that there was a [[need]] for a [[method]] that would make it possible to translate the conscious and uncon

If the load for a specific port, will not be received and for any reasons will return to the ...s goods]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Ocean bill of lading]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Shipping]]}} }}

...etter results. Since 90s it is used also in [[process improvement]] and as a simple tool of [[risk management]]. Despite over half of century since deve #* Setting a team

'''Customs Office''' (customs House) - in international trade, is a [[public administration]] body created for the sole purpose, of imposing ta Customs office tasks include a variety of functions related to enforcing taxes and customs regulations on

...e Optimization) activities''': SEO refers to the [[process]] of optimizing a website to improve its visibility in search engine results. Businesses use ...'': The security of business information systems is a critical concern, as a security breach can lead to the loss of sensitive data and the disruption o

...by road between countries that are party to the Convention. It establishes a set of standardized rules and regulations for the international carriage of ...ation provided by government organizations of member states. It applies to a wide range of services in international commercial transport of goods.

The quality assurance is a [[system]] of double feedback loop. The first feedback loop sends [[informa The idea of quality assurance was a natural step forward from quality control. It's principles were created by

International logistics is a concept much wider than the national logistics. Includes the [[planning]], ...ain model]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Process innovation]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[International transport]]}} }}

Transportation - a separate set of activities related to movement of people and property by ap Transport enables movement of goods between places and creates a bridge between buyer and seller. Transport [[service]] provider affects the

The change agent is an expert, a spokesman for change or transformation leader (is an positive example for o ...lies. The change agent is considered to be a consultant and referred to as a specialist in the field of [[planning]] and organizations development. It w

R.N. Ottaway i C.L. Cooper proposed a taxonomy of agents of change, including the following types: * Generators of change (their goal is to provoke a sense of the [[need]] for change in the community), including:

...arantee the [[efficiency]] of implementing the changes. It may also act as a coach for the team members. by helping them to use their experience to achi * '''Technical expert''' providing specific expertise in a given area.

...preferences''' is a research approach consisting in classifying objects in a certain scale, which is reflected in the [[hierarchy]] of their importance. The basis of the effectiveness of preferential methods is the possibility of a meaningful and sufficiently strict measurement of objects under study. The

The preparation of the budget because of its significance is a complex [[process]] and usually consists of several stages. ...the system is developed and how much decision-making levels must pass such a project, depends on the size of the company.

...[[evaluation]] of the degree of completion of the [[project]]. It contains a series of questions or issues related to the project or its [[environment]] ...ld be established in the [[planning]] phase of the project, it constitutes a valuable tool for monitoring the implementation and [[final inspection]] of

[[Management by objectives]] (MBO) is a systematic [[process]], involving following steps: ...gement]] as a [[system]] of formal, officially declared rules. It includes a series of procedures and instructions for implementation.

Management by walking (or wandering about) is a popular form of organizational [[communication and collaboration]]. The ide ...ent is Bill Marriott Jr. (co-owner of the Marriot Hotel chain), who spends a lot of time just walking around the hotel. He goes to the kitchen, loading

'''[[Management]] by exceptions''' refers to a group of [[management]] techniques used to improve performance of [[employe [[Management]] by exception can be understood, as a recommendation to intervene only in case of deviations and intervene only i

Delegating is a concept associated with the specifics of managerial [[work]]. Manager entru ...heory of management|organization and management]] to found a delegation as a distinct management technique.

* identifying products promising a chance to get the best results, ...e created from any part of the business, but under condition that there is a possibility of direct calculation of the costs incurred. These are contract

...thering of statistics data, applying mathematical and numerical methods as a main and (sometimes) only technique used by management. ...mong alternative courses of [[action]] in order to achieve a goal or solve a problem.,

[[Motivating]] to work involves the use of a number of different tools and instruments that affects human [[action]] and ...tion is paid to the search for ways to stimulate employees to work in such a way that they acted willingly in performing delineated tasks.

'''[[Management]] by projects''' - a set of activities including [[planning]], [[decision making]], [[organizati Management by projects has become today a very popular management tool used in organizations. By using of this concep

...the management there are two kinds of participation models an American and a German. First is characterized by trust and tolerance, domination of manage * '''[[Quality]] Circles''': [[Quality circles]] involve a group of employees from the same department that meets regularly to identif

...ple in [[company]]. Within the [[system]] of symbols, corporate culture is a kind of language, [[identity of the company]], dress code for employees, in Most scientists believe that creating a culture of the [[organization]] is main role of its managers. Managers must

...e quite normal and even thought that through them, managers could generate a valuable difference between parties of conflict, which lead to [[innovation * [[management]] should manage conflict and resolve it in such a way that their intensity was maintained at the most optimal level,

...]] of their work. This also contributes to building a climate of trust and a good working atmosphere. ...ash; {{i5link|a=[[Internal and external communication]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Stakeholders]]}} }}

* able to create a climate and [[organizational culture]] that encourages change, # Bringing a significant breakthrough, providing dynamic development of the company:

...act, it's a habit''<ref>[http://blogs.umb.edu/quoteunquote/2012/05/08/its-a-much-more-effective-quotation-to-attribute-it-to-aristotle-rather-than-to-w * Work as a team

...anagement software, clear project objectives, a detailed project plan, and a system for monitoring and [[controlling]] project progress. This approach i ...ect into smaller components''': The system approach involves breaking down a project into smaller, more manageable components, which makes it easier to

...oups, and organizations interact and how they [[work]] together to achieve a common goal. It explores topics such as leadership and decision-making, [[t ...: This involves the management of the processes and resources that produce a company's products and services. It includes topics such as process design,

'''Representatives''': FW Taylor, A. Smith, Ch. Babbage, H. Le Chatelier, Ch. Bedaux, F.B. Gilbreth, H. Fayol, ...e the goal, the preparation of conditions and measures, the realization of a preconceived [[plan]], control of the results),

'''Strategic [[management]] principles''' include a wide range of policies, guidelines and best practices to strategic manageme ...tion of the methodology of general systems theory, treating the company as a multi-dimensional system, the desire to achieve and maintain the integrity

...n organizations usually take the form of human '''action'''. The action is a conscious, deliberate and arbitrary [[behaviour]]. * '''perpetrator''' - in the praxeological sense it is always a man/woman ([[employee]], manager),

...parts: the inner contains the key areas, the middle expands them and shows a methods supporting the external [[action]] of [[TQM]] in the field of servi ...ople. However, in relation to other employees there should be adopted such a level of empowerment that is needed for the provision of assistance to the

'''[[System]] approach to [[management]]''' arose as a result of attempts to overcome the limitations of the [[diagnostic approach Recognition of the [[organization]], as a [[system]], whose subsystems form a hierarchical structure, and comprehensive examination of its structure. In

* Determine the subject of the study - a description of all components of the [[organization]], which will be tested ...s of [[management]]. Deviation of the actual from the desired condition is a problem to be solved. Example sources of problems: man, machine, [[informat

Genesis of this [[method]] is connected with a '''operations research group''' of experts working at the headquarters of t ...the [[enterprise]] by using mathematical methods. Operational research is a collection of structured methods and techniques derived from the theory of

...ed at understanding the multi-faceted man-technique [[system]] and develop a set of propositions which are scientific basis for the mutual adaptation of * Third generation was formed as a discipline concerned with the design of wider complex system in terms of bo

'''[[Investment]] [[project]]''' can be defined as a set of interdependent tasks and activities, undertaken by [[company]] to ac ...may lead to a reduction in profits. In this case, the company should make a detailed cost analysis. Examples of actions aimed at cost reductions are re

...he operator. Man-machine system is the keystone of the work [[process]] is a component of all systems of [[production]]. In the course of its operation Man is a biological system, the machine is a tool to replace or assist a man at work.

* problem as a difficult situation, * problem as a new situation,

...maller project that is part of a larger project. It is a way to break down a large project into smaller, more manageable parts. ...has its own objectives, deliverables, and timelines, and is usually led by a subproject manager. The subproject manager is responsible for ensuring that

...oes without interrupting across all the steps and phases of the process in a forced order of operations, they are suitable for heavy chemical industry, ...of these processes are often subjected to further processing or machining. A typical example of these processes is metallurgy, thermal power electricity

...tioning of the state and its citizens, as well as organizations engaged in a [[market]] activity. ...etween the management of public organizations and business units there are a number of differences:

...[company]] as an IT division or IT department, but it can also function in a distributed system. ...with the governing bodies. Development of information material is already a specialized conceptual [[work]], which includes analytical operations, [[pl

...and news. The data is the form of information that can be processed using a computer and the messages are ordered sets of data that contain information * Amount of information - too much information can be a problem for managers

...erspective. The first one consists of four main planes of the structure of a management information [[system]]: * The information needs of users - data necessary in connection with a specific user goal and because of the expected or the circumstances of the

...cerns the [[decision making process]], as a sequence of actions to achieve a certain choice. According to H. Simon decision-making process includes the ...ment]] looking for the [[Conditions of decision-making|condition requiring a decision]], the diagnosis,

* Creating a more favourable physical [[working conditions]]. ...uipment, the cost of construction and expansion of facilities, the cost of a break in [[service]], the cost of [[training]] and instruction, lower labou

...doing so, the participants affect the common object of work (usually it is a document or set of documents) and execute in sequence various tasks (e.g., ...es and protocols, and handling financial or accounting tasks. For example, a [[company]] may employ an administrative assistant to manage their daily op

...site operators (multi-plant companies, joint ventures, joint enterprises), a group of entities with established management center. ...rsonality, clustering by technological or [[industry]] [[specialization]], a significant concentration of capital and production.

...inary skills and strong commitment. Perceptions of managerial work as just a source of power, the possibility of subordination and reaping bigger profit ...ng, organizing, and controlling resources to achieve specific goals within a set timeframe. Project managers must be able to effectively manage the reso

...be treated in two ways. In general, the decision model can be regarded as a representation of reality in particular problem area, and is used as key in ...lements of the decision, which is a collection of satisfactory decision or a set of optimal decision. There is clear distinction between descriptive mod

'''Group [[decision making]]''' is a specific situation, during which important decision are discussed and under * Too much interaction, a long time needed to make a decision.

...n and its environment have on each other multiple effects, thereby causing a feedback between each other, which determines the smooth functioning of the ...Holding]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Industry environment]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Opportunities and threats]]}} }}

** A place in space * '''Organizational cell''' - a team consisting of a human supervisor and subordinate team members, the purpose of implementing,

...t of the '''life cycle of the [[organization]]''' can be described through a sequence of successive phases of [[organizational development]] in time. ...important is to attract people with the highest qualifications who will be a source of [[motivation]] and professionalism of the organization.

'''[[Management]]''' is complex [[process]] consisting in a number of '''management functions'''. The most popular management functions ...it is the most important function of management, so it is important to do a good plan. We can divide plans into following categories: strategic plans,

* [[Workplace]] design - a definition of the tasks and responsibilities of the [[employee]], or the sc * Grouping of jobs - joining in a logical and efficient way of workplaces and employees. It is the creation o

[[Motivation]] is a psychological mechanism that runs and organizes human [[behaviour]] to achi ...motivation]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Behavioral school]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Work team]]}} }}

...ective action. Effective supervision is one of the most important tasks of a good manager. Relationships between [[planning]] and control are presented '''Managerial control''' - is a systematic action to establish performance standards for the planned object

...of a project should be weighed carefully before proceeding, as it may have a lasting impact on the organization’s performance and success. ...y]] in production, an improved ability to respond to customer demands, and a better understanding of the company’s costs and profits.

...ular, he should control areas, where the deviation from the norm can cause a lot of damage to the [[company]]. * Normativity and operability - The control system should include a set of proposals for corrective actions for the most common deviations. Thi

...s approach''', treats the [[company]], or in fact any [[organization]], as a stand-alone system, having the following features: * Maintaining a steady state, i.e. immunity to changes in [[environment]] (to certain level

...rsonal analysis can determine the extent of performance problems caused by a lack of qualifications Analysis of potential job profiles is a method to control the potential effects of the development work. It can be

...information]], determines the benefits of perfect accuracy and operates in a fully rational manner. * '''Groupthink''': Groupthink is a phenomenon that occurs when a group of people make decisions without considering all of the potential [[o

...y's management [[strategy]]. [[Strategic management|Strategies]] represent a variety of organizational measures, which may take the form of improvements ...ant tool in this approach are periodic reviews and rankings of managers in a given speciality. They are aimed at assessing the effectiveness of manageme

...ositively from the point of view of the goal. Quantitative changes lead to a growth of the [[system]]. The development of the organization includes a set of changes or intervention techniques, ranging from structural and syst

...roduced and services rendered are taking place as a result of implementing a variety of operations, such as research and development, [[logistics]] (sup ...the growing importance of the [[organization]] of production and labour as a factor of [[competitiveness]].

...n]] is deemed to be effective if it complies with the relevant criteria in a given situation. '''Methodological efficiency'''. It refers to a situation where the operator did everything in the circumstances (especiall

...s, the risk of personal interests, reducing power or spheres of influence, a sense of loss (for example, the current status). Identifying sources of res ...volved in the process of change will help them to understand the change in a better way and also make them feel that their opinion is valued.

...organization and well-being of workers. The development of organization is a prerequisite for the survival, stability and improvement. Internal development is a consequence of maintaining:

...for the product, making plans for achieving those goals, and establishing a mission statement. The [[tactical decision]] involves planning the resource In conclusion, the decision to invest in a new product is a good example of decision types in business. This decision involves strategi

...ding [[knowledge]], [[information]] and understanding (e.g., device model, a model of the economy, [[company]] model, [[system]] model). The word model ...up in order to focus attention on that which is most important, which has a significant impact on the specific process. Therefore, the model ignores th

...years. At the beginning of existence, the controlling was identified with a function of control. Those days, the controlling cells dealt only with past * it relates to a lack of goal congruence,

...ation]] for [[continuous improvement]], allowing transformation of it into a [[learning organization]]. ...trol, design and implementation of changes in the company. They constitute a new, perfect conditions for the operation and collaboration with the enviro

* in the event of a conflict, manager try to subjugate the people, ===5.5: Adequate performance at work, a compromise between the results and the rights of co-workers===

The '''scope of the [[project]]''' is a document that is the basis for determining further [[work]] in the project, ...at the [[Project cost management|project costs]] will be higher because of a small (according to managers) change, causing the [[need]] to repeat some o

The waste is everything that doesn't create a value for the [[customer]]. The customer wants good [[product]]. The [[comp ...re inventory than required in order to keep the flow of the [[process]] is a waste. The organization should apply e.g. [[Just in time]] to reduce it.

...stes was originally developed by Taiichi Ohno, engineer in Toyota, and was a part of Toyota Production [[System]], later [[Lean manufacturing]]. The waste is everything that doesn't create a value for the [[customer]]. The customer wants good [[service]]. The [[comp

'''Direct [[marketing]]''' is a specific way of [[communication]] between [[company]] and customer, which m ...e amount of information on customers is kept in [[database]]s. Database is a collection of current and potential customers which includes their addresse

===3. Create a level product development process flow=== ===5. Develop a chief engineer system to integrate development from start to finish===

===4. Every lean development project is a team effort=== ...nd frequent testing. Agile teams work in short sprints, often lasting just a few weeks, to quickly develop features and deliver value to customers.

...ent]] activities. They claim that management activities don't add value to a [[product]] and therefore are waste. Well, if so, who is responsible for im ...tion]], Over-processing, Motion and Transportation. These wastes can cause a significant amount of [[time and money]] to be wasted on software developme

...rsonal decisions and official orders, the lack of freedom of subordinates, a large distance in personal relations with subordinates. ==Characteristics of a democratic style of leadership==

'''Konnayku stone''' is known as devil's tongue, is a [[quality control]] tool used to eradicate imperfections in manufactured pa ...facturing business is to make a [[quality]] [[product]]. Konnyaku stone is a technique that can be employed by workers at all levels of the [[organizati

The term '''organizational change''' describes everything that implies a violation of the initial situation (''status quo'') of [[organization]], in ...s and may relate to its various parts. The change occurs wherever there is a [[need]] for it. Ability to adjust the pace of change and methods of their

'''Toyota [[Production]] [[System]]''' (TPS) is a [[management]] system which aims for reduction of waste in every [[process] * '''Just-in-Time (JIT) Manufacturing''': Just-in-time is a production system that uses smaller batches of items and produces them only

...ointed by an [[Public administration|public institution]]. Employee is not a natural person who performs [[work]] on behalf of another person under [[se ...has completed 18 years, but under certain conditions can also be younger, a person who has completed 16 years of age and did not exceed 18 years.

...ions or demographic trends. Analysing the far environment further not have a clear canon of research and well defined scope. Analysis depends primarily ...t]] of [[production]]. In case of high unemployment the company can afford a big selection and pickiness in looking for new [[employee]]s. When interest

...d manufacturing of the goods or performing services. Producer who produces a harmful [[product]] is responsible for the damage caused by this product. * They must act on the basis of a contract or status ("[[certificate]] of incorporation"),

'''Evaluation of the [[project]]''' involves a comprehensive assessment of the given project, policy, program or [[investm ...pursuing. This method helps decision-makers to decide whether to invest in a project, as it allows them to identify potential risks and rewards associat

'''[[Environment]] of a [[project]]''' is multi-faceted and complex set of factors, depending on th * [[budget of a project]],

...participants to a true [[knowledge]] of the host country. Often it is only a superficial contact with enclaves prepared for foreigners. Too many tourist ==Alternative tourism as a fair form of travel==

...res extraordinary skill and courage to bear high risk, and also very often a threat to life. Sports with Rafting on rushing mountain river, jump rope, or other extreme sports require a lot of courage. However, there are people who can not live without extreme

...wn off-route. This mode of travelling is very expensive, but also provides a high level of comfort and even luxury. ...er accommodation and food). Infant baby you can "take a walk" on parent in a special sling constructed on the basis of the backpack.

* limit and protection of liability in case of a lawsuit, ...to identify any potential threats or risks that may arise in the course of a project. This helps to reduce the chances of costly mistakes or delays due

...e organization (the source of which is within the [[company]] and also has a negative impact on its financial results). The threat within the meaning of ...rages companies to enter the [[competition]] is what drives him and exerts a negative pressure on prices,

'''[[Risk]] [[management]] [[strategy]]''' is a way in which the [[company]] or [[project]] team decides to treat the risks The [[organization]] should create a model for risk related decisions. This model should describe which strategi

...the situational approach, the manager should determine which [[method]] in a given situation and conditions is best to achieve the goals. Leadership is a [[process]] of positive impact (not to be confused with manipulation) on me

...all the factors (features, resources) characterizing its interior, having a positive impact on the operation, carried out tasks and [[management]] proc * low level of staff [[turnover]] which is a consequence of satisfaction with [[working conditions]] and social climate

...s and [[management]] processes at the operational and strategic levels. As a consequence, weaknesses restrict the effective implementation of the organi * executives do not care for the personal development of employees, there is a lack of [[training]] in developing competences and skills,

'''Quality control [[plan]]''' is a document that describes [[product]], [[service]] or [[process]] characteris * Provides a summary of our [[knowledge]] about process/product/project

...y income and be your own boss. It requires taking a [[risk]], investing in a venture, and researching the market, but the potential rewards can be great ...be a great opportunity to make [[money]] over time, but it also comes with a great deal of risk. It is important to research the property markets and th

...ion of additional '''E'''nvironmental factor. [[External environment]] has a significant effect on business activities but these forces are independent ...d the rate at which [[information]] is exchanged between [[stakeholders]]. A faster exchange of [[information]] can benefit companies as they are able t

...[[risk]] [[management]]''' (also: [[enterprise]] r.m., corporate r.m.) is a set of activities related to [[planning]], [[organizing]], leading and [[co ...ramework'' was published in 2004. It defined enterprise risk management as a [[process]], effected by an entity's [[board]] of directors, management, an

The standard suggests implementation of the process in such a way that is would be possible to call it from any other process, similarly : Annex A. Attributes of enhanced risk management

...e'') was created on basis of critique of [[SERVQUAL]] by J.J. Cronin and S.A. Taylor in 1994. They claimed that Parasuraman's study of relations between .... What's more, higher level of perceived service quality only sometimes is a cause of increased [[consumer]] satisfaction. In many cases, the satisfacti

'''[[Process]] of the [[consumer]] decision-making''' involves a series of [[behaviour]] of households in the [[market]] and taking [[action ...o direct effect. Usability is a subjective category, depends on feeling of a particular consumer. One good for one may be of great utility and for other

...behavior is determined by the strength of an individual's attitude towards a specific behavior, multiplied by the individual's belief in their ability t ...the Fishbein model can be used to predict how an individual will behave in a given situation.

...and solve problems related to [[quality]] of services. It was presented by A. Parasuraman, V. Zeithaml and L. Berry in 1988. The main idea is based on 5 There is a number of critique articles in literature. They point that the model doesn'

'''RATER model''' is an evolution of [[SERVQUAL]] [[method]] presented by A. Parasuraman, V. Zeithaml and L. Berry in 1988. The main idea is based on 5 The model was used in a hotel. In that kind of business the employees are those, who make the servi

...ponsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles. The model may also include a method for gathering [[customer]] feedback and using it to identify areas f ...ify and solve problems related to quality of services. It was presented by A. Parasuraman, V. Zeithaml and L. Berry in 1988. The main idea is based on 5

'''[[Kaizen]] costing''' is a [[method]] of reducing managing costs. It's also referred to as [[continuou .... By involving all employees in the process, kaizen costing aims to create a culture of continuous improvement in which everyone is constantly looking f

...ntion tool that helps eliminate potential defects before they occur. It is a modification of [[Failure Mode and Effects Analysis]]. PFMEA was designed f Set of failure + cause + effect is a '''failure mode'''.

...ss operates, and can have a significant impact on the financial aspects of a business. ...to taxation, spending, monetary policy, and trade. These policies can have a significant impact on businesses and can affect factors such as [[consumer]

...behaviour, what is good and bad for [[company]], employees and society as a whole. There is many similarities between ethical and [[legal factors affec ...re essential to consider as they can have a large impact on the success of a company. The following are some of the most important ethical factors to co

...decisions have also strong influence on social and cultural environment in a country. Decisions of politicians may also affect pace (promote or disturb) * role of a constitution or similar national legal document,

...is a [[decision making]] process in Japanese [[management]] systems. It is a bottom-up approach that overcomes traditional hierarchic [[process]]. It ca ...en delegate decision making to subordinates. The final decision emerges as a balance of views of different employees. No one expects the managers to be

'''Why why analysis''' is a [[method]] of searching for and finding the root causes of the problem. The The analysis should be performed by a team of people interested in finding solution to the problem. The team shou

...and households when purchasing goods and services. Consumer confidence is a measure of the overall economic health and is reflected in the level of con A high level of consumer confidence can lead to increased spending, which can

* Social classes can have a significant impact on a society, shaping access to opportunities and resources, as well as influenc * The wealth of people can be measured by a variety of factors, including income, assets, and net worth, and can vary g

...licymaker engagement in [[environmental]] protection can greatly influence a business's ability to operate sustainably. * Fees and fines for using natural environment can act as a deterrent for businesses to engage in activities that harm the environment.

* '''no demand''' - caused by insufficient [[information]] about a good or service, indifference or lack of [[need]] for such product, no diff * '''latent demand''' - caused by a gap between [[needs]] and desires of consumers and actual product present o

...d the rate at which [[information]] is exchanged between [[stakeholders]]. A faster exchange of [[information]] can benefit companies as they are able t ...ehaviour]], what is good and bad for [[company]], employees and society as a whole. More examples of [[Ethical factors affecting business]].

...duct. It assumes that [[target group]] of customers is heavily involved in a given product category, however, they see product differentiation within th ...he subject (or at least ability to recognize a particular [[brand]]) among a large part of the target group, if there is no such previous awareness. Thi

...that was set by [[marketing]] managers before the advertising campaign. As a rule, as the main goal of advertising campaign is considered to be an incre ...''' (tells how many times the average [[consumer]] comes into contact with a given ad)

'''DAGMAR model''' is a methods used for testing the impact of advertising on the change in the [[c ...titled: '''D'''efining '''A'''dvertising '''G'''oals for '''M'''easured '''A'''dvertising '''R'''esults published by Association of National Advertisers

The policy is usually a document that shows general activities in [[risk management]] and links to ...eatment). Is it possible to remove the causes? If yes, the risk is no more a problem. Remove risks that cannot happen from the list. But be careful - if

...management]] team has to assess how important risk factors are. Therefore, a pefined scale is used. The likelihood and consequences are described on the ...have priority over other risks. The [[organization]] should not undertake a project if the risk level is too high and no response have been established

...ect manager could use Monte Carlo Simulation to estimate the total cost of a project, taking into account the potential impact of risk on cost. ...calculate the expected cost of a project, taking into account the cost of a potential risk event.

'''COSHH assessment''' is a procedure of identifying hazard and assessing [[risk]], which is based on ' ...]] during which some dust of fume is emitted. It is important not to limit a list of substances to those that are stored in the [[enterprise]] only. It

...ological basis of its actions. Advertising should attract the attention of a potential [[customer]], who should notice it among others ads or sources of ...c.) dramatization / presentation, D (10 sec.) message indicating benefits, A (5 sec.) slogan / source of additional information about purchase.

GERT doesn't have those limitations. But it comes at a [[cost]] of more sophisticated diagram. The example comes from A.A.B. Pritsker publication (see references).

...s taking place in the psyche at the time of purchase. Consumer behavior is a structured series of reactions to various stimuli. * intentional, fully conscious, well thought out and towards a specific purpose, this behavior reflects attitudes of consumers and their d

...c document initiating the project: [[Project charter|Project Charter]]. To a minimum extent, business justification defines the expected results of the ...ent for why the project should be undertaken and to demonstrate that it is a worthwhile [[investment]] for the [[organization]]. It helps to ensure that

...ster reaction times. Reducing the scope of administrative burdens leads to a significant reduction in the number of problems related to [[bureaucracy]]. * Moving decision-making to a lower organizational level,

...and there are strongly related opportunities in the [[environment]], it is a strategy of strong expansion and development using both factors as best as ...rt to have a fundamental negative impact on the financial results and pose a threat to the existence of the [[enterprise]]

...aviour]] of people. Within the [[system]] of symbols, corporate culture is a kind of language, identity of the [[company]], dress code for employees, in ==Organizational structure as a determinant of culture==

...complaints - identify the issues with offered products<ref>Bijmolt, T. H. A., 2010, pp. 341-356</ref>. * A - the most valuable for the company (the highest return)

...uality management]]. The [[quality management system]] can be divided into a series of processes interrelated with each other. The process approach aims ...rmation]] and [[financial resources]]. In fact, organizations, by creating a map of processes, divide processes in different ways, they also call them d

...ed accreditation body of the competencies of organizations operating under a given the area that is subject to conformity assessment, i.e. certification Accreditation is a formal order for PCA to carry out the accreditation process and includes an

...sals for individuals. These applications involve the creation of teams for a short, maximum several months, period of time. The [[quality management]] s ...] and organization of processes to operate autonomous circles, introducing a participatory style of management at all levels, adjusting [[decision makin

...eries of materials, conversion of machines, maintenance and breakdowns. As a result of the application of this concept, improvements are introduced in t ...ginning of the 20th century in the USA. It was the Americans who separated a separate department in the [[enterprise]], which was responsible for the re

...nt of view - properly chosen quality policy is a declaration of why buying a [[product]] or [[service]] can be an organization that believes that it wan ...requirements, [[employee]] improvement [[process]]. The quality policy is a fully public and published document. Therefore, specific goals can be trans

...he main benefit associated with JIT is to reduce the time to completion to a minimum, which brings significant savings associated with the reduction of The effectiveness of implementing the JIT [[method]] depends on finding a balance between the flexibility of suppliers and the stability of users, wi

...l. Later, this method was popularized in civil industries. It gave rise to a number of methods that combine [[management]] principles and statistics. ...defects that take place in enterprises. Each organization aims to produce a [[product]] of the highest [[quality]] that meets the expectations of custo

...'loss of availability''', i.e. all events that stop further production for a period of time. Includes unplanned interruptions (e.g. failures) and planne ...be able to specify in more detail what contributes to the largest losses, a specific loss has been assigned to each OEE parameter. They are classified

...ity costs would increase again, if only as a result of the introduction of a new product, new production [[method]], new employees, new equipment, etc. ...umber of errors made and dramatically reduce quality costs, which can have a significant impact on the company's profitability (costs are falling - reve

'''Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED)''' - is a tool change within a one-digit number of minutes; [[method]] of diagnosing and improving [[produ ...f planning and production control - [[Just in time|Just In time]] requires a [[risk]] minimization [[strategy]] in cooperation with SMED, [[Kanban|KANBA

...ting the requirements]]. The effect of these activities is the issuance of a [[certificate]] ([[Quality]] [[Management]] 2004, p. 111). ...ed accreditation body of the competencies of organizations operating under a given the area that is subject to conformity assessment, i.e. certification

...choice of product or [[brand]]. Customer satisfaction is a combination of a good product (you mean its [[quality]]), its [[price]], proper [[service]] ...n he makes a purchasing decision. First of all, the previous experience of a given consumer and his expectations in relation to the product and service

...ring which the [[customer]] and the seller are trying to [[compromise]] in a rational way defending their interests.They can not be rigidly defined beca '''Persuasion''' is used to change your mind about a topic of another person.It is assumed that despite the desire to defend the

The '''MoSCoW technique''' is a universal [[method]] used, for example, in [[project]] [[management]] that According to A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of [[Knowledge]], Moscow technique dist

'''[[Marketing]] [[information]] [[system]]''' - a totality of people, equipment, procedures and techniques of gathering, orde The stimulus that initiated a concept of marketing information system was a conception of D.E. Cox, R.E. Good and B. Montgomery, introduced in 1967 and

...mine the costs and risks associated with the [[production]] or creation of a [[service]] within our [[organization]].These costs are compared with the e ...mic, social and political situation. Consequently, the conclusions of such a review should be periodically reviewed.

...tion]] of projects, based on principles of logical thinking and introduces a number of tools for planning, creating, implementing and managing projects. ...is ​​not only used to describe the project in a synthetic way, it is also a tool for improving its [[quality]]. Filling the matrix, future beneficiarie

* '''strategic''' (above 5 years) - a [[plan]] of the future, thanks to which it is easier to set paths of conduc ...eral months to a year) - actions defining what should be done to implement a long-term plan,

...ated and easily accessible, such as facts and figures that can be found in a book or online. It is knowledge that is easily communicable and can be arti ...include knowing how to ride a bike, or knowing how to cook a dish without a recipe. It is also known as tacit knowledge.

...Stupid''') rule is a helpful rule in the [[process]] of defining goals in a [[project]]. This principle is applicable in many activities whose overarch ...e kept simple rather than made complicated; therefore simplicity should be a key goal in design and unnecessary complexity should be avoided.

...goal of marketing is to have such an impact on [[consumer]] so that he buy a [[product]] regardless of his [[needs]]. ...ispensable. The goal is to meet and understand a [[customer]] so good that a product or [[service]] adjust to him and... sell themselves (P.F. Drucker,

...acter. Other arguments and forms of message are used in case of explaining a necessity of [[employment]] restructuring. ...f conveying this knowledge is a higher level of workers' job satisfaction, a rise in their involvement and better organizational [[identification]], whe

...ntal]] variables influence marketing decisions, hence a marketer [[needs]] a lot of information associated with those variables in order to take rationa Surroundings monitoring - here a crucial matter is careful monitoring and gathering of data about perceived

'''[[Marketing]] [[innovation]]''' is a deployment of new marketing [[method]] that is associated with significant ...d has to be a part of a new conception or [[marketing strategy]], which is a major departure from marketing methods employed heretofore. New marketing m

The '''bricks and clicks (aka click and mortar) model''' is a multichannel distribution model. This specific business model involves the ...l allows customers to make purchases in spare time (even without access to a computer), which increases accessibility to shopping and brings tangible re

...ethical, social and [[environmental]] criteria. Sustainable development is a stable development which uses resources only in necessary amounts and goes ...hospitality]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Activity center]]}} &mdash; {{i5link|a=[[Green Marketing]]}} }}

The term introduced in the eighties, which can be defined as a collection of all [[enterprise]]-wide databases remaining invariably in the * aggregate information (fact aggregates) - data for a longer period of time are stored here, e.g. number of failures per quarter

...cessary to develop modern and practical technical solutions. The choice of a new technique, [[work]] [[organization]] and the whole range of innovative Innovation management [[system]] is a whole structure, as well as activities that are necessary for the preparati

...is development, there was a [[need]] to standardize financial reporting as a tool enabling making necessary analyzes and comparisons in order to make fi ...in different countries are still characterized by a large discrepancy. As a result, financial statements and conclusions in them may not be comparable,

* as a [[process]], * in a way dependent on [[behavior]] (behaviorist).

* The emergence of market imbalances (shortages or surpluses) as a result of state regulations, especially when these regulations affect the p * Limiting the individual's freedom and inhibiting a bottom-up initiative.

...input of two factors of [[production]], which allow to efficiently produce a given product size. ...s with their appearance resemble curves of indifference. However, there is a fundamental difference between them, because the isoquants are marked by th

'''The [[risk]] of liquidity''' - the risk of a situation in which the bank runs out of cash to make unexpected withdrawals All operations that cause the flow of cash flows can trigger a bank's liquidity perturbation. The liquidity risk is directly related to ot

...nce between the real and nominal [[interest]] rate. It is characterized by a deep faith in self-regulating [[market]] mechanisms. ...ements on the part of monetary authorities in the interim period. However, a good solution is the free operation of monetary regularities, manipulating

John von Neumann (1903-1957) - is a Hungarian mathematician, physicist, economic theoretician, creator of the t ...n, solving the statistical problem in the field of estimation theory. From a mathematical point of view, the stages of Monte Carlo algorithms are divide

...ncreasing steadily since the mid-sixties. The natural unemployment rate is a typical unemployment rate, around which the actual unemployment rate fluctu ...the simplest terms, it is a situation in which employees look for a job as a result of losing or changing jobs without accepting the first offer they ha

'''Neoclassical [[economics]]''' is a trend in economics, also called subjective-marginalistic, dominating from t ...ublished in 1871 revived the scholastic approach to economics. It was also a pillar of the so-called "marginalist revolution" in the history of economic

...only the strongest manufacturers with established position, reputation or a wide range of additional services. Weaker competitors must withdraw from th Market maturity phase can be extremely long when the invention is a breakthrough [[product]], the [[company]] maintains market leadership or [[

...and radically different approaches to its interpretation. That results in a large diversity in the selection of indicators of innovation. ...the technical reports produced by the [[company]]. This method results in a great amount of [[information]] on individual innovation, and the less with

'''Network charts''' is a group of methods developed in the late 50's and 60 projects for the defense ...calculation of the duration of the entire [[project]], slack time and mark a critical path.

* prepare a set of early tactical moves * How long do we intend to carry on a negotiations? How much time can we spend?

...reated only when ordered by the [[customer]]. Such an order is preceded by a phase of negotiations during which the terms of the order are specified. ...his type of production is carried out in systems that are characterized by a great versatility of equipment.

...rsch 2001, 109</ref><ref>J. H. Martin 2004, 280</ref>. Disclaimer trust is a powerful tool for many individuals, because is offers the asset transmissio Disclaimer trust is a '''complex legal construction''', therefore it should be created with help

...day. Today the trade is mostly electronic, but the bell is still in use as a symbol. ...market has closed for the day. This information can include details about a [[company]]'s [[financial performance]], such as revenue and [[profit]], as

...at research does not determine the effects of subsequent [[management]] of a given area. However, it is difficult to determine the effects but problems ...rs, and various types of promotions, thereby gaining profits. In addition, a well-served [[customer]] returns and recommends us to other consumers.

...r a certain number of years of service. These withdrawals can be taken for a variety of reasons, including financial hardship, disability, or terminatio ...hdrawal fees, and potential penalty taxes if the withdrawal is made before a certain age. Additionally, the funds withdrawn will no longer be invested a

'''Carding forum''' is a forum that specialized in the trade of stolen credit card data, as well as ...ho collect [[information]] about these cards and use these cards. They use a special computer program to acquire this data. The online underground econo

...ordinary employees. Authority is delegated not to a specific person but to a position or role within an [[organization]]. The distribution of tasks allo ...les of delegation should be applied when a manager is delegating a task to a subordinate. The principles ensure that the task is effectively delegated a

...ho represents only one particular insurance [[company]]<ref>Beh H., Willis A. (2008) ''[http://insurancejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/51.pdf, I ...f an insurance company, are usually compensated with the salary basis plus a commission or bonus for [[production]]<ref>Outreville J.F. (1998), ''[https

...[[customer]] is able to withdraw [[money]] from savings account only once a month, but he/she gets 1% better interest rate. ...tablished when bank agree abiding directives from protected lender without a necessity of pronounced borrower agreement.

'''Confirmed Letter of Credit''' is a specific type of letter of credit. It can be used if seller considers credi ...half of the importer, but on its own behalf undertakes to pay the exporter a fixed amount, after fulfilling certain conditions.

...r is it pegged to country's reserve or gold produced in the country. It is a second cryptocurrency announced by Venezuela. The first was '''petro''' whi ...U.S. dollar. That can lower [[demand]] on U.S. dollar and lead to emerging a new backup currency.

'''Fully funded''' is a description of [[quality]] of pension [[plan]]. If the assets in the pensio ...ding. In addition, unpaided pension benefits are discounted accordingly at a rate strictly exceeding the [[government]]'s loaning rate. Sometimes roblem

...the developer on his land which is ready for the [[customer]] to move in. A "turnkey home" are planned and finished including the whole interior by com ...e this phrase to describe any ready to move in home that is up for sale (J.A. Griffin,2010).

...OykJvfAhXosIsKHTeYBJo4HhDoAQh0MAk#v=onepage&q=absolute%20title&f=false ''Q&A Land Law''] Routledge</ref>. ...OykJvfAhXosIsKHTeYBJo4HhDoAQh0MAk#v=onepage&q=absolute%20title&f=false ''Q&A Land Law''] Routledge.</ref>:

...in the past had problems with timely repayments are usually unable to get a new loan. In this case, the second chance loan [[option]] appears. In order ...[[refinancing]] of the mortgage loan at a lower interest rate<ref>Goolsbee A. 2007</ref>.

...mposition, ornament, melody or other sound signal, plastic form as well as a combination of these elements (Dyer 2012, p. 2) . ...read as an abbreviation for "registered". If such a sign is placed next to a trade mark, it indicates that the trade mark has been filed with the releva

'''Gravestone [[doji]]''' is a reversal pattern that can appear at the end of an [[uptrend]]<ref>Reversal ...f the candle is so small that the opening and closing prices are the same, a '''doji (candlestick line)''' is formed.

'''Hammer clause''' (otherwise called a Settlement Cap Provision, a Blackmail Clause or an Agreement on the Terms of Settlement) is '''an [[ins ...mer clause took its name from the metaphor - just like a hammer is used on a nail, just as the insurer has power over the insured.

'''Takaful''' is a type of [[insurance]] based on Islamic religious law, Sharia. Members of th ...In 1980 there were appearing first insurance companies. Islamic Takaful is a financial [[product]] which is expanding all over the world.

...nsidered as one of the features included in liability policy dedicated for a [[product]]. Aggregate deductible normally refers to the period of time equ ...especially in the situations linked with e.g. high frequency losses <ref> A.P. Amato, 2010, p.18 </ref>.</p>

'''Country basket''' is a selection of countries, similar in some conditions, that are analyzed toget Such a simplification is cheaper and easier to manage, however it can backfire, as

...the [[customer]] and identifying his [[investment]] [[needs]] <ref>Kohler A., 2013, ch. 3</ref>. ...raw material and ideas that a [[financial planner]] gets from working with a client and then analysing them, modelling them and deciding if they are goi

...iciary. The secondary beneficiary is usually the seller who receives it as a form of payment. ...the credit is transferred in whole or in part, if the letter of credit is a transferable letter of credit. Second beneficiary enjoys almost the same ri

To establish a chapter of Beta Alpha Psi the university has to fulfil some requirements, a ...rojects and workshops. They develop [[communication]] skills and try to be a leader of the group. This is the best way to meet like-minded people who ha

'''Free carrier (FCA)''' is a type of incoterm related to transfer of goods between seller and buyer usin ...ller is obliged to deliver the goods to the carrier (or other person, e.g. a [[forwarder]]), designated by the buyer. Delivery costs, on the main transp

...certain services. Potential clients schould never forget check a company,s a fee structure to make sure they find it satisfactory before deciding. In ma ...es. When faced with many [[options]], clients or customers can select from a range of [[service]] and benefits levels based on different fee structures.

...n return to [[standard]] insurer - the reinsurer makes a commitment to pay a compensation in case of random unfortunate event which can cause in loss of ...company will reinsure any losses up to $10 million. If a policyholder has a claim that is more than $10 million, the insurance company is responsible f

...m the parents with the statement that the money was in fact not a loan but a gift. An example of the Gift Letter Certification is attached below. ...firming that they are giving you a gift for you to use as a deposit to buy a property.

'''World [[insurance]] '''is a liability policy that has coverage extended to whole world. Insurance is re ...hich there is inadequate experience upon which to base rates, now comprise a larger proportion of all risks.

...er 2008, P. 85). The exclusion ratio generally is not redetermined, unless a new type of annuity becomes salaried (W. D. Mitchell 2008, P. 116). After d * I - investment in a contract

...a recession. When we used it, it means that we can see the first sign that a situation is improving, especially an [[economic situation]]. The metaphor * The term "green shoots" is a suggestion for the regeneration and growth of plants, which was used in the

...nd development. Companies, which possess a lot of knowledge capital are at a [[comparative advantage]] to other organizations, as they seem to be prospe ...plain that P.E. Sveiby and T. Lloyd (1987), described knowledge capital as a micro-level concept with three categories that can be explained as follows:

...mpany. The letter asks clients to respond to the auditor only if they find a discrepancy between their records and information about the financial [[doc ...nses. Only the negative responses are sent, and if no response is received a positive one is assumed. In case of large number of [[information]] sent th

...w one million dollars mark, investment banks and brokers offered set fees (A. R. Lajoux, J. F.Weston 1999) ...above scale was commonly used in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s; usually when a large stock investment transaction was made with an investment bank or inst

'''New paradigm''' is a group of new beliefs that replace old set, which is believed no longer to a ...the [[market]] that lead to development of new investment strategies. Such a paradigm shift happens after every large speculative bubble. In early 2000s

...y's revenue. They are distincted from '''capital interests''', which allow a stakeholder gives the possibility to have share until the date of planned l ...instead of ordinary income treatment) on continuation when they receive on a sale of the LLC or partnership company.

...es written record of the property (condition, content) at the beginning of a tenancy. It is important that property inventory is accurate, otherwise it '''Property inventory''' is a written tally of taxpayer's personal property. This inventory will also be

A clear title can be defined simply as the term which is used in order to cla ...e. Another definition of the clear title defines it as ownership claims to a property or an asset which is free of any encumbrance, for example:

...nce shares''' are the shares given to top [[management]] of [[company]] as a reward for reaching performance criteria, e.g. earnings, [[market]] share. ...nto decline or even crisis. Some managers try to reach targets quickly, at a [[cost]] of sustainable growth, obtain their shares, sell them and then lea

...where supply and [[demand]] have reached balance. Typically, there will be a breakout to one side or the other before the price of the underlying stock That kind of chart pattern is typical for a period of consolidation before important change. The change is difficult to

...its but they should observe what kind of [[information]] was provided with a new money (Zheng, 1998). That informations can be used to make unexpected p ...n as much money as possible on the sale of shares of these companies after a certain time.

...t sweep''' refers to a contract between the bank and the customer (usually a corporation) which says that '''all free funds''' and '''surpluses''' on de ...omer]] of a bank that has line of credit can define that all idle funds in a deposit account will be used to '''pay down short-term borrowings'''. Usual

'''Entity theory''' assumes that economic activity performed by a business is separate from individual opinions of the owners. Therefore, own ...nstitutional rights applicable to every corporations. The entity theory is a fundamental assumption in today's business around the world. The company is

'''SPAN margin''' is a margin calculated by Standardized Portfolio Analysis of [[risk]] [[system]] ...lying [[market]] price changes and volatility changes for all contracts in a portfolio, in order to determine value gains and losses at the portfolio le

...is willing to pay, and the lowest price accepted by seller. Matching bids a paired and executed. Such an auction is very popular, as many stock-exchang ...the highest possible number of investors <ref>Bapna, R., Goes, P., Gupta, A., & Jin, Y. (2004). ''User heterogeneity and its impact on electronic aucti

The asset-based approach encompasses a set of methods that value the company by reference to its balance sheet. In ..., the assignment should specify whether the valuation intended to conclude a defined value for the subject company<ref>Kirk W. C., Wishing K. J. (2018),

...the data on the document, even the rate is higher. The currency is used in a versatile way. Currency certificates are helpful when company must pay invo ...d good changes (Allayannis and Ofek, 1997). It means that certificate with a low and permanent currency is very important for the company.

...inancial liquidity, remove problems and open it to new opportunities. Such a plan is accepted by bankruptcy court. ...g to that, many companies dispose certain procedures in case of emergency. A plan can also include typical strategies to minimalize potential dramatic i

...rategy's consumption are logarithmic". Eventually the model which analyzes a [[compromise]] between security and capital growth has been introduced by M "Capital growth model describes the concentration of capital at a point in time. In companies that continue their operations, capital grows a

...ast of the temporary stages of civil liability realization. In the case of a temporary extension of liability, the damage will be covered not by the ins ...han the claims made system. Insurers with weaker capital are forced to use a system acceptable to reinsurers<ref> M. Boyer, K.Gobert (2011),s. 251-277</

...ture view of whole [[system]] ([[company]]-[[market]]-[[competition]]) and a way to disseminate [[information]] from top to bottom levels of [[organizat ...nd activities according to the influence on the results of organization as a whole

...fication]] of [[external environment]] or [[far environment]] tha includes a combination of all factors coming from the outside of the [[organization]] ...ficantly variant effects on the structure of economy and group behavior as a result<ref>Frances S., 2000, pp. 1-3</ref>.

...ixed with money that is legally obtained from the profits of, for example, a company. Criminals try to hide fake money and set up many bank accounts, bu The four most important steps to be taken with a risk-based approach can be identified:

'''Innovative research''' is a search for new business and strategic techniques and methods. They develop ...d observe modern, improved strategies, set research hypotheses and develop a methodology of key research objectives. Innovative research to the increase

...y [[planning]] more likely to succeed than companies that do not have such a [[system]] in place. ...inuous improvement]] practices - anticipates transforming the company into a learning and self-perfecting organization. Employees in such an organizatio

...ment of new [[production]] systems or production processes. Technology has a beneficial effect on the result of [[market]] and [[efficiency]] [[organiza ...of packaging. There are packages that guarantee that food stays fresh for a long time.<br>

Selling [[government]] securities is a process that allows the Treasury Department to find funds for [[financing]] ...ors only. If individual wants to buy government securities, he has to find a broker. But banks, [[insurance]] companies, etc. can use TAAPS directly.

Creation of the budget requires a lot of assumptions about future incomes, costs, [[opportunities and threats Budget Manual is a document with the following functions:

...delivered within a certain time. If the outstanding amount is paid within a certain period of time, usually no additional fees are charged. After the e ...missible delay in the settlement of payments without interest. However, as a result of increasing the size of orders you have to order less often<ref>Go

...goods) from the [[supplier]] to the recipient to a designated place within a specified period<ref>Swaminathan, J. M., Smith, S. F., & Sadeh, N. M. (1998 ...he contract should contain [[information]] on the form of sale, submitting a possible complaint, and the scope of the [[service]]. Another important asp

==Balanced scorecard as a strategic tool== ...ating the success of a company's strategy<ref> Cheng, M. M., Humphreys, K. A. (2012)</ref>. 

...dynamics shows the direction and importance of changes in the price.It is a fundamental concept in supply, demand and pricing economic models.Many econ ...commodities, and more for an oil [[firm]]. Whereas for a web 2.0 business, a social network for example, market dynamics analytics may be the total amou

...d in data and can alert when a security is oversold or overbought. This is a very simple indicator, based on the MACD indicator by default, but there ar ...recommendation. It is hardly surprising that someone decided to experiment a bit with this indicator and try to improve it, change or simplify its readi

...y to compare companies across and within an [[industry]]. Many consider it a more accurate reflection of the company's worth as it adjusts for and negat <center><math>EBITDA = IN - IE - IT - D - A - NCC</math></center>

...ially when they use innovations and current technological achievements<ref>A. Ravald, Ch. Grönroos 1996</ref>. ...yers. It indicates functional physical features and other possibilities of a given product;

...transaction. After the code has been used, it can’t be used again. So, if a hacker gets access to this code and attempts to use the data for credit car ...]] are about to launch or provide the testing on a new type of a card with a biometric fingerprint scanner. This new [[technology]] will allow the card

...formation about the appropriate level of detail should also be provided in a timely manner. Sources of information for internal and external recipients ...ct, on the other hand, is influencing the course of business operations in a way that will allow to achieve the most effective results without wasting [

'''Growth [[company]]''' is a business which generates increasing earnings. The rate of increase should b ...competes with the most important companies in the United States. Apple is a company that creates standards. It's all thanks to their perception of [[te

...ative product from another [[company]] ?. The post-purchase dissonance has a direct impact on the buyer's feelings. You can find here the following rela ...ge the [[market]] [[behavior]] in relation to this product. e.g. by buying a new, alternative good.

...-related fraud. Generally, bank uses positive pay to match the checks that a [[company]] issues with those it presents fr payment. ...s can be honored. In order to protect against theft, the company may adopt a [[process]] called positive pay.

...the outcome of the business would be stricken and would be finalized with a determination of the peak period. Period of compensation barely estimates t ...compensation should be written in the policy. The insurance [[firm]] have a big [[profit]]'s deprivation(B. M. Unnibhavi 2005, p. 841):

...olding]] a national charter. The purpose of bank examinations is to assess a bank's overall performance (composite rating), and six CAMELS components<re ...ent examinations. The frequency of bank examinations also increases during a financial crisis as more supervisory oversight is needed during troubled ti

...te''' describes how often [[interest]] is accrued. Accrual rates refers to a many of financial instruments including bonds, mortgages, credit cards, oth ...nstruments like [[bonds]] on the [[market]] usually includes the interest (A.W. Stark, 1989).

Benefits of planning is a positive effect of setting specific goals that lead to development of the c * is a tool for learning and [[knowledge]] transfer

...cial services to other corporations or [[government|governments]]. This is a type of trust [[company|nterprise]]. Corporate agents can provide different ...agent acts as trustee on behalf of another entity, therefore it has to be a trust company. However it is worth nothing that trust companies often provi

...ber-owned co-operative that provides financial services similar to ones of a traditional bank. The character of this [[organization]] is non-[[profit]] ...zations, caisse populaires can be founded by any group of people united by a mutual interest - which is why those are usually local communities, groups

...ed above all else. Critics of shareholder theory argue that it can lead to a focus on short-term profits at the expense of long-term sustainability and ...ests of its shareholders is to maximize the freedom of the marketplace. In a 1970 article in the New York Times Magazine, Friedman famously argued that

...cases, the discount or premium is amortized over the life of the bonds as a decrease ( premium) or an increase (discount) to the [[investment]] account Rarely, the intention of the investor company's hold a security to maturity might change without casting doubt on its purpose for

...t the business is facing. It is usually used as the first step of creating a comprehensive [[SWOT analysis]], as it is aimed at reducing or amplifying t The EFE matrix is a [[strategic management]] tool used to evaluate the external environment of

.... Tool is closely related to [[EFE matrix]] and from both of them there is a possibility to build IM matrix. ...stly strengths should cover weaknesses and that means that the company has a good [[management]] strategic. Strengths examples:

...es called ''end of tenancy agreement''. The deed of surrender is used when a landlord and tenant agree to terminate lease early. It makes easier the [[p ...of surrender outlines all the rights and responsibilities of a tenant and a landlord.

...the [[company]] can operate without access to [[noncurrent assets]]. It is a kind of liquidity index. In the literature it can be found also as: ...e paid to the [[need]] for periodic analysis of indicators - preferably on a monthly basis. In this case, it seems that the application of quarterly per

...act is an obligation to cover the loss that may occur to the transferor as a result of the materialisation of the risk in question. ...ssociated with it is too significant for the [[organization]]. Transfer is a common [[method]] of dealing with risks that cannot be fully accepted by th

...make hole charge''<ref>Fabozzi J. F., Dunlevy J. N., 2001, p.132</ref>, is a penalty for [[prepayment]], in which case the borrower repays the loan befo also known as "payment" in the [[industry]], is a contract between the borrower and the bank or mortgage lender, which regula

...is responsible for the prudent [[management]] of the trust assets in such a way as to generate maximum benefits for the beneficiaries or legally under * Sustainable growth funds - the portfolio of such a fund includes securities of companies from various sectors of the economy,

'''Optimal capital structure''' is a balanced set of debt and stock that helps to maximize [[company]] value (or ...ces - stocks, [[bonds]] and any other [[long-term debt]] - are included in a WACC calculation.

'''Prop shop''' (proprietary shop) is a [[company]] that uses its own capital for trade on financial markets in ord ...arket]]. This limits the investment [[strategy]] to several products. Such a [[specialization]] can improve results on stable market, however, in case o

...onal costs, and those costs are covered by tenant. Modified gross lease is a mix of those two: only some costs can be included or tenant covers only som * buildings or their parts related to running a business.

...e are disadvantageous, which would falseness the results against proposal, a liquidity effect. Next, asset sales may growth the quantum of funds. ...prove cash for alternative [[investments]]. In either case, we hope to see a much powerful relation from asset sales and investment for financially cons

...re transacted across the globe." <ref> Abrantes-Metz R. M., Kraten M, Metz A. D., Seow G. S. (2012) ''[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2011.06.014 Li ...deral Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, No. 667 </ref> The rates are a [[benchmark]], not the obligatory rate. The trade rate depends on the banks

...of the [[company]]. The company value can be calculated in many ways, e.g. a [[liquidation value]] is the value at which parts of company can be sold if ...of imperceptible assets and goodwill. Going concern value is the worth of a business under the establishment that it will proceed to operate for the fo

...out by aprofessional actuarial office withexperience and privileges gives a veryhigh probability of verifiability. An actuary is a specialist in insurance mathematics as well as statistics andprobability, [